托福阅读十大题型复习课程

托福阅读十大题型托福阅读考试简介四项中的第一项，一般考3篇文章（如果加试，则是4篇）。文章一般为议论文或说明文，每篇700词左右，之后有13-14道题目。除特殊说明（如最后一大题）之外，所有题目小分值为1分，三篇总体小分值45分，最终成绩按照30分标准分换算，换算标准如下图所示。认识托福阅读——怎么考？词汇句子理解句间关系文章结构

托福阅读是以句子为核心的考试(单词+句法)词汇题指代题事实信息题（细节题）否定事实信息题（选非题）

句子简化题推断题修辞目的题（作者意图题）句子插入题文章小结题/图表题考查重点十大题型词汇题出题方式Theword“X”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto…考查关键理解单词在语境中的含义词汇量要求8000+

背单词！！！词汇题做法背单词！！！不会背背了忘，忘了背，循环往复在文章里，它认得我，我不认得它词根词缀各种联想（谐音，图像，多个单词编段子）一次大量，多次重复词以类记美剧、电影情景记忆PaleontologistPaleontologySkeletonSkullFossilfossilizeStrataDinosaurTrilobiteArthropodJurassicCretaceousCambrianSedimentSpineInvertebrateCold-bloodedWarm-blooded……PotteryPorcelainCeramicsPotWareVesselSculptureSurfaceGlazePigmentOreKiln词汇题解题技巧认识直接选+带回文章确认选不出

通过词义褒贬色彩判断+带回文章确认不认识词根词缀回文章找同、反义对应认识——褒义色彩TPO1-2-1.Theword“championed”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○changed○debated○created○supported认识——褒义色彩TPO1-2-1.Theword“championed”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○changed○debated○created

○supported认识——贬义色彩TPO3-3-10.Theword“pales”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○increasesproportionally○differs○losessignificance○iscommon认识——贬义色彩TPO3-3-10.Theword“pales”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○increasesproportionally○differs○losessignificance○iscommon词根词缀TPO1-1-7.Theword“overlie”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○cover○change○separate○surround词根词缀TPO1-1-7.Theword“overlie”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○cover○change○separate○surroundover在上面lie躺着

覆盖同义概念TPO3-3-1.Theword“particular”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○natural○final○specific○complexandtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea.

同义概念TPO3-3-1.Theword“particular”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○natural○final○specific○complexandtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea.

反义概念TPO6-3-2.Theword“plausible”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○flexible○believable○debatable○predictableAnotherseeminglyplausibleexplanation—thatinfantsdonotformenduringmemoriesatthispointindevelopment—alsoisincorrect.反义概念TPO6-3-2.Theword“plausible”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○flexible

○believable○debatable○predictableAnotherseeminglyplausibleexplanation—thatinfantsdonotformenduringmemoriesatthispointindevelopment—alsoisincorrect.指代题出题方式Theword“X”inthepassagerefersto…考查关键单词间的指代关系，尤其是代词与其指代本体间的关系，（对长难句主干的把握）应对技巧往前找，两个一致数量——单、复数性质——动作发出者的特性非代词TPO1-1-5.Thephrase“glacialoutwash”inthepassagerefersto○fastrivers○glaciers○thehugevolumesofwatercreatedbyglacialmelting○theparticlescarriedinwaterfrommeltingglaciersThewaterwasalwaysladenwithpebbles,gravel,andsand,knownasglacialoutwash,

thatdeposited…-particles—sandgrainsandtinypebbles非代词TPO1-1-5.Thephrase“glacialoutwash”inthepassagerefersto○fastrivers○glaciers○thehugevolumesofwatercreatedbyglacialmelting○theparticlescarriedinwaterfrommeltingglaciers-Thewaterwasalwaysladenwithpebbles,gravel,andsand,knownasglacialoutwash-particles—sandgrainsandtinypebbles代词TPO1-2-5.Theword“this”inthepassagerefersto○theactingoutofrites

○thedivorceofritualperformersfromtherestofsociety○theseparationofmythsfromrites○thecelebrationofsupernaturalforcesButthemythsthathavegrownuparoundtheritesmaycontinueaspartofthegroup’soraltraditionandmayevencometobeactedoutunderconditionsdivorcedfromtheserites.Whenthisoccurs…代词TPO1-2-5.Theword“this”inthepassagerefersto○theactingoutofrites

○thedivorceofritualperformersfromtherestofsociety○theseparationofmythsfromrites○thecelebrationofsupernaturalforcesButthemythsthathavegrownuparoundtheritesmaycontinueaspartofthegroup’soraltraditionandmayevencometobeactedoutunderconditionsdivorcedfromtheserites.Whenthis

occurs…细节题出题方式Accordingtotheparagraph,whichofthefollowingistrueofX?Theauthor’sdescriptionofXmentionswhichofthefollowing?Accordingtotheparagraph,X

occursbecause…Accordingtotheparagraph,X

didYbecause…Accordingtotheparagraph,whydidXdoY?变数最多的题型，只要题干没有其他题型的明显标志就可以归为细节题True，原因，关系细节题考查关键迅速找到原文明确指出的事实信息准确判断选项对信息的转化常见错误选项特征无中生有信息杂糅直接相反答非所问做题技巧准确理解题干根据题干中的关键词定位原文读取原文相关信息（通常1-2句话）判断选项正误题干

原文

选项Example1.TPO3-3-6.Accordingtoparagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueofclimaxcommunities?Theyaremoreresilientthanpioneercommunities.Theycanbeconsideredboththemostandtheleaststablecommunities.Theyarestablebecausetheyrecoverquicklyaftermajordisturbances.Theyarethemostresilientcommunitiesbecausetheychangetheleastovertime.Paragraph4:Thequestionofecosystemstabilityiscomplicated,however.Thefirstproblemisthatecologistsdonotallagreewhat“stability”means.Stabilitycanbedefinedassimplylackofchange.Inthatcase,theclimaxcommunitywouldbeconsideredthemoststable,since,bydefinition,itchangestheleastovertime.Alternatively,stabilitycanbedefinedasthespeedwithwhichanecosystemreturnstoaparticularformfollowingamajordisturbance,suchasafire.Thiskindofstabilityisalsocalledresilience.Inthatcase,climaxcommunitieswouldbethemostfragileandtheleaststable,sincetheycanrequirehundredsofyearstoreturntotheclimaxstate.Example1.定位CCExample1.读懂原文Inthatcase,theclimaxcommunity

wouldbeconsideredthemoststableInthatcase,climaxcommunitieswouldbethemostfragileandtheleaststableExample1.选出答案Theyaremoreresilientthanpioneercommunities.（信息杂糅）Theycanbeconsideredboththemostandtheleaststablecommunities.Theyarestablebecausetheyrecoverquicklyaftermajordisturbances.（直接相反）Theyarethemostresilientcommunitiesbecausetheychangetheleastovertime.（直接相反）Example2.TPO8-2-1.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingistrueoftheLateCretaceousclimate?Summerswereverywarmandwinterswereverycold.Shallowseasonthecontinentscausedfrequenttemperaturechanges.Theclimatewasverysimilartotoday’sclimate.Theclimatedidnotchangedramaticallyfromseasontoseason.Example2.定位LCclimateParagraph1:Paleontologistshavearguedforalongtimethatthedemiseofthedinosaurswascausedbyclimaticalterationsassociatedwithslowchangesinthepositionsofcontinentsandseasresultingfromplatetectonics.OffandonthroughouttheCretaceous(thelastperiodoftheMesozoicera,duringwhichdinosaursflourished),largeshallowseascoveredextensiveareasofthecontinents.Datafromdiversesources,includinggeochemicalevidencepreservedinseafloorsediments,indicatethattheLateCretaceousclimatewasmilderthantoday’s.Thedayswerenottoohot,northenightstoocold.Thesummerswerenottoowarm,northewinterstoofrigid.Theshallowseasonthecontinentsprobablybufferedthetemperatureofthenearbyair,keepingitrelativelyconstant.Example2.读懂原文theLateCretaceousclimatewasmilderthantoday’smilder更温和Example2.选出答案Summerswereverywarmandwinterswereverycold.（直接相反）Shallowseasonthecontinentscausedfrequenttemperaturechanges.（答非所问）Theclimatewasverysimilartotoday’sclimate.（信息杂糅）Theclimatedidnotchangedramaticallyfromseasontoseason.didnotchangedramatically=milder定位&.转化定位好找原则手比眼快题干中的X有特点的词转化同意转化侧面转化概括转化选项Example3.TPO9-1-11.Accordingtoparagraph5,themostrecentgeologicresearchprovidessupportforafirstcolonizationofAmericadatingasfarbackas16,000yearsago14,000yearsago12,500yearsago10,000yearsagoExample3.通过选项特征定位Paragraph5:Thecoastalhypothesishasgainedincreasingsupportinrecentyearsbecausetheremainsoflargelandanimals,suchascaribouandbrownbears,havebeenfoundinsoutheasternAlaskadatingbetween10,000and12,500yearsago.Thisisthetimeperiodinwhichmostscientistsformerlybelievedtheareatobeinhospitableforhumans.Ithasbeensuggestedthatiftheenvironmentwerecapableofsupportingbreedingpopulationsofbears,therewouldhavebeenenoughfoodresourcestosupporthumans.FladmarkandotherbelievethatthefirsthumancolonizationofAmericaoccurredbyboatalongtheNorthwestCoastduringtheverylateIceAge,possiblyasearlyas14,000yearsago.Themostrecentgeologicevidenceindicatesthatitmayhavebeenpossibleforpeopletocolonizeice-freeregionsalongthecontinentalshelfthatwerestillexposedbythelowersealevelbetween13,000and14,000yearsago.Example3.TPO9-1-11.Accordingtoparagraph5,themostrecentgeologicresearchprovidessupportforafirstcolonizationofAmericadatingasfarbackas16,000yearsago14,000yearsago12,500yearsago10,000yearsago定位原则补充通过选项一致性定位选非题与细节题直接相反考查关键迅速找到原文明确指出的事实信息准确判断选项对信息的转化

表述正确的三个选项对原文的转化选项特征无中生有信息杂糅直接相反答非所问选非题出题方式以NOT和EXCEPT为标志NOTtrue一般直接相反all…EXCEPT答非所问，信息杂糅，直接相反NOTmentioned无中生有，信息杂糅Example4.NOTtrueTPO3-3-2.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofclimaxcommunities?Theyoccurattheendofasuccession.Theylastlongerthananyothertypeofcommunity.Thenumbersofplantsinthemandthemixofspeciesdonotchange.Theyremainstableforatleast500yearsatatime.Example4.根据题干找CCParagraph1:Plantcommunitiesassemblethemselvesflexibly,andtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea.Ecologistsusetheterm“succession”torefertothechangesthathappeninplantcommunitiesandecosystemsovertime.Thefirstcommunityinasuccessioniscalledapioneercommunity,whilethelong-livedcommunityattheendofsuccessioniscalledaclimaxcommunity.Pioneerandsuccessionalplantcommunitiesaresaidtochangeoverperiodsfrom1to500years.Thesechanges—inplantnumbersandthemixofspecies—arecumulative.Climaxcommunitiesthemselveschangebutoverperiodsoftimegreaterthanabout500years.Example4.NOTtrueTPO3-3-2.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofclimaxcommunities?Theyoccurattheendofasuccession.Theylastlongerthananyothertypeofcommunity.Thenumbersofplantsinthemandthemixofspeciesdonotchange.（直接相反）Theyremainstableforatleast500yearsatatime.Example4.根据选项定位原文Paragraph1:Plantcommunitiesassemblethemselvesflexibly,andtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea.Ecologistsusetheterm“succession”torefertothechangesthathappeninplantcommunitiesandecosystemsovertime.Thefirstcommunityinasuccessioniscalledapioneercommunity,whilethelong-lived

communityattheendofsuccessioniscalledaclimaxcommunity.Pioneerandsuccessionalplantcommunitiesaresaidtochangeoverperiodsfrom1to500years.Thesechanges—inplantnumbersandthemixofspecies—arecumulative.Climaxcommunitiesthemselveschangebutoverperiodsoftimegreaterthanabout500years.Example5.EXCEPTTPO10-1-5.Paragraph3supportsallofthefollowingconcerningthehistoryoftheceramicindustryinChinaEXCEPT:Theearliesthigh-firedceramicswereofpoorquality.CeramicsproducedduringtheTangandMingdynastiessometimesincorporatedmultiplecolors.EarthenwareceramicswereproducedinChinabeforestonewarewere.TheSongdynastyperiodwasnotablefortheproductionofhighqualityporcelainceramics.Paragraph3:Theearliestceramicswerefiredtoearthenwaretemperatures,butasearlyasthefifteenthcenturyB.C.,high-temperaturestonewarewerebeingmadewithglazedsurfaces.DuringtheSixDynastiesperiod(AD265-589),kilnsinnorthChinawereproducinghigh-firedceramicsofgoodquality.WhitewareproducedinHebeiandHenanprovincesfromtheseventhtothetenthcenturiesevolvedintothehighlyprizedporcelainsoftheSongdynasty(AD.960-1279),longregardedasoneofthehighpointsinthehistoryofChina'sceramicindustry.Thetraditionofreligioussculptureextendsovermosthistoricalperiodsbutislessclearlydelineatedthanthatofstonewareorporcelains,foritembracestheoldcustomofearthenwareburialceramicswithlaterreligiousimagesandarchitecturalornament.Ceramicproductsalsoincludelead-glazedtombmodelsoftheHandynasty,three-colorlead-glazedvesselsandfiguresoftheTangdynasty,andMingthree-colortempleornaments,inwhichthemotifswereoutlinedinaraisedtrailofslip—aswellasthemanyburialceramicsproducedinimitationofvesselsmadeinmaterialsofhigherintrinsicvalue.Example5.EXCEPTTPO10-1-5.Paragraph3supportsallofthefollowingconcerningthehistoryoftheceramicindustryinChinaEXCEPT:Theearliesthigh-firedceramicswereofpoorquality.CeramicsproducedduringtheTangandMingdynastiessometimesincorporatedmultiplecolors.EarthenwareceramicswereproducedinChinabeforestonewarewere.TheSongdynastyperiodwasnotablefortheproductionofhighqualityporcelainceramics.Example5.根据选项定位原文Paragraph3:Theearliestceramicswerefiredtoearthenwaretemperatures,butasearlyasthefifteenthcenturyB.C.,high-temperaturestonewarewerebeingmadewithglazedsurfaces.DuringtheSixDynastiesperiod(AD265-589),kilnsinnorthChinawereproducinghigh-firedceramicsofgoodquality.WhitewareproducedinHebeiandHenanprovincesfromtheseventhtothetenthcenturiesevolvedintothehighlyprizedporcelainsoftheSongdynasty(AD.960-1279),longregardedasoneofthehighpointsinthehistoryofChina'sceramicindustry.Thetraditionofreligioussculptureextendsovermosthistoricalperiodsbutislessclearlydelineatedthanthatofstonewareorporcelains,foritembracestheoldcustomofearthenwareburialceramicswithlaterreligiousimagesandarchitecturalornament.Ceramicproductsalsoincludelead-glazedtombmodelsoftheHandynasty,three-colorlead-glazedvesselsandfiguresoftheTangdynasty,andMingthree-colortempleornaments,inwhichthemotifswereoutlinedinaraisedtrailofslip—aswellasthemanyburialceramicsproducedinimitationofvesselsmadeinmaterialsofhigherintrinsicvalue.Example5.EXCEPTTPO10-1-5.Paragraph3supportsallofthefollowingconcerningthehistoryoftheceramicindustryinChinaEXCEPT:Theearliesthigh-firedceramicswereofpoorquality.CeramicsproducedduringtheTangandMingdynastiessometimesincorporatedmultiplecolors.EarthenwareceramicswereproducedinChinabeforestonewarewere.TheSongdynastyperiodwasnotablefortheproductionofhighqualityporcelainceramics.Example6.NOTmentionedTPO4-1-12．WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph5asafactorthathasincreaseddeerpopulations?AreductioninthenumberofpredatorsRestrictionsonhuntingTheeffectsofloggingandfireLawsthatprotectedfeedinggroundsofdeerExample6.根据题干定位Paragraph5:Thecausesofthispopulationreboundareconsequencesofotherhumanactions.First,themajorpredatorsofdeer—wolves,cougar,andlynx—havebeengreatlyreducedinnumbers.Second,conservationhasbeeninsuredbylimitingtimesforandtypesofhunting.Butthemostprofoundreasonfortherestorationofhighpopulationnumbershasbeenthefateoftheforests.Greattractsoflowlandcountrydeforestedbylogging,fire,orbothhavebecomeidealfeedinggroundsofdeer.Inadditiontofindinganincreaseofsuitablebrowse,likehuckleberryandvinemaple,ArthurEinarsen,longtimegamebiologistinthePacificNorthwest,foundqualityofbrowseintheopenareastobesubstantiallymorenutritive.Theproteincontentofshade-grownvegetation,forexample,wasmuchlowerthanthatforplantsgrowninclearings.Example6.NOTmentionedTPO4-1-12．WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph5asafactorthathasincreaseddeerpopulations?AreductioninthenumberofpredatorsRestrictionsonhuntingTheeffectsofloggingandfireLawsthatprotectedfeedinggroundsofdeer（无中生有+信息杂糅）

选非题TIPs选项较短，针对原文某一句话中的列举出题，通过题干定位。当题干关键词太宽泛，例如是文章主题或者段落主旨，同时选项是完整的长句或很有特点，通过选项定位。当题干问及某事原因或结果（factors，consequences，results）时，注意观察原文的逻辑词（cause，also，and，moreover，further…）及分号定位方法小结好找原则手比眼快题干中的X有特点的词，例如时间、大写字母开头的词选项有特点，通过该特点定位题干关键词太宽泛，通过选项定位当一句话中存在多个定位词，选取限制性最强的词，或采取两点定位方法是固定的，题目是多变的，头脑是灵活的。句子简化题出题方式Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.句子简化题出题方式Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.句子简化题考查关键长难句理解应对技巧观察原句，通过逻辑词、连接词、标点符号划分句子层次，抓主干修饰成分先不看抓选项主干，四个选项都必须看

只有一项相符，直接选

两项以上相符，先分析选项不同部分，就该部分（通常为原因或目的）回原句分析，找出答案句子简化题错误特征信息杂糅，即错误表达了原句信息，经常可能是逻辑关系错误遗漏原句主要信息本末倒置，原句修饰成分变成选项主要意思

做题时，能判断出主要意思的句子，一定先只看主要意思，因为修饰成分往往也是错误选项混淆视听的手段。Example1.Example1.原句分析Example2.Example2.原句分析UnlikeintheAmericas,wheremetallurgywasaverylateandlimiteddevelopment,Africanshadironfromarelativelyearlydate,developingingeniousfurnacestoproducethehighheatneededforproductionandtocontroltheamountofairthatreachedthecarbonandironorenecessaryformakingiron.

主干：Africanshadironearlier（thanAmericas）Example2.选项分析Example2.分析原句修饰成分UnlikeintheAmericas,where

metallurgywasaverylateandlimiteddevelopment,Africanshadironfromarelativelyearlydate,developing

ingeniousfurnacestoproducethehighheatneededforproductionandtocontroltheamountofairthatreachedthecarbonandironorenecessaryformakingiron.

developing

ingeniousfurnacestoproduce…and

tocontroltheamountofairthatreachedthecarbonandironoreExample2.对应选项推断题出题方式以infer、suggest或imply为标志WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutX?TheauthorofthepassageimpliesthatX…Whatdoesparagraph#suggestaboutX…选项特点不会是原文明确表述的内容，但是通过原文信息一定可以被推断出来推断题考查关键通过结合原文信息，在理解字面意思的基础上，弄清句间的逻辑性暗示两类逻辑：顺承&.对比应对技巧通过题干定位原文读定位句，可推断

直接推，并对应选项定位句不可推

结合上下文信息合理推断Example1.

顺承推断TPO8-1-7.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph3aboutCuicuilcopriorto200B.C.?Itwasafairlysmallcityuntilthatdate.ItwaslocatedoutsidetheValleyofMexico.Itemergedrapidlyasaneconomicalandpoliticalcenter.Itseconomyreliedheavilyonagriculture.Example1.定位原文Paragraph3:ThislastfactorisatleastcircumstantiallyimplicatedinTeotihuacán’srise.Priorto200B.C.,anumberofrelativelysmallcenterscoexistedinandneartheValleyofMexico.Aroundthistime,thelargestofthesecenters,Cuicuilco,wasseriouslyaffectedbyavolcaniceruption,withmuchofitsagriculturallandcoveredbylava.WithCuicuilcoeliminatedasapotentialrival,anyoneofanumberofrelativelymodesttownsmighthaveemergedasaleadingeconomicandpoliticalpowerinCentralMexico.Thearchaeologicalevidenceclearlyindicates,though,thatTeotihuacánwasthecenterthatdidariseasthepredominantforceintheareabythefirstcenturyA.D.Example1.原文分析Cuicuilco,wasseriouslyaffectedbyavolcaniceruption,withmuchofitsagriculturallandcoveredbylavaWithCuicuilcoeliminatedasapotentialrival农田被毁+结果C城被灭

农田对C城重要Example1.

对应答案TPO8-1-7.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph3aboutCuicuilcopriorto200B.C.?Itwasafairlysmallcityuntilthatdate.ItwaslocatedoutsidetheValleyofMexico.Itemergedrapidlyasaneconomicalandpoliticalcenter.Itseconomyreliedheavilyonagriculture.（对推测内容的概括转化）Example2.对比反推TPO4-1-2.Itcanbeinferredfromthediscussioninparagraph2thatwinterconditionscausesomedeertohibernatemakefoodunavailableinthehighlandsfordeermakeiteasierfordeertolocateunderstoryplantspreventdeerfrommigratingduringthewinterExample2.定位原文Paragraph2:Nearlyanykindofplantoftheforestunderstorycanbepartofadeer'sdiet.Wheretheforestinhibitsthegrowthofgrassandothermeadowplants,theblack-taileddeerbrowsesonhuckleberry,salal,dogwood,andalmostanyothershruborherb.Butthisisfair-weatherfeeding.Whatkeepstheblack-taileddeeraliveintheharsherseasonsofplantdecayanddormancy?Onecompensationfornothibernatingisthebuilt-inurgetomigrate.Deermaymovefromhigh-elevationbrowseareasinsummerdowntothelowlandareasinlatefall.Evenwithsnowontheground,thehighbushyunderstoryisexposed;alsosnowandwindbringdownleafybranchesofcedar,hemlock,redalder,andotherarborealfodder.Example2.原文分析Evenwithsnowontheground,thehighbushyunderstoryisexposed;alsosnowandwindbringdownleafybranchesofcedar,hemlock,redalder,andotherarborealfodder.推不出

上下文

往前看Deermaymovefromhigh-elevationbrowseareasinsummerdowntothelowlandareasinlatefall.冬天低地有植物+鹿从高地到低地

冬天高地没吃的Example2.对应选项TPO4-1-2.Itcanbeinferredfromthediscussioninparagraph2thatwinterconditionscausesomedeertohibernatemakefoodunavailableinthehighlandsfordeermakeiteasierfordeertolocateunderstoryplantspreventdeerfrommigratingduringthewinter修辞目的题出题方式例子类TheauthordiscussesXinorderto…WhydoestheauthormentionX?TheauthorusesXasanexampleof…段落类WhatisthepurposeofparagraphX?HowisparagraphXrelatedtootherpartsofthepassage?考查作者意图例子类出题套路问“作者为什么说某事”

把作者说的“某事”通通理解为例子

找观点根据题干定位回出题点观点所在位置的五种情况：1.观点直接在前半句或者前一句；2.例子的前一句不是观点，只是描述性fact或explanation，那么观点很可能是段首句；3.如果例子的后一句话以代词、或者表示结果的连接词如therefore，thus，so，consequently开头，或者例子之后有冒号，那么观点很可能是后一句；4.并列例子，例子的前一句是另外一个例子，那么观点在段首，或者前一个例子之前；TPO12-1-95.相反观点的举例，段落中出现两个相反的观点，例子用来支持后一个观点，那么在选项中很可能表现为第一个观点的反例（counterexample/alternative）TPO23-3-40先读懂观点，然后看例子是如何证明观点，对应选项段落类出题套路段落类题目考查对段落主旨、段落结构及段间关系的理解五种类型：1.段落目的，一般直接看段首主旨句，并通过抓每句主干的方式快速浏览段落TPO12-1-122.段落结构(organizationoftheparagraph)，一般用抓主干读句子的方法浏览，通常为观点对比或例子支持观点的结构3.

具体某两段关系：两段衔接处，前一段段末和后一段段首4.

某一段和整个文章其他段落的关系：首先弄清楚该段大意，再看它之前和之后那两段的段首5.文章整体结构(organizationofthepassage)，只可能在倒数第三题出现，前面题目已经做完，对文章结构应该有印象，直接选即可；如果印象不清楚，可以通过看段首句的方式理清段落间关系Example7.后半句例子TPO8-3-5.Inparagraph2,whydoestheauthorincludetheinformationthat105tonsofwaterflowthroughtheAmazonriverpersecond?ToemphasizethegreatsizeofthevolumeofwaterthatseemstohaveflowedthroughMars’outflowchannelsToindicatedatausedbyscientiststoestimatehowlongagoMars’outflowchannelswereformedToarguethatflashfloodsonMarsmayhavebeenpowerfulenoughtocausetear-shaped“islands”toformToarguethattheforceoffloodwatersonMarswaspowerfulenoughtoshapethenorthernvolcanicplainsExample7.例子证明观点Judgingfromthewidthanddepthofthechannels,theflowratesmusthavebeentrulyenormous—perhaps

asmuchasahundredtimesgreaterthanthe105tonspersecondcarriedbythegreatAmazonriver.Example7.对应选项TPO8-3-5.Inparagraph2,whydoestheauthorincludetheinformationthat105tonsofwaterflowthroughtheAmazonriverpersecond?ToemphasizethegreatsizeofthevolumeofwaterthatseemstohaveflowedthroughMars’outflowchannelsToindicatedatausedbyscientiststoestimatehowlongagoMars’outflowchannelswereformedToarguethatflashfloodsonMarsmayhavebeenpowerfulenoughtocausetear-shaped“islands”toformToarguethattheforceoffloodwatersonMarswaspowerfulenoughtoshapethenorthernvolcanicplainsExample8.独立的例子TPO4-1-5.TheauthortellsthestoryoftheexplorersLewisandClarkinparagraph3inordertoillustratewhichofthefollowingpoints?ThenumberofdeerwithinthePugetSoundregionhasvariedovertime.MostoftheexplorerswhocametothePugetSoundareawereprimarilyinterestedinhuntinggame.Therewasmoregame

forhuntingintheEastof

theUnitedStatesthanin

theWest.Individualexplorerswerenotassuccessfulatlocatinggamesaswerethetradingcompanies.Paragraph3:ThenumbersofdeerhavefluctuatedmarkedlysincetheentryofEuropeansintoPugetSoundcountry.Theearlyexplorersandsettlerstoldofabundantdeerintheearly1800sandyetalmostinthesamebreathbemoanedthelackofthissucculentgameanimal.FamousexplorersofthenorthAmericanfrontier,LewisandClarkarrivedatthemouthoftheColumbiaRiveronNovember14,1805,innearlystarvedcircumstances.TheyhadexperiencedgreatdifficultyfindinggamewestoftheRockiesandnotuntilthesecondofDecemberdidtheykilltheirfirstelk.Tokeep40peoplealivethatwinter,theyconsumedapproximately150elkand20deer.Andwhengamemovedoutofthelowlandsinearlyspring,theexpeditiondecidedtoreturneastratherthanfacepossiblestarvation.Lateronintheearlyyearsofthenineteenthcentury,whenFortVancouverbecametheheadquartersoftheHudson'sBayCompany,deerpopulationscontinuedtofluctuate.DavidDouglas,Scottishbotanicalexplorerofthe1830s,foundadisturbingchangeintheanimallifearoundthefortduringtheperiodbetweenhisfirstvisitin1825andhisfinalcontactwiththefortin1832.ArecentDouglasbiographerstates:"Thedeerwhichoncepicturesquelydottedthemeadowsaroundthefortweregone[in1832],huntedtoexterminationinordertoprotectthecrops."

Example8.对应选项TPO4-1-5.TheauthortellsthestoryoftheexplorersLewisandClarkinparagraph3inordertoillustratewhichofthefollowingpoints?ThenumberofdeerwithinthePugetSoundregionhasvariedovertime.

（varied—fluctuated）MostoftheexplorerswhocametothePuge