【基于生命周期理论的养殖场粪污处理系统环境影响结果分析讨论8000字（论文）】

基于生命周期理论的养殖场粪污处理系统环境影响结果分析讨论目录TOC\o"1-3"\h\u28394基于生命周期理论的养殖场粪污处理系统环境影响结果分析讨论 117648第1章养殖场粪污处理系统生命周期评价 224771.1生命周期情景 259481.2研究目标和功能单位 327351.3系统边界 434931.4研究过程分析 560881.4.1前处理 5326351.4.2厌氧发酵 6144581.4.3室外储存 6301851.4.4肥料还田 767271.4.5沼气发电 854721.4.6避免阶段 9125251.5清单分析 10100941.6环境影响评价 1022884第2章养殖场环境影响结果分析及讨论 12287412.1环境影响评价结果和分析 1276252.1.1全球变暖潜势 1254982.1.2环境酸化潜势 13270342.1.3富营养化潜势 14183792.2综合环境影响分析 15145852.3贡献度分析 15122572.4环节优化与技术改进 16252852.5研究讨论 17第1章养殖场粪污处理系统生命周期评价1.1生命周期情景本研究建立了两个养猪场沼气工程情景模型，并对其环境影响进行了评价（表3-1），两种情景的差异主要集中在预处理阶段和沼液末端处理阶段，具体描述如下:长链发酵系统(LCFS):主要包括预处理工艺、厌氧发酵工艺、沼气综合利用工艺、沼液末端过滤工艺和堆肥工艺。猪舍采用干清粪方式，固体粪便暂存在猪舍内，剩余粪便和洗涤水进入厌氧发酵罐。发酵液经固液分离后，沼渣和干粪室外堆肥储存。沼液经5级过滤净化后作为液肥使用，与节水滴灌配套。本工程采用地下厌氧沼气池，冬季采用沼气供热管网保温。自动一体化发酵系统(AIFS):主要包括深坑储存工艺、一体化反应器发酵工艺、沼气综合利用工艺和沼液、沼渣(混合)直接处理工艺。猪舍采用水冲洗和沼液回流冲洗方式。粪便深坑储存后进入集成反应器进行发酵和产气。沼气发电与上述相同。沼液渣(混合)储存在沼液储罐中，经过静态过滤和净化处理后，以灌装的形式出售(返田)。本项目采用太阳能管网保温发酵罐，提高发酵温度，提高产气效率;冬季采用沼气供热管网保温。表3-1两种粪便处理系统工艺环节介绍情景简称描述自动化发酵系统(Automaticintegrationfermentationsystem)AIFS深坑储存-一体化反应器发酵-沼气综合利用-沼液渣(混)室外储存-沼液渣（混）还田利用长链发酵系统(Longchainfermentationsystem)LCFS预处理-厌氧发酵-沼气综合利用-沼液末端过滤工艺-堆肥还田1.2研究目标和功能单位根据ISO14040和14044标准(ISO2006A和B)，采用生命周期评价方法，对新疆石河子市两养猪场LCFS和AIFS的能源消耗和污染排放的环境影响进行了比较分析。为在评价中合理量化系统性能，本研究的功能单元(FunctionalUnit,FU)是处理1000头猪产生的粪便等废弃物。猪粪是干粪和猪尿的混合物，包括必要的冲洗水，以泥浆的形式存在。研究区两个猪场位于同一地理区域，则区域和气候因素造成的粪便特征差异可以忽略不计。猪场饲料中小麦占60%，粗饲料（麦麸和玉米麸占20%）占10%，其他有机物占10%，添加酒糟、钙添加剂和生长素，忽略其含量。两种系统由于饲料成分和品质相近、饲养生猪品种相近、生猪生育期和生猪比例相近，故设其千头猪产生的新鲜粪便特征基本相同。在夏季（7-9月），1000头猪生产猪粪2.2吨，猪尿5.2吨(调查数据)。猪粪的组成（常规）ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA(Wenxing,2012;xiao,2018;Zhangetal.,2014;Yangetal.,2006;CANGLong,2004)如表3-2所示。表3-2猪粪尿的成分成分质量（ton）总固体含量Totalsolid(TS)(%)挥发性固体TotalVolatilesolids(VS)(%TS)总氮Totalnitrogen(TN)(g﹒kg–1)总有机氮TotalAmmoniumnitrogen(TAN)(g﹒kg–1)总磷Totalphosphorus(TP)(g．kg–1)猪粪2.226.40768.15625.709342.0830猪尿5.22.19481.21652.251550.3223注:总有机氮（TotalAmmoniumnitrogen,TAN）含量参考《2014年大气氨源排放清单编制技术指南》，TAN占总氮的70%。.1.3系统边界养猪场粪污管理系统生命周期评价系统包括原料收集、处理加工和最终利用三个大阶段。猪养殖过程提供原料，不在评价范围内。工程建设时设备制造过程的环境影响不予考虑，但考虑系统运转中设备的能耗。研究不考虑生物二氧化碳的产生影响ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA(Vriesetal.,2012;Hoeveetal.,2016c)。图3-1养殖场废弃物处理系统研究系统边界将两系统处理流程归纳划分为前处理阶段、厌氧发酵阶段、沼气发电阶段、室外储存阶段和沼肥还田五个阶段。如表3-3所示。表3-3两个系统研究阶段的划分与描述系统研究阶段描述LCFS前处理干清粪；干粪暂时储存，粪污深坑储存厌氧发酵厌氧发酵（地下管网保温+沼气冬季供热）；固液分离室外储存堆肥储存；干粪沼渣露天堆肥沼肥还田干粪沼渣还田；沼液过滤滴灌还田沼气发电沼气发电AIFS前处理水清粪（回流冲洗）；粪污深坑储存厌氧发酵厌氧发酵（太阳能管网保温+沼气冬季供热）室外储存露天储存；沼液沼渣（混）露天储存沼肥还田沼液沼渣（混）还田沼气发电沼气发电1.4研究过程分析1.4.1前处理前处理阶段包括猪舍内处理和深坑存储。在猪舍内处理过程中，LC系统采取干清粪模式，清粪率为70%ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Association</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>521</RecNum><DisplayText>(Associationetal.,2009)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>521</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xztazex21ts90oe9epep9r5hwrpt5rxtxt9d"timestamp="1611929095">521</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="LegalRuleorRegulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>ChinaEnvironmentalProtectionIndustryAssociation</author><author>TianjinAcademyofEnvironmentalProtectionSciences</author><author>BeijingResearchInstituteofEnvironmentalProtection</author><author>ZhejiangBiogasSolarEnergyResearchInstitute</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Technicalspecificationforpollutioncontrolengineeringoflivestockandpoultrybreedingindustry</title></titles><pages>23P.;A4</pages><volume>HJ497-2009</volume><keywords><keyword>畜禽养殖业污染</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year></dates><publisher>Industrystandard-environmentalprotection</publisher><urls></urls><remote-database-name><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">中国标准</style></remote-database-name><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(Associationetal.,2009)，部分鲜粪待室内短暂储存后，集中由人工运输室外。AI系统采取水冲粪模式和部分沼液回流冲洗模式，清粪后粪污和冲洗水全部深坑储存待发酵。经调研两系统清粪所需冲洗水和降温水总计分别为8t和6t。由于猪舍内LC液态粪便（猪尿+30%干粪）经格栅斜坡到厌氧发酵过程中，因停留时间较短，其在室内储存时的环境影响忽略不计ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>潘笑</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>325</RecNum><DisplayText>(潘笑,2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>325</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xztazex21ts90oe9epep9r5hwrpt5rxtxt9d"timestamp="1574257808">325</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>潘笑</author></authors><tertiary-authors><author>袁增伟,</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>猪粪处理技术生命周期环境影响评估</title></titles><keywords><keyword>生命周期评价</keyword><keyword>猪粪处理</keyword><keyword>厌氧发酵</keyword><keyword>废水处理</keyword><keyword>环境管理</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2018</year></dates><publisher>南京大学</publisher><work-type>硕士</work-type><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(潘笑,2018)。室内储存过程中主要气体排放为氨气和甲烷，排放因子如表3-4。LC固态粪便和AI粪污的TNA质量损耗近似计算为释放的氨气。假设两系统前处理阶段挥发性固体减少量为10%。表3-4前处理阶段气体排放因子和排放量前处理阶段气体排放因子单位数值LC干粪室内储存NH3kgNH3/kgTAN0.197aCH4kgCH4/t0.91ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>W</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>520</RecNum><DisplayText>(Wetal.,2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>520</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xztazex21ts90oe9epep9r5hwrpt5rxtxt9d"timestamp="1611929095">520</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>DeVriesJerkeW</author><author>AarninkAndréJA</author><author>GrootKoerkampPeterWG</author><author>DeBoerImkeJM</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>WageningenURLivestockResearch,WageningenUniversityandResearchCentre,P.O.Box135,6700AC,Wageningen,TheNetherlands.jerke.devries@wur.nl</auth-address><titles><title>Lifecycleassessmentofsegregatingfatteningpigurineandfecescomparedtoconventionalliquidmanuremanagement.%JEnvironmentalscience&technology</title></titles><volume>47</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(Wetal.,2013)AI粪污深坑储存NH3kgNH3/kgTAN0.25ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hoeve</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>519</RecNum><DisplayText>(Hoeveetal.,2014b)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>519</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xztazex21ts90oe9epep9r5hwrpt5rxtxt9d"timestamp="1611929095">519</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>MarieketenHoeve</author><author>NicholasJ.Hutchings</author><author>GregoryM.Peters</author><author>MagdalenaSvanström</author><author>LarsS.Jensen</author><author>SanderBruun</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>DepartmentofPlantandEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofCopenhagen,Thorvaldsensvej40,1871FrederiksbergC,Denmark;;DepartmentofAgroecology,AarhusUniversity,ResearchCentreFoulum,BlichersAllee,8830Tjele,Denmark;;DepartmentofChemicalandBiologicalEngineering,ChalmersUniversityofTechnology,Kemivägen4,41296Göteborg,Sweden</auth-address><titles><title>LifecycleassessmentofpigslurrytreatmenttechnologiesfornutrientredistributioninDenmark%JJournalofEnvironmentalManagement</title></titles><volume>132</volume><keywords><keyword>Lifecycleassessment</keyword><keyword>Pigslurry</keyword><keyword>Nutrientredistribution</keyword><keyword>Slurryseparation</keyword><keyword>Composting</keyword><keyword>Ammoniastripping</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>0301-4797</isbn><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(Hoeveetal.,2014b)CH4kgCH4/t6.54ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>W</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>520</RecNum><DisplayText>(Wetal.,2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>520</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xztazex21ts90oe9epep9r5hwrpt5rxtxt9d"timestamp="1611929095">520</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>DeVriesJerkeW</author><author>AarninkAndréJA</author><author>GrootKoerkampPeterWG</author><author>DeBoerImkeJM</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>WageningenURLivestockResearch,WageningenUniversityandResearchCentre,P.O.Box135,6700AC,Wageningen,TheNetherlands.jerke.devries@wur.nl</auth-address><titles><title>Lifecycleassessmentofsegregatingfatteningpigurineandfecescomparedtoconventionalliquidmanuremanagement.%JEnvironmentalscience&technology</title></titles><volume>47</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(Wetal.,2013)注：a干粪室内存储NH3排放系数见（以下简称《大气氨源排放指南，2014》）1.4.2厌氧发酵经实地调研，两养猪场中温厌氧发酵中，40~50天的水力停留时间，功能单元产气量分别为44和112Nm3，损失1%。厌氧发酵前后，粪污干物质含量增加，固体有机物水解液化，挥发性固体去除率设为60%(30%~70%)ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>I</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>530</RecNum><DisplayText>(Ietal.,2007)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>530</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xztazex21ts90oe9epep9r5hwrpt5rxtxt9d"timestamp="1611930750">530</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>MasséDI</author><author>CroteauF</author><author>MasseL</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>DairyandSwineResearchandDevelopmentCentre,AgricultureandAgri-FoodCanada,Lennoxville,QC,CanadaJ1M1Z3.massed@agr.gc.ca</auth-address><titles><title>Thefateofcropnutrientsduringdigestionofswinemanureinpsychrophilicanaerobicsequencingbatchreactors.%JBioresourcetechnology</title></titles><volume>98</volume><number>15</number><dates><year>2007</year></dates><isbn>0960-8524</isbn><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(Ietal.,2007)。在厌氧发酵过程中，有机氮经微生物作用发生氨化反应转换成NH4+-N并释放NH3（<0.02%）；少量NH4+-N转化为NO3-N，经反硝化作用释放N2（0.25%）。假设气体排放忽略不计，总氮基本不变，约有31%的磷元素以晶体的形式附着在发酵罐内壁上ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>E</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>529</RecNum><DisplayText>(Eetal.,2008;Ietal.,2007)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>529</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xztazex21ts90oe9epep9r5hwrpt5rxtxt9d"timestamp="1611930750">529</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>MarcatoClaireE</author><author>PinelliEric</author><author>PouechPhilippe</author><author>WintertonPeter</author><author>GuiresseMaritxu</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>AgronomyEnvironmentandEcotoxicologyLaboratory,NationalSchoolofAgronomy-Toulouse(INP-ENSAT)BP32607,Auzeville-Tolosane,31326Castanet-Tolosan,France.</auth-address><titles><title>Particlesizeandmetaldistributionsinanaerobicallydigestedpigslurry.%JBioresourcetechnology</title></titles><volume>99</volume><number>7</number><dates><year>2008</year></dates><isbn>0960-8524</isbn><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite><Cite><Author>I</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>530</RecNum><record><rec-number>530</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xztazex21ts90oe9epep9r5hwrpt5rxtxt9d"timestamp="1611930750">530</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>MasséDI</author><author>CroteauF</author><author>MasseL</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>DairyandSwineResearchandDevelopmentCentre,AgricultureandAgri-FoodCanada,Lennoxville,QC,CanadaJ1M1Z3.massed@agr.gc.ca</auth-address><titles><title>Thefateofcropnutrientsduringdigestionofswinemanureinpsychrophilicanaerobicsequencingbatchreactors.%JBioresourcetechnology</title></titles><volume>98</volume><number>15</number><dates><year>2007</year></dates><isbn>0960-8524</isbn><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(Eetal.,2008;Ietal.,2007)。厌氧发酵前后，TAN在TN中的比例均有不同程度的增加。综合两种系统，设TAN在LC中的比例增加了15.5个百分点，TAN在AI中的比例增加了40个百分点ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA(yeetal.,2018;Lietal.,2016;zhang,2010)。LC系统的沼液沼渣（混）经潜污泵，采用螺旋挤压固液分离技术（能耗0.53KWh.t-1）。分离质量效率ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA(ShengJingetal.,2018;Mølleretal.,2002;Taoetal.,2016)见表3-5，其中沼液通过沉淀池多级筛网过滤。表3-5螺旋挤压固液分离效率质量干物质总氮TANTP分离率%7.48在罐体保温方面，LC系统采用地下罐体及沼气产热管网进行保温，AI系统采用太阳能加热及沼气产热管网进行保温。由于调查时间为夏季，暂不考虑附加保温管网的外部输入能耗。1.4.3室外储存两个系统的前处理和厌氧发酵产物储存在室外露天无盖储存池、罐中。储存过程中的气体排放因子见下表3-6。表3-6室外储存阶段的气体排放因子室外储存阶段NH3-NN2O-NNO-NN2-NLC固态粪便0.046kg/kgTAN0.05kg/kgTAN0.01kg/kgTAN0.3kg/kgTANLC沼渣0.003kg/kgTN0.048kg/kgTN0.048kg/kgTN0.144kg/kgTNAI沼液沼渣（混）0.03kg/kgTN0.005kg/kgTN0.005kg/kgTN0.015kg/kgTNLC固体粪便中氮气体排放因子参照。LC沼渣的NH3和N2O排放因子参考文献ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hansen</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>536</RecNum><DisplayText>(Hansen,2006)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>536</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xztazex21ts90oe9epep9r5hwrpt5rxtxt9d"timestamp="1611933451">536</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>TrineLundHansen</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>InstituteofEnvironment&Resources,TechnicalUniversityofDenmark,Lyngby,Denmark;;InstituteofEnvironment&Resources,TechnicalUniversityofDenmark,Lyngby,Denmark;;InstituteofEnvironment&Resources,TechnicalUniversityofDenmark,Lyngby,Denmark,thc@er.dtu.dk;;PlantandSoilScienceLaboratory,DepartmentofAgriculturalSciences,RoyalVeterinaryandAgriculturalUniversity,Thorvaldsensvej40,DK-1871FrederiksbergC,Denmark;;PlantandSoilScienceLaboratory,DepartmentofAgriculturalSciences,RoyalVeterinaryandAgriculturalUniversity,Thorvaldsensvej40,DK-1871FrederiksbergC,Denmark</auth-address><titles><title>Lifecyclemodellingofenvironmentalimpactsofapplicationofprocessedorganicmunicipalsolidwasteonagriculturalland(Easewaste)%JWasteManagement&Research</title></titles><volume>24</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>Environmentalassessment</keyword><keyword>wastemanagement</keyword><keyword>lifecycleassessment</keyword><keyword>organicwaste</keyword><keyword>landapplication</keyword><keyword>soil</keyword><keyword>wmr858-1</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year></dates><isbn>0734-242X</isbn><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(Hansen,2006)。AI沼液沼渣(混)的NH3是猪粪的1.5倍ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Yue</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>532</RecNum><DisplayText>(Yueetal.,2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>532</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xztazex21ts90oe9epep9r5hwrpt5rxtxt9d"timestamp="1611933451">532</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>WangYue</author><author>DongHongmin</author><author>ZhuZhiping</author><author>GerberPierreJ</author><author>XinHongwei</author><author>SmithPete</author><author>OpioCarolyn</author><author>SteinfeldHenning</author><author>ChadwickDave</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>InstituteofEnvironmentandSustainableDevelopmentinAgriculture,ChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Beijing100081,China.;;KeyLaboratoryofEnergyConservationandWasteTreatmentofAgriculturalStructures,MinistryofAgriculture,Beijing100081,China.;;InstituteofEnvironmentandSustainableDevelopmentinAgriculture,ChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Beijing100081,China.;;KeyLaboratoryofEnergyConservationandWasteTreatmentofAgriculturalStructures,MinistryofAgriculture,Beijing100081,China.;;InstituteofEnvironmentandSustainableDevelopmentinAgriculture,ChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Beijing100081,China.;;KeyLaboratoryofEnergyConservationandWasteTreatmentofAgriculturalStructures,MinistryofAgriculture,Beijing100081,China.;;AnimalProductionandHealthDivision,FoodandAgricultureOrganization,00153Rome,Italy.;;AnimalProductionSystemsGroup,WageningenUniversity,P.O.Box338,Wageningen,TheNetherlands.;;Departmentof</auth-address><titles><title>MitigatingGreenhouseGasandAmmoniaEmissionsfromSwineManureManagement:ASystemAnalysis.%JEnvironmentalscience&technology</title></titles><volume>51</volume><number>8</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(Yueetal.,2017)，猪粪储存的排放因子取自参考文献ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Vries</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>518</RecNum><DisplayText>(Vriesetal.,2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>518</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xztazex21ts90oe9epep9r5hwrpt5rxtxt9d"timestamp="1611928663">518</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>J.W.DeVries</author><author>C.M.Groenestein</author><author>I.J.M.DeBoer</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>WageningenURLivestockResearch,WageningenUniversityandResearchCentre,P.O.Box135,6700ACWageningen,theNetherlands;;AnimalProductionSystemsGroup,WageningenUniversity,P.O.Box338,6700AHWageningen,theNetherlands</auth-address><titles><title>Environmentalconsequencesofprocessingmanuretoproducemineralfertilizerandbio-energy%JJournalofEnvironmentalManagement</title></titles><volume>102</volume><keywords><keyword>LCA</keyword><keyword>Slurrytreatment</keyword><keyword>Fertilizer</keyword><keyword>Anaerobicdigestion</keyword><keyword>Greenhousegases</keyword><keyword>Ammonia</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2012</year></dates><isbn>0301-4797</isbn><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(Vriesetal.,2012)；N2O排放计算基于IPCC(2006)，归类于露天堆制存在天然硬皮覆盖。为了简化计算，采用NO/N2O(1:1)、N2/N2O(3:1)计算N2O和N2排放因子ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Dämmgen</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>535</RecNum><DisplayText>(DämmgenandHutchings,2007)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>535</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xztazex21ts90oe9epep9r5hwrpt5rxtxt9d"timestamp="1611933451">535</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>UlrichDämmgen</author><author>NicholasJ.Hutchings</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>FederalAgriculturalResearchCentre,InstituteofAgroecology,Bundesallee50,38116Braunschweig,Germany;;DanishInstituteofAgriculturalSciences,DepartmentofAgroecology,Tjele,Denmark</auth-address><titles><title>Emissionsofgaseousnitrogenspeciesfrommanuremanagement:Anewapproach%JEnvironmentalPollution</title></titles><volume>154</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>Mammals</keyword><keyword>Manure</keyword><keyword>Nitrogen</keyword><keyword>Nitrousoxide</keyword><keyword>Ammonia</keyword><keyword>Nitricoxide</keyword><keyword>Balance</keyword><keyword>Model</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year></dates><isbn>0269-7491</isbn><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(DämmgenandHutchings,2007)。除含氮气体外，室外储存阶段也排放CH4，LC固态粪便CH4排放因子为0.72kg/tADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA(Yueetal.,2017;Hassounaetal.,2008)；LC沼渣和AI沼液沼渣的CH4排放量由IPCC(2006)计算得来,CB0最大甲烷生产能力，取0.29m3/kgVS;MCF甲烷转化因子，取10%;0.67为1m3CH4换算1kgCH4的换算系数；据式计算室外储存阶段的CH4排放。1.4.4肥料还田还田的沼肥包括播撒还田的LC固体粪便，LC沼渣和AI沼液沼渣（混）和滴灌还田的LC沼液。主要排放气体为NH3，此外，还出现大量氮氧化物，比如直接和间接排放的N2O和少量的NO与N2。假设施肥量适当，且地处新疆降水量少，节水灌溉施肥过程中强降水影响可忽略不计，故研究未考虑无NO3-N淋失ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>籍春蕾</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>600</RecNum><DisplayText>(籍春蕾etal.,2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>600</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xztazex21ts90oe9epep9r5hwrpt5rxtxt9d"timestamp="1619082845">600</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>籍春蕾</author><author>丁美</author><author>王彬鑫</author><author>王春梅</author><author>赵言文</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>南京农业大学资源与环境科学学院;南京农业大学经济管理学院;</auth-address><titles><title>基于生命周期分析方法的化肥与有机肥对比评价</title><secondary-title>土壤通报</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>土壤通报</full-title></periodical><pages>412-417</pages><volume>43</volume><number>02</number><keywords><keyword>生命周期评价</keyword><keyword>化肥</keyword><keyword>有机肥</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2012</year></dates><isbn>0564-3945</isbn><call-num>21-1172/S</call-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(籍春蕾etal.,2012)。此外，研究出现磷的流失。沼肥还田过程中各物质排放因子如表3-7。表3-7肥料还田阶段各物质排放因子类型还田物质NH3-NKg/kgTNN2O-NKg/kgTNNO-NKg/kgTNN2-NKg/kgTNTPKg/kgTP播撒还田LC固体粪便0.194a0.01b0.0011c0.03b0.016iLC沼渣0.194a0.013d0.001c0.039e0.016iAI沼液沼渣（混）0.138/TANf0.0085g0.0008c0.026e0.016i滴灌还田LC沼液0.0552/TANh0.0034h0.00034c,h0.0104h0.016i无机肥（基准）0.02b0.01b0.001c0.03ba平均值来自于ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA(Prapaspongsaetal.,2010b;Yueetal.,2017)bADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Prapaspongsa</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>546</RecNum><DisplayText>(Prapaspongsaetal.,2010b)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>546</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xztazex21ts90oe9epep9r5hwrpt5rxtxt9d"timestamp="1611946633">546</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>TrakarnPrapaspongsa</author><author>PerChristensen</author><author>JannickH.Schmidt</author><author>MikkelThrane</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>AalborgUniversity,DepartmentofBiotechnology,Chemistry,andEnvironmentalEngineering,Sohngaardsholmsvej57,9000Aalborg,Denmark;;AalborgUniversity,DepartmentofDevelopmentandPlanning,Fibigerstræde13,9220Aalborg,Denmark</auth-address><titles><title>LCAofcomprehensivepigmanuremanagementincorporatingintegratedtechnologysystems%JJournalofCleanerProduction</title></titles><volume>18</volume><number>14</number><keywords><keyword>Pigmanure</keyword><keyword>Integratedtechnologysystems</keyword><keyword>Anaerobicdigestion</keyword><keyword>Combustion</keyword><keyword>Spreadingtechniques</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2010</year></dates><isbn>0959-6526</isbn><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(Prapaspongsaetal.,2010b)cEF(NO-N):EF(N2O-N)=1:10ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Nemecek</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>587</RecNum><DisplayText>(NemecekandK€agi,2007)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>587</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xztazex21ts90oe9epep9r5hwrpt5rxtxt9d"timestamp="1619079603">587</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nemecek,T.</author><author>K€agi,T.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>LifeCycleInventoriesofSwissandEuropeanAgriculturalSystems.FinalreportEcoinventv2.0No.15a.AgroscopeReckenholz-TaenikonResearchStationART,SwissCentreforLifeCycleInventories,ZurichandDübendorf,CH[online]Availablefrom:www.ecoinvent.ch</title></titles><dates><year>2007</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(NemecekandK€agi,2007)dADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zeshan</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>543</RecNum><DisplayText>(ZeshanandVisvanathan,2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>543</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xztazex21ts90oe9epep9r5hwrpt5rxtxt9d"timestamp="1611946633">543</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zeshan</author><author>ChettiyappanVisvanathan</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciences,Quaid-i-AzamUniversity,Islamabad45320,Pakistan;;EnvironmentalEngineeringandManagementProgram,SchoolofEnvironment,ResourcesandDevelopment,AsianInstituteofTechnology,P.O.Box4,KlongLuang,Pathumthani12120,Thailand</auth-address><titles><title>Evaluationofanaerobicdigestateforgreenhousegasemissionsatvariousstagesofitsmanagement%JInternationalBiodeterioration&Biodegradation</title></titles><volume>95</volume><keywords><keyword>Digestatecharacteristics</keyword><keyword>Digestatestorage</keyword><keyword>GHGemission</keyword><keyword>Dryanaerobicdigestion</keyword><keyword>Landapplication</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>0964-8305</isbn><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(ZeshanandVisvanathan,2014)eEF(N2-N):EF(N2O-N)=3:1ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Lorie</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>545</RecNum><DisplayText>(Lorieetal.,2011b)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>545</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xztazex21ts90oe9epep9r5hwrpt5rxtxt9d"timestamp="1611946633">545</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>HamelinLorie</author><author>WesnæsMarianne</author><author>WenzelHenrik</author><author>PetersenBjørnM</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>InstituteofChemicalEngineering,BiotechnologyandEnvironmentalTechnology,FacultyofEngineering,UniversityofSouthernDenmark,Campusvej55,5230OdenseM,Denmark.loha@kbm.sdu.dk</auth-address><titles><title>Environmentalconsequencesoffuturebiogastechnologiesbasedonseparatedslurry.%JEnvironmentalscience&technology</title></titles><volume>45</volume><number>13</number><dates><year>2011</year></dates><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(Lorieetal.,2011b)fADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Lorie</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>545</RecNum><DisplayText>(Lorieetal.,2011b)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>545</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="xztazex21ts90oe9epep9r5hwrpt5rxtxt9d"timestamp="1611946633">545</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>HamelinLorie</author><author>WesnæsMarianne</author><author>WenzelHenrik</author><author>PetersenBjørnM</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>InstituteofChemicalEngineering,BiotechnologyandEnvironmentalTechnology,FacultyofEngineering,UniversityofSouthernDenmark,Campusvej55,5230OdenseM,Denmark.loha@kbm.sdu.dk</auth-address><titles><title>Environmentalconsequencesoffuturebiogastechnologiesbasedonseparatedslurry.%JEnvironmentalscience&technology</title></titles><volume>45</volume><number>13</number><dates><year>2011</year></dates><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(Lorieetal.,2011b)g在田间施用固体粪便时，N2O-N排放量小于25%ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Yong</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>541</RecNum><DisplayText>(Yongetal.,2017