【《目的论视角下旅游文本的英译研究（英语）》4500字（论文）】

Chapter1Introduction1.1ResearchBackgroundWitheconomicglobalizationandincreasingtransnationalexchangesandcooperation,tourismisalsogrowing.Withthedeepeningofreformandopening-up,ourtourismindustryhasnotonlyachievedgooddevelopmentathome,butalsoextendedthedevelopmentoftourismresourcesbeyonditsborders.Asaresult,thetranslationoftourismtextshasreceivedgreatattention.ThetranslationoftourismmaterialshasalsobecomethemostimportantchanneltoattractforeigntouriststoChinaandtounderstandChineseculture,sothequalityofitstranslationcannotbeignored.Atthesametime,thedevelopmentoftourismrequiresustodoagoodjobintranslationoftourismtexts.However,underthecurrentcircumstances,wedonotstrictlytreatthetranslationoftourismtexts,sothetranslationqualityisnothighandtranslationerrorsareverycommon,whichhasacertainnegativeimpactontheimageofourtourismindustryasawhole.Therefore,itisespeciallyimportanttoimprovethetranslationqualityoftourismtexts.1.2ResearchObjectivesUndertheinfluenceoftourism,China’seconomyandculturearealsodevelopingcontinuously.OnlythroughthetranslationoftourisminformationcanforeigntouristsunderstandChineseculture.However,theChinese-Englishtranslationoftourisminformationisalwaysunsatisfactory,especiallywhenitcomestoculturallycoloredwords,whichisoneofthebiggestobstaclestotheEnglishtranslationoftourismtexts.ThereasonbehindthisisnotonlythehugedifferencebetweenChineseandWesterncultures,butmoreimportantly,theawarenessoftranslators.InordertofurtherpromotethedevelopmentofChinesetourism,thereisanurgentneedtoimprovethetranslationqualityofEnglishtranslationsoftourismmaterials.Firstly,itisessentialtotranslatealargenumberofChinesetourismmaterials,soastoensurethequalityoftheEnglishversionoftourismmaterials.Secondly,thequalityoftranslatedtourismtextsshouldbemuchhigherthanthatoftheEnglishversion.Finally,eventhoughtherehavebeenmanyexpertsonthetranslationoftourismmaterialshavebeenstudiedanddiscussed,therearestillalotofissuestobeexploredintourismtranslation.ThisthesisfocusesonthetranslationstrategyissueofEnglishtranslationoftourismtextswiththeskopostheoryastheguide.Fromtheskopostheory,thepaperfocusesonhowtoguidethetranslationoftourismtextsintoChineseandEnglish,andmakeseveralsuggestionsthatcanpositivelycontributetoimprovingthequalityoftourismtexts.1.3ResearchSignificanceAtpresent,ChinesetourismisinneedoftourismChinesetoEnglishtranslationtoimproveitsinternationalizationprocess.High-qualityEnglishtranslatedtextsnotonlyenableaccuratecommunicationofinformation,butarealsothewayofculturalexchange.Thetranslationqualityoftourismtextsdirectlyaffectstourists'perceptionandunderstandingoftouristattractions.Therefore,thestudyofEnglishtranslationoftourismtextscanplayanextremelyimportantroleinthedevelopmentofdomesticandforeigntourism,anditalsohasstrongpracticalsignificance.ItpromotestheintegrationofChina’sdiverseculturesintothemodernworld.ThestudyofthepracticeofEnglishtranslationoftourismtextsfromtheskopostheoryisaverymeaningfulresearchtopic.

Chapter2LiteratureReviewAtpresent,therehavebeensomerelevantstudiesontourismtranslationathomeandabroad.2.1StudiesonTourismTextTranslationatHomeInChina,manyscholarshaveconductedresearchesinthedirectionoftourismtexttranslationandpublishedalargenumberofrelatedjournalsandpapers.Thesejournalsandpapersalsoprovidevaluableguidanceforthetranslationofthesetourismtexts.Thosestudiesmainlyinvolvethefollowingdirections:texttypesandfunctions,inter-culturalcommunication,astudyontheerrorsinthetranslationoftourismtext.Fromthefirstdirection,relevantstudiesmainlyinvolvetheoperationandtextinformationoftourismtexts.Ofcourse,intheacademicworld,everyresearcherhashisownposition,sorelatedscholarshaveexpressedtheirdifferentviewsandopinionsonthefunctionalresearchoftourismtexts.AccordingtoChenAibing,“therearetwomainfunctionsoftourismtexts:toconveyinformationandtostimulateaction.Theformerfunctionistohelptouristsunderstandthehistoryandcharacteristicsofthedestination,andtheultimategoalistostimulatetheinterestofinboundtouristsinthedestination.”ButZhangNingbelievesthat“tourismtextsareinformationaltexts,andtheirmainfunctionistoconveyinformation.”Studieshaveshownthattherearemanymistakesinthetranslationoftourismtexts,whichhaspromptedalargenumberofscholarstoconductresearchinthisfield.Asaninstrumentaltranslation,thetranslationoftourismtextneedstomakeappropriateadjustmentstothesourcelanguagetextundertheprincipleoffocusingonthetargetlanguage"asexplainedbyWuFenginhisbook"AppliedStylisticTranslation".(WuFeng,2008:68).2.2StudiesonTourismTextTranslationAbroadInforeigncountries,notmanystudieshavebeenconductedonthetranslationoftourismtexts.Reissproposesthat“differentmethodsoftranslationareusedfordifferenttypesoftexts,andthatthetheoryofpurposeappliestothetranslationofnon-literarytexts”(Reiss,1976:20).Inhisbook“TheMethodofTranslation”,AsnotedinNewmark’sacademicpublication,iftexttypesaretobeclassified,theyaregenerallyclassifiedaccordingtofunctioninthefollowingthreecategories:expressive,informativeandevocativetexts.Bassnett,Susanpointedoutthemeaningandpurposeoftourismtranslation.AccordingtoShuttleworth,“Incall-to-actiontexts,thetranslatormustnotbeboundbythecontentandformoftheoriginaltext,butbesuretoinvolvereciprocalpersuasiveness.”Tourismtextisakindoftextthatcancallforaction,sotheequivalentpersuasivenessshouldbemanifestedintourismtext.Chapter3SkoposTheoryandTourismEnglish3.1TheEmergenceandDevelopmentofSkoposTheoryKatharinaReiss,thefounderofSkoposTheoryofTranslation,putforwardthefunctionalisttranslationcriticismtheoryin1971.Bycombiningtranslationstrategieswithtexttypesandlanguagefunctions,sheproposedtheembryonicformoffunctionaltheory,whichlaidthefoundationfortheemergenceofSkoposTheoryoftranslation.HansVermeermadeanin-depthstudyofthistheoryanddevelopedSkoposTheoryofTranslationonthebasisofbehavioraltheory.Inthistheoreticalframework,translationmeansto“produceatextinthecontextofthetargetlanguageforthetargetpurposeandthetargetrecipient”.incontrast,thesourcetextisinasubordinateposition.SkoposTheoryconsistsofthreeprinciples:SkoposRule,CoherenceRule,andFidelityRule.Thesethreeprinciplesconstitutethebasicprinciplesofcoherenceandfidelitymustbesubordinatetotheprincipleofpurpose,andfidelityisthefirstprincipleofSkopostheory.SkopostheoryappliestheconceptofSkopostotranslation.Itholdsthatanybehaviorhasapurpose,andtranslationisalsoaninterculturalcommunicationactivitywithapurpose.Translatorsshouldmaketranslationstrategiesaccordingtothepurposeoftranslation.Duetothedifferencesinlanguageandculture,thetranslationcannotbecompletelyconsistentwiththeoriginaltext,sowhatshouldbechanged,whethertocreateafreetranslationthatcanmeettherequirementsofthetranslator’slanguagereadersdependsonthepurposeoftranslation.Skopostheoryisthecoreoffunctionalismtheory.Itproposesthatthefunctionofthetargettextandthesourcetextmaybethesameordifferent,andthetaskofthetranslatoristochoosetheappropriatetranslationstrategybasedonthesourcetexttocreateatargettextthatmeetstheexpectationsofthetargettext.Thetraditionaltranslationtheoryregardstheoriginaltextinthetranslation.However,faithfulrepresentationisanidealizedconcept.Therefore,skopostheoryismorepracticalandshakesthecentralpositionoftheoriginaltext,freeingthetranslatorfromthebondageofthetraditionalequivalencetheory.3.2TheThreeRulesofSkoposTheory3.2.1TheRuleofSkoposSkopostheoryholdsthattheprimaryprincipleofalltranslationactivitiesisthe“principleofpurpose”,thatis,translationshouldbeabletofunctioninthecontextandcultureofthetargetlanguageinthewayexpectedbytherecipientofthetargetlanguage.Thepurposeoftranslationdeterminesthewholeprocessoftranslation,thatis,theresultdeterminesthemethod.TheprincipleofpurposeisthemostbasicandimportantprincipleofSkopostheory.Itmeansthattranslationshouldenablethetargettexttoplayacertainfunctioninthecontextitsdueeffectontheusersofthetargettext,andtoexertitsdueeffectontheusersofthetargettext,orevenequaltotheeffectoftheoriginaltext.3.2.2TheRuleofCoherenceTheprincipleofcoherencereferstointralingualcoherence,whichhelpthetranslatorchoosetranslationstrategiestoachievecoherenceinthetargettext.Atranslationhaspracticalmeaninginthecultureofthetargetlanguage,andtherecipientofthetranslationmustbeabletounderstandthetranslation.Theprincipleofcoherence,ortheprincipleofintralingualcoherence,referstothereadabilityofthetargettextanditsacceptabilityamongthetargetaudience,andalsoreferstothecoherence,acceptabilityandreadabilityofthetranslationinthetargetlanguage.Thesubjectsinvolvedinthetranslationprocessincludeinformationreceiver,sponsor,translatorandsoon.3.2.3TheRuleofFidelityTheprincipleoffidelitymeansthatthepurposeoftranslationandthetranslator’sunderstandingofthesourcetextdeterminethesimilaritybetweenthetargettextandthesourcetext,andthereshouldbeinterlingualcoherencebetweenthetargettextandthesourcetext.Inthisprinciple,thedegreeandformoffidelityaredeterminedbythetranslator’sunderstandingoftheoriginaltextandalsodependonthepurposeoftranslation,whichcanvarywiththepurposeoftranslation.ThiswasproposedbyNord.ShefindsthatSkoposTheoryhastwomajordefects.First,peoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundshavedifferentviewsongoodtranslationduetothedifferencesinculturalpatterns.Inaddition,ifthecommunicativepurposeofthetranslationrequiredbytheprincipleofpurposeisexactlyoppositetotheintentionoftheoriginalauthor,thenwewillabidebytheprincipleoffidelity.Therefore,Nordproposedtheloyaltyprincipletosolvetheculturaldifferencesandtherelationshipbetweentheparticipantsoftranslationbehavior.AccordingtoNord,translatorshaveamoralresponsibilitytotherecipientsoftheirtranslationsandmustexplaintothemwhattheyhavedoneandwhytheyhavedoneit.Thisisoneaspectoftheloyaltyprinciple.Ontheotherhand,thetranslatorisrequiredtobeloyaltotheoriginalauthor.Thetranslatorshouldrespecttheoriginalauthorandcoordinatethetargetlanguageandtheauthor’sintention.Therefore,theprincipleofloyaltyfocusesontherelationshipbetweenthetranslatorandotherparticipantsinthetranslationprocess,suchastheoriginalauthor,theclientandtherecipientofthetargettext.Nordproposedthattranslatorsshouldfollowtheguidingprincipleof“functionplusloyalty”,thusperfectingthetheory.3.3CharacteristicsofTourismEnglishTourismEnglishhasmanycharacteristicsintermsofwordusage,syntaxandpragmatics.Knowingthecharacteristicscanbepracticallyadjustedtothelanguagehabitsofthetouristsinthetranslatedlanguage,thusincreasingtherecognitionandappreciationofthetouristsinthetranslatedlanguageandgreatlypromotingthedevelopmentoftourisminChina.3.3.1TheWordingCharacteristicsofTourismEnglishOneofthewordingcharacteristicsoftourismEnglishistheuseofforeignwords,theuseofforeignwordsontheonehandcanstrengthentheinteractionwiththetargetlanguagetourists,sothattouristshaveasenseofidentityandtrulyempathize;inaddition,touristsofothernationalitieswillproduceadifferentfeelingofexoticismafterwatching(DingDagang,2008:13).WiththecontinuousexpansionandstrengtheningofSino-foreignexchanges,thenumberofforeignwordsabsorbedbyChineseandEnglishisalsoincreasing.Therefore,thetranslationmethodsandtechniquesusedforforeignwordsareparticularlyimportant.Propertranslationsofforeignwordscangreatlyenhancetheinterestandappreciationofthetargetlanguagevisitors,andthusenhancetheirunderstandingofthelocalhumanenvironment.Tourismisacross-disciplinarydisciplinethatinvolvesmultipledisciplines,suchashistory,geography,humanitiesandsoon,thusresultinginalargevocabularyandinterdisciplinaryspecialisationintourismEnglish,withspecialisedvocabularythatmayinvolvehistory,geography,art,architectureandsoon(Ding,2008:14).Inordertosavespaceandcost,abbreviationsaremorecommoninEnglishtraveltexts.Therulesofabbreviationconstructionareactuallyverysimple,andtheauthorofatourismtextcancreateappropriateabbreviationsonanadhocbasisorawidevarietyofcompoundwordsasneeded(DingDagang,2008:14).3.3.2SyntacticFeaturesofTourismEnglishThesyntacticfeaturesofEnglishtourismtextsaremainlyreflectedinthefollowingaspects:(1)ThefrequentuseofcognatesEnglishfortourismoftenusescognatesbecausetheycanplayaroleinexplainingandexplaining,sothattouristsinthetargetlanguagecanclearlyunderstandthespecificcontentandmakecross-culturalcommunicationsmoothandunhindered.Example1:Originaltext:作为一家专业的历史文化风貌保护开发的企业，衡复发展在项目开发过程中,力求最大程度遵循其原真性。Translation:Hengfu,acompanyspecializinginprotectionanddevelopmentofhistoricandculturalbuildings,triesitsbesttokeeptheoriginalfeaturesofthevaluablebuildings.Analysis:Theuseofthecognate“acompany...buildingsbuildings”cangivethetargetlanguagevisitorabetterunderstandingofthemainbusinessandscopeofHengfu'scompany.Here,theprincipleof"purpose",thefirstprincipleoftranslationteleologyisfirmlygrasped,whichgreatlyenhancesvisitors'understandingoftheentirehistoricalarchitecturalcomplexandraisestheirtouristinterest.UsethehighestlevelmoreoftenExample2:Originaltext:在对上海历史建筑保护利用的探索中，我们倡导与优质客户共同成长，深入挖掘建筑的历史文化价值，进而精心打造每个项目。Translation:ExploringhowtoprotectandmakeuseofthehistoricbuildingsinShanghai,wecompleteeachprojectwithgreatesteffortstogrowwithcustomerstogetherandfindthegreatesthistoricandculturalvaluesofbuildings.Analysis:Theuseofthehighestlevel'greatest'twiceemphasisesthecoreideaoftheconstructioncompanyandleavesadeepimpressiononthevisitorsofthetargetlanguage.MorepersonalpronounsExample3:Originaltext:隐在庭院后面的洋房是一个拥有10间客房，却有7种不同类型的精品酒店，偶尔去那里小住，感受那喧嚣城市中的一抹宁静与惬意，让人仿佛回到了曾经的那个年代。Translation:Hiddenbehindthecourtyardisahousewith10guestrooms,whicharedesignedin7differentstyles.Youmaystayhereoccasionallytoappreciatetheserenityandleisureamongthebustlingcity,whichbelongstothepastera.Analysis:Theuseofthepersonalpronounyoucreatesasenseofbelongingorintimacyforthetargetlanguagevisitor,highlightingitscentralimportance,whichisalsodeeplyinlinewiththe'purposeprinciple'.Chapter4CaseStudiesofTourismTexts4.1TranslationofCultureLoadedPhrasesCulturallyloadedwordscarrynationalcultureandhavestrongculturalcharacteristics,whichisanimportantchannelforculturaltransmission.Translationisanimportantmediumtorealizethecommunicationbetweendifferentcultures,andthetranslationofculturallyloadedwordsisgettingmoreandmoreattention.However,becauseculturallyloadedwordscontainrichculturalconnotation,whentranslating,appropriatetranslationmethodsshouldbeadoptedtomaketheirhiddenculturalconnotationvisible.ChinahasalonghistoryandaprofoundChineseculture,andtherearealargenumberofculturallyloadedwordsinChinese,whichhaverichculturalconnotationsanduniquecharacteristicsandplayanimportantroleintheprocessofculturalexchange.Therefore,thetranslationofculturallyloadedwordsisbeneficialtothespreadofChinesecultureandcanpromotethecommunicationbetweendifferentcultures.4.1.1LiteralTranslationDirecttranslationisatranslationmethodthatisfaithfultothecontentoftheoriginaltextwhilepreservingtheformoftheoriginaltext,requiringthetranslatortobeinfinitelyclosetotheoriginaltext.SomeculturallyloadedwordsinChinesecanbedirectlytranslatedbythedirecttranslationmethod,forexample:一国两制（onecountry，twosystems）、文化大革命（theCulturalRevolution）、春节（theSpringFestival）andsoon.Intheaboveexamples,themeaningoftheoriginaltextcanbeclearlyexpressedthroughthedirecttranslationmethod,andthetargetlanguagereaderscanunderstandtheoriginaltextwellwithoutanyambiguity.4.1.2FreeTranslationItaliantranslationmeansthatintheprocessoftranslation,itisnotnecessarytoadheretotheformandstructureoftheoriginaltext,puttingthereader'sunderstandingandfeelingsinthefirstplace,andtryingtomakethetranslationsmoothandfluent.Incontrasttoliteraltranslation,whenfreetranslationisused,thetranslatorhasmorefreedomandcanboldlyabandontheformoftheoriginaltextandputthecommunicationofthecontentinthefirstplace.Forexample:皮蛋（preservedegg）、夫妻肺片（slicedbeefandoxtongueinchilisauce）、口水鸡（steamedchickenwithchilisauce）andsoon.Alltheseexamplesarerichinculturalconnotation,whichwillsurelycausetroubletoreadersiftheyadoptthedirecttranslationmethod.Bytranslatingthroughtheparaphrasemethod,theirrichculturalconnotationmeaningismadevisible,whichhelpsthetargetlanguagereaderstounderstand.4.2TranslationofLongSentencesForsomecomplexconcepts,Englishusuallyuseslongsentences,whileChineseusesseveralshortsentences.Therefore,weshouldpayspecialattentiontothedifferencesabouttheEnglishandChineseintranslation,andlongsentencesinEnglishshouldbebrokendownandtranslatedintoshortsentencesinChinese.IntheprocessoftranslatingEnglishlongsentences,somemethodsaresummarizedasfollows.Ontheonehand,iftheEnglishlongsentenceisconsistentwiththeChinesecontent,itcanbedirectlytranslatedintoChineseaccordingtotheorderoftheoriginalEnglishtext,sothattheycanbeconsistent.Ontheotherhand,sometimes,theorderofexpressioniflongsentencesinEnglishwillbedifferentfromthatofChinese,sothetranslationneedstostartfromtheoriginaltext.InversionisacommonmethodusedinEnglishtoChinesetranslation,inversionistoinvertlongEnglishsentencesaccordingtotheChinesewayofexpression.Insomecases,thesubjectormainclauseofalongsentenceinEnglishisnotthatrelevanttothemodifier,sowhentranslating,youcanconvertthesubordinateclausesorphrasesofalongsentenceintosentencesandnarratethemseparatelyaccordingtothehabitofusingshortsentencesinChinese.Sometimesitisnecessarytoaddafewwordstoachieveacoherentmeaning,thatis,toadoptthemethodofturningthewholeEnglishlongsentenceintoindependentsentences,andthefrontandbackremaincoherent.TheregroupingmethodreferstotheregroupingofsentencesinordertomakethetranslationfluentandmoreinlinewiththeChinesehabitofnarratingandreasoning,onthebasisofmakingclearthestructureoflongsentencesinEnglishandgetthewillingnessofEnglish,completelyfreefromtheoriginallanguageorderandsentenceform.

Chapter5ConclusionSkopostheoryontranslation,whichcanbeappliedtomanydisciplinesincludingtranslationandtranslation,hasadecisiveimpactonthedevelopmentofthetranslationindustrytoday.Skopostheoryisthe