美国文学-霍桑介绍Nathaniel-Hawthorne

NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864)

（纳撒尼尔·霍桑）1ContentsLifeMajorworks12Themes3Writingstyles42LifeBirthplace:Salem,MassachusettsFamilybackground:afamilywithalongPuritantradition;fatherdiedwhenhewasonly4yearsold;motherreliedonrelativesinrearingherfourchildrenEducation:readingextensivelybyhismid-teensandaspiredtobeawriter;from1821-1825,hestudiedatBowdoincollegeinMaine.3

EarlylifeinfluencesonHawthorne

Salem-earlychildhood,laterworkattheCustomHouse.Puritanfamilybackground-oneofhisforefatherswasJudgeHathorne,whopresidedovertheSalemwitchcrafttrials,1692.Beliefintheexistenceofthedevil.Beliefindeterminism宿命论.

4Puritanism清教主义PuritanscamefromtheEstablishedChurchofEnglandinthesixteenthandseventeenthcenturies.TheyweresocalledbecausetheywishedtopurifytheformsandritualsoftheChurch.ThoughitwaspilgrimsthatfirstcametoNewEngland,yetPuritanismsoonbecamethedominantfaithwithitsrathergloomyoutlookonlife.ThePuritansheldthatmanlivedtosufferandhemusttoilmightilyforthegloryofGod.Theirdoctrinewaswidelyknownforitsextremelyrigidandstrictmorality.(originalsins,predestination,limitedatonement)5Majorworks1837-1842:Twice-ToldTales《故事重述》1846:MossesfromanOldManse《古宅青苔》1850:TheScarletLetter《红字》1851:TheHouseoftheSevenGables《带七个尖角阁的房子》1852:TheBlithedaleRomance《福谷传奇》6

FeaturesofhisworksSetting：PuritanNewEnglandThemes：Evil&SinIdea："Blackvision"towardhumanbeingsTechnique

：

symbolism7BlackVision:8大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流可以互相讨论下，但要小声点9Themes1.DarkViewofHumanNature（人性之“恶”）2.

MoralityandSin（道德&罪恶）3.

HumanIsolation（人之孤独）101.DarkViewofHumanNature（人性之“恶”）

Humanbeingsareevil-naturedandsinful，andthissinandeviliseverpresentinhumanheartandwillpassonfromonegenerationtoanother.11

2.MoralityandSin（道德&罪恶）

Manwillgetpunishedonewayoranotherforhissinbutcanalsobesavedbyhisgood-deedsandself-improvement.

Onehastoworkandstriveagainsttemptationinordertowinsalvation(拯救).Therecouldbenomagiccarriagewhichwouldenableonetoreachheavenwithouttoilortrouble.123.HumanIsolation（人之孤独）

Humanbeingsareborntobelonely.Theydefendtheirprideandselfishness

fordifferentreasons.Acharacterisinastateofisolationbecauseofself-cause,orsocietalcause,oracombinationofboth.

13Writing

Styles1.DarkRomanticism2.Symbolism3.Psycho-analysis4.Ambiguity5.Allegory(寓言)6.VisualDescription（视觉描写）141.DarkRomanticism

Hisworksbelongtodarkromanticism,withcautionarytales(警示性故事)thatsuggestthatguilt,sin,andevilarethemostinherentnaturalqualitiesofhumanity.

Supernatural152.SymbolismAdultery(shame)Ability(sympathy)Angel(admiration)

Hawthorneusedvarioussymbolstoimplythemesofadultery,sins,andhumanmorality.•Example

inTheScarletLetter:

163.Psycho-analysis

Psychologicaltruthwasmoreimportantthanactualtruth.

Exploredthecomplexityofhumanpsychologythroughthecharacters’innerstruggle174.Ambiguity

It’sadeliberatepoeticdevice(languagefeature):tosignifytwoormoredistinctreferences,orexpresstwoormorediverseattitudesorfeelingsbyusingasinglewordorexpression.eg.Shedidn'ttake