国际贸易实务

EnglishforInternationalTradePractices

-国际贸易实务英语-

Chapter1InternationalTrade

11.ReasonsforInternationalTradedefinitionofinternationaltrade:exchangeofgoodsandservicesbetweencountries,includingimportandexportbasicreasonsforinternationaltrade:domesticnon-availabilityofresourcesprincipleofcomparativeadvantage1.1“resources”&foreigntradeKeywords1:resource(usu.pl.)supplyofrawmaterials,etc.whichbringacountry,person,etc.wealth.typesofresources:naturalresources&humanresourcestangible&intangibleresourceskeywords2:factorsofproduction(生产要素)theelementsusedtoproduceeconomicgoods,i.e.,land,labor,capitalandenterprise.(LongmanFinancialGlossary)1.2“cost”&foreigntradeKeywords1:absoluteadvantageItreferstothecapabilityofonenationtoproducemoreofagoodwiththesameamountofinputthananothercountry.ItwasproposedbyAdamSmithinhisfamouswork,“TheWealthofNations”[1776]AccordingtoSmith,tradeisbasedonabsoluteadvantageandbenefitsbothnationswheneachnationspecializesintheproductionofthecommodityofitsabsoluteadvantageandexchangespartofitsoutputforthecommodityofitsabsolutedisadvantage.1.2“cost”&foreigntradeKeywords2:comparativeadvantageItwasproposedbyDavidRicardoinhisfamous“PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomyandTaxation”Itclaimsthatevenifabsoluteadvantagedoesnotexist,thelessefficientnationcanstilltradewithothers.Itcanspecializeinproducingandexportingthegoodsinwhichitsabsolutedisadvantageisless.Thisisthecommodityofitscomparativeadvantage.(internationalspecialization)Keywords:opportunitycostWhatisopportunitycost?Itisabasictermfromthedisciplinesofmoderneconomicsandaccounting.Theopportunitycostofsomethingiswhatyousacrificetogetit.opportunity=valueofbestforegonealternativeE.g.Youropportunitycostforattendingclassis...Youropportunitycostfordrinkingbeerallnightis…2.BenefitsofInternationalTradekeywords1:capitalgoods

(生产资料)goodsusedtoproduceothergoods,e.g.fixedassetslikemachineryandbuildings.keywords2:economiesofscale

(规模经济)factorswhichtendtoreducetheaveragecostsofproducinganitem,asthescaleoftheindustrydevelops.Someindustries,suchasautomobileproduction,areonlyefficientatverylargescales.RepresentativesofFreeTradeKeyWordsofFreeTradeTheories无形之手绝对成本/优势相对成本/优势国际分工要素禀赋竞争优势3.1.ReasonsforTradeProtectionismprotectinfantindustryprotectagainstunfaircompetitionprotectdomesticemploymentforpoliticalconsiderationprotectfinancialstabilitykeywords1–tariffbarriergeneraltypesofcustomstariffs：revenuetariffprotectiontariffbasictypesofimportduty:specifictariffadvaloremtariffcompoundtariffalternativedutycommonly-usedimportsurtax:countervailingdutyanti-dumpingduty（ADD）财政性关税保护性关税从量税从价税复合税可选税反补贴税反倾销税keywords2–non-tariffbarrierskeywords1:quota:quantitativerestrictionorupperlimitintermsofquantityorvalueofimported/exportedgoods.keywords2:importlicense:permitfromthegovernmentforimporttocontrolthevolumeofimport.keywords3:voluntaryexportrestraints(VER):anagreementbetweentwogovernmentsinwhichthegovernmentoftheexportingcountryagreestorestr