高考英语试题分类汇编专题03 阅读理解 (说明文) (二) 解析版

高考英语试题分类汇编专题03阅读理解(说明文)(二)(解析版）说明本汇编精选新高考全国卷及各省新高考卷近年阅读理解说明文真题，按“原文呈现→题目设置→答案→详细解析→考点总结”的逻辑编排，解析侧重解题思路、易错点分析及说明文阅读技巧点拨，适配新高考备考需求，助力考生掌握说明文阅读核心考点与解题方法。Passage1（2025年新高考I卷）原文Whilesafetyimprovementsmighthavebeenmadetoourstreetsinrecentyears,transportstudiesalsoshowdeclinesinpedestrianmobility,especiallyamongyoungchildren.Manyparentssaythere’stoomuchtrafficontheroadsfortheirchildrentowalksafelytoschool,sotheypackthemintothecarinstead.DutchauthorsThaliaVerkadeandMarcoteBrommelstroetarebotheredbyfactslikethese.IntheirnewbookMovement:HowtoTakeBackOurStreetsandTransformOurLives,theycallforarethinkofourstreetsandtheroletheyplayinourlives.Lifeoncitystreetsstartedtochangedecadesago.Wholeneighbourhoodsweredestroyedtomakewayfornewroadnetworksandkidshadtoplayelsewhere.Somecommunitiesfoughtback.Mostfamously,aCanadianjournalistwhohadmovedtoManhattanintheearly1950sledacampaigntostopthedestructionofthelocalpark.Describingheralarmatitsproposedreplacementwithanexpressway,JaneJacobscalledonhermayortochampionNewYorkasadecentplacetolive,andnotjustrushthrough.SimilarcampaignsoccurredinAustraliainthelate1960sand1970saswell.Althoughthesecampaignswerewidespread,therealityisthatthemajorityofthewesterncitieswerecompletelyredesignedaroundtheneedsofthemotorcar.Thenumberofcarsonroadshasbeenincreasingrapidly.InAustraliawenowhaveovertwentymillioncarsforjustovertwenty-sixmillionpeople,amongthehighestrateofcarownershipintheworld.Weinvestalotinroadsthathelpusrushthrough,butwefailtoaccountforthetruecosts.Dowereallyrecognisewhatitcostsusasasocietywhenchildrencan’tmovesafelyaroundourcommunities?TheauthorsofMovementhaveitright:it’stimetothinkdifferentlyaboutthatstreetoutsideyourfrontdoor.题目28.Whatphenomenondoestheauthorpointoutinparagraph1?A.Carsoftengetstuckontheroad.B.Trafficaccidentsoccurfrequently.C.Peoplewalklessanddrivemore.D.Pedestriansfailtofollowtherules.29.WhatweretheCanadianjournalistandothercampaignerstryingtodo?A.Keeptheircitieslivable.B.Promoteculturaldiversity.C.Helptheneedyfamilies.D.Makeexpresswaysaccessible.30.WhatcanbeinferredaboutthecampaignsinAustraliainthelate1960sand1970s?A.Theyboostedthesalesofcars.B.Theyturnedoutlargelyineffective.C.Theywongovernmentsupport.D.Theyadvocatedbuildingnewparks.31.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.WhytheRush?B.What’sNext?C.WheretoStay?D.WhotoBlame?答案28.C29.A30.B31.A解析28.细节理解题解题思路：定位第一段核心信息，根据“transportstudiesalsoshowdeclinesinpedestrianmobility”（交通研究也显示行人流动性下降）和“Manyparents...packthemintothecarinstead”（许多父母反而开车送孩子），可直接得出“人们步行减少、开车增多”的现象。易错点分析：选项A（堵车）、B（交通事故频发）、D（行人不遵守规则）在第一段均未提及，属于无中生有，考生需注意避免过度推断，紧扣原文细节。29.推理判断题解题思路：定位第三段，加拿大记者JaneJacobs发起运动阻止公园被改造成高速公路，并呼吁市长将纽约打造成“adecentplacetolive”（宜居之地），结合“Similarcampaigns”（类似运动）可推断，这些活动者的核心目的是维护城市的宜居性。易错点分析：选项D（建设新公园）是运动的手段而非目的；选项B（促进文化多样性）、C（帮助贫困家庭）与原文无关，考生需区分“手段”与“目的”，避免偷换概念。30.推理判断题解题思路：定位第四段“Althoughthesecampaignswerewidespread,therealityisthatthemajorityofthewesterncitieswerecompletelyredesignedaroundtheneedsofthemotorcar”（尽管这些运动很广泛，但事实是大多数西方城市仍完全围绕汽车需求重新设计），由此可推断，澳大利亚的运动并未改变城市设计的核心，效果甚微。易错点分析：选项A（促进汽车销售）、C（获得政府支持）原文未提及；选项D（倡导建设新公园）与运动初衷不符，考生需注意“although”引导的转折关系，把握作者强调的“现实结果”。31.主旨大意题解题思路：全文围绕“城市街道过度围绕汽车设计，导致行人流动性下降”展开，批判了“匆忙赶路”的城市发展模式，呼吁重新思考街道功能。选项A（为何如此匆忙？）既贴合原文中“rushthrough”的核心话题，又能引发读者对城市发展模式的反思，符合主旨。易错点分析：选项B（接下来会怎样？）、C（住在哪里？）、D（该责备谁？）均未紧扣“城市街道设计与行人需求”的核心，考生需注意主旨题要覆盖全文核心，避免片面解读。考点总结1.核心考点：细节理解题（28题）、推理判断题（29、30题）、主旨大意题（31题），涵盖说明文核心考查题型；2.语篇特点：本文属于社会现象说明文，采用“现象引入—案例分析—现状批判—呼吁反思”的逻辑，结构清晰；3.解题技巧：细节题需精准定位原文关键词（如pedestrianmobility），推理题需紧扣转折词（although）把握逻辑，主旨题需梳理全文核心话题，避免局部信息干扰。Passage2（2024年浙江1月卷）原文OnSeptember7,1991,thecostliesthailstorminCanadianhistoryhitCalgary’ssouthernsuburbs.Asaresult,since1996agroupofinsurancecompanieshavespentabout$2millionperyearontheAlbertaHailSuppressionProject.Airplanesseedthreateningstormcellswithachemicaltomakesmallicecrystalsfallasrainbeforetheycangrowintodangeroushailstones.Butfarmersineast-centralAlberta—downwindofthehailprojectflights—worrythatpreciousmoistureisbeingstolenfromtheirthirstylandbythecloudseeding.NormanStienwand,whofarmsinthatarea,hasbeenaddressingpublicmeetingsonthisissueforyears.“Basically,theprovincialgovernmentislettingtheinsurancecompaniesprotecttheCalgary-Edmontonurbanareafromhail,”Mr.Stienwandsays.“Butwhataboutus?We’retheoneswhoneedtherainthemost.”Theproject’ssupportersarguethatthecloudseedingonlyaffectscloudsthatwouldhaveproducedhailanyway,andthattheamountofrainlostdownwindisnegligible.TheypointtoastudybytheUniversityofAlberta,whichfoundthattheprojectreduceshaildamagetourbanareasby30to40percent.Thestudyalsonotedthatwhilesomedownwindareasmayreceiveslightlylessrain,theeffectisnotsignificantenoughtoharmcrops.However,criticssaythestudyisflawed.Theyarguethattheuniversity’sresearchdidnotaccountforthelong-termeffectsofcloudseedingonrainfallpatterns.Theyalsopointoutthattheprojectbenefitsurbanareasandinsurancecompaniesattheexpenseoffarmers,whorelyonnaturalrainfallfortheircrops.“Thisisaclassiccaseofurbaninterestsoverridingruralones,”saysoneenvironmentalactivist.Thedebatecontinues,withbothsidespresentingevidencetosupporttheirclaims.Asclimatechangeleadstomoreextremeweatherevents,thequestionofhowtobalanceurbanandruralinterestsinweathermodificationprojectsremainsunanswered.题目32.WhatisthepurposeoftheAlbertaHailSuppressionProject?A.Toreducehaildamagetourbanareas.B.Toincreaserainfallinruralareas.C.Toprotectfarmers’cropsfromdrought.D.Tostudytheeffectsofcloudseeding.33.Whatconcernsfarmersineast-centralAlberta?A.Thecostofthehailsuppressionproject.B.Thedamagecausedbyhailstorms.C.Thelossofrainfallduetocloudseeding.D.Theexpansionofurbanareas.34.Whatdotheproject’ssupportersclaim?A.Theprojecthasnoeffectonruralareas.B.Theprojectreduceshaildamagebyhalf.C.Thelostrainfalldownwindisinsignificant.D.Thestudyontheprojectisflawed.35.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.Climatechangeleadstomorehailstorms.B.Ahailsuppressionprojectcausesdebate.C.Farmersfightagainsturbaninterests.D.Cloudseedingisacontroversialtechnology.答案32.A33.C34.C35.B解析32.细节理解题解题思路：定位第一段，根据“agroupofinsurancecompanieshavespentabout$2millionperyearontheAlbertaHailSuppressionProject”和“makesmallicecrystalsfallasrainbeforetheycangrowintodangeroushailstones”，以及第三段“theprojectreduceshaildamagetourbanareasby30to40percent”，可明确该项目的目的是减少冰雹对城市地区的破坏。易错点分析：选项B（增加农村降雨量）、C（保护农民作物免受干旱）与原文中农民的担忧相悖；选项D（研究人工降雨的影响）是项目的附带结果而非目的，考生需区分“目的”与“结果”。33.细节理解题解题思路：定位第二段首句“Butfarmersineast-centralAlberta—downwindofthehailprojectflights—worrythatpreciousmoistureisbeingstolenfromtheirthirstylandbythecloudseeding”，直接可知农民担忧的是人工降雨导致他们失去宝贵的降雨量。易错点分析：选项A（项目成本）、D（城市扩张）原文未提及；选项B（冰雹破坏）是项目要解决的问题，而非农民的担忧，考生需精准定位“worry”后的内容。34.细节理解题解题思路：定位第三段“Theproject’ssupportersarguethat...theamountofrainlostdownwindisnegligible”，“negligible”意为“微不足道的”，与选项C中的“insignificant”同义，因此支持者声称下风处流失的降雨量并不显著。易错点分析：选项A（对农村无影响）过于绝对，原文提到“somedownwindareasmayreceiveslightlylessrain”；选项B（减少一半冰雹破坏）与原文“30to40percent”不符；选项D（研究有缺陷）是批评者的观点，考生需区分“支持者”与“批评者”的立场。35.主旨大意题解题思路：全文围绕“阿尔伯塔冰雹抑制项目”展开，先介绍项目背景和目的，再阐述农民的担忧、支持者的观点、批评者的质疑，最后指出争议仍在继续，核心是该项目引发的争议。选项B（一个冰雹抑制项目引发争议）精准概括全文主旨。易错点分析：选项A（气候变化导致更多冰雹）是背景信息，非核心；选项C（农民反对城市利益）只是争议的一个方面，片面；选项D（人工降雨是有争议的技术）范围过大，原文聚焦于具体项目，而非整个技术，考生需注意主旨的针对性。考点总结1.核心考点：细节理解题（32、33、34题）、主旨大意题（35题），侧重对具体信息的提取和全文核心的把握；2.语篇特点：本文属于科技类说明文，围绕“冰雹抑制项目”的争议展开，采用“背景介绍—双方观点—总结争议”的逻辑，观点明确、论据充分；3.解题技巧：细节题需注意区分不同立场（支持者、批评者）的观点，避免张冠李戴；主旨题需梳理全文逻辑，抓住“争议”这一核心线索，排除片面或范围过大的选项。Passage3（2023年新高考II卷）原文Citiesareoftendescribedasconcretejungles,buttheyarealsohometoasurprisingvarietyofwildlife.Urbannaturalspaces—suchasparks,communitygardens,andevengreenrooftops—providehabitatsforbirds,insects,andotheranimals.Inrecentyears,scientistshavebeenstudyinghowtheseurbannaturalspacescansupportbiodiversityandimprovethequalityoflifeforcitydwellers.Onestudy,conductedbyresearchersattheUniversityofSheffield,foundthaturbanparkswithagreatervarietyofplantspeciessupportmorebirdspecies.Thestudyalsonotedthatparkswithmaturetreesanddensevegetationareparticularlyattractivetobirds,astheyprovidefood,shelter,andnestingsites.Incontrast,parkswithlargeopenareasandfewplantssupportfewerbirdspecies.Anotherstudy,fromtheUniversityofPennsylvania,focusedoncommunitygardens.Theresearchersfoundthatcommunitygardensnotonlyprovidefreshproduceforlocalresidentsbutalsosupportawiderangeofinsects,includingbeesandbutterflies.Theseinsectsplayanimportantroleinpollination,whichisessentialforbothwildplantsandcrops.Thestudyalsofoundthatcommunitygardenshelptoconnectpeoplewithnature,reducingstressandimprovingmentalhealth.Greenrooftopsareanotherimportanturbannaturalspace.Theyarecoveredwithvegetation,whichhelpstoreduceheatincities(aphenomenonknownastheurbanheatislandeffect),absorbrainwater,andprovidehabitatsforsmallanimals.AstudyinBerlinfoundthatgreenrooftopssupportmorethan200speciesofinsectsandspiders,aswellasseveralbirdspecies.Whileurbannaturalspacesoffermanybenefits,theyalsofacechallenges.Manycitieslackenoughgreenspaces,andexistingonesareoftenthreatenedbyurbandevelopment.Inaddition,someurbannaturalspacesarenotmanagedproperly,leadingtoadeclineinbiodiversity.Toaddressthesechallenges,scientistsandurbanplannersareworkingtogethertodesignmoreeffectiveurbannaturalspacesthatsupportbothwildlifeandpeople.题目36.Whatisthemaintopicofthetext?A.Theimportanceofurbannaturalspaces.B.Thechallengesofurbandevelopment.C.Thevarietyofwildlifeincities.D.Thedesignofurbanparks.37.WhatdidthestudyfromtheUniversityofSheffieldfind?A.Communitygardenssupportmoreinsects.B.Maturetreesattractmorebirds.C.Openareasaregoodforbirds.D.Greenrooftopsreduceheat.38.Whatisthebenefitofcommunitygardensaccordingtothetext?A.Theyhelppeoplerelax.B.Theyproducemorecrops.C.Theyprotectrarespecies.D.Theypreventurbanheat.39.Whatchallengedourbannaturalspacesface?A.Lackofmanagement.B.Toomuchpollution.C.Shortageofwater.D.Fewvolunteers.答案36.A37.B38.A39.A解析36.主旨大意题解题思路：全文围绕“城市自然空间”展开，依次介绍了城市公园、社区花园、绿色屋顶对生物多样性和城市居民生活质量的益处，最后提及面临的挑战并给出建议，核心是城市自然空间的重要性。选项A精准概括全文主题。易错点分析：选项B（城市发展的挑战）、C（城市野生动物的多样性）、D（城市公园的设计）均为原文的局部信息，无法覆盖全文核心，考生需注意主旨题要全面概括，避免片面解读。37.细节理解题解题思路：定位第二段“Thestudyalsonotedthatparkswithmaturetreesanddensevegetationareparticularlyattractivetobirds”，可知谢菲尔德大学的研究发现，有成熟树木和茂密植被的公园对鸟类特别有吸引力，即成熟树木能吸引更多鸟类。易错点分析：选项A（社区花园支持更多昆虫）是宾夕法尼亚大学的研究发现；选项C（开阔区域对