2025年度研究报告（英文）

DISCOVER

ADVANCES

IN

EYETRACKING

RESEARCHAnnual

ReseaΓch

ReportAboutthe

reportThisannualreportprovidesanoverviewofhoweyetrackingcontinuestoadvance

scientificresearchanditsapplications,withafocusonTobii’seyetrackingsolutions.Weaimtodemonstratethebreadthanddiversityofresearchsetups,methodologies,andapplicationsthatutilizeTobii’ssystemsinscientificstudiestodayandtheirgrowingpotentialforthefuture.Withawideselectionofpeer-reviewedarticles,conferenceproceedings,andbookchaptersfrom2025thatusedTobiiequipmenttorecordandanalyzeeyemovements,weaimtospotlightinspiringresearcherswhoaredrivingforwardadvancementswiththehelpofourtechnology.OnlypublicationsinEnglishare

considered.ThesefindingshighlightTobii’scontinuingroleinadvancingscientific

understandingacrossvariousfields—frompsychologyandneurosciencetoengineering,education,andbeyond.Tobii’sAnnual

Research

Reportisthego-toresourceforanyonelookingtostay

aheadinthefast-changingworldofeyetracking.Itdistillsayear’sworthof

global

scientificprogressintoclearinsights.By

readingthis

report,we

hopeyou’llgaina

clearerunderstandingofhoweyetrackingisdrivingbreakthroughresearchand

real-worldinnovation.Ouraimistoprovideyouwithpracticalinsightstoapplyin

yourownwork,whetherthatinvolvesdiscoveringnewmethodologies,spottingemergingtrendsearly,orfindinginspirationfromhowpeersacrossdisciplinesareutilizingthetechnology.Ultimately,theaimistoleaveyoubetterinformed,moreconfident,andinspired

bythepossibilitieseyetrackingoffersforscientificresearchandhuman-centereddesign.Tobii|Annual

Research

Report

2025|Aboutthe

report

3Report

content3

Aboutthereport4

Introductiontoeyetrackingresearch6Theresearch

journey:

Fromtheorytoeyetrackinginsights8

2025in

numbers24

Measuringcognitiveloadwitheyetracking26

Inspiring,innovative

and

pioneering

research

in202536

Top

publications36Psychology

and

neuroscience40Human

factors46Education

research48Consumer

research50

Medical

research52Training

and

assessment53

UX

research54

Conclusion

and

predictions55Want

to

keep

exploring?56

Bibliographyresearch

Cognitiveye

tracking

canenbatracking

researchEyetrackingisasensortechnologythatmeasuresandrecordseyepositionandmovement.Thesemetrics

help

us

understandhowhumansexplore,visuallyinteractwith,and

reacttoourenvironments,aimingtoimproveefficiency,boostsafety,orcreatemoreenjoyableexperiences.WhateyetrackersmeasureEyemovementsPupilsizeAppliedresearchfieldsFieldswithdirectreal-worldapplicationshaveseensignificant

progressinareassuchasdriving,education,and

skillstransfer.Witheyetrackingtechnologybecomingmoreaccessiblethroughbothportableandwearablesolutions,it

offersaresearchsetupwithahighlevel

ofecologicalvalidity,

makingitidealforstudiesin

real-worldsettings.•

Humanfactors•

Educationresearch•Consumer

research

and

UX•

Trainingandassessment•

Andmany

moreFundamentalresearchfieldsPsychologyandNeurosciencearetheprimaryareaswithin

fundamentalresearch,coveringmanysubfieldsshownin

thediagram.Inthesedisciplines,eyetrackingremainsawell-establishedmethodthathelpsexploretheessential

processesofattention,cognition,andvisualinformation

processing.

Fieldsofresearchinclude:•Cognitive

research•

Social

research•

Developmentalresearch•

Linguisticsandreading

research•Medical

research4

Tobii|Annual

Research

Report

2025|Introductionto

eyetracking

researchTobii|Annual

Research

Report

2025|Introductionto

eyetracking

research

5Introductionto

eyetracking

in

scientific

resWearable–for

real-world

studiesVR–virtualenvironmentsScreen

based–laboratorysetupTypesofeyetrackersDecision-makiEyeopennessofeye

trCpBlinksAppliedresearchfiionFundamentalresearchfiworkloadeldsedWearabMedicalresearchevelopmentalresearchresearchHumEdSocialresearchreadeldackresearchandWhearchandesPhLiniguisMnresearchdattentHumanviiMentalysiologicallrevealsualTrainiemTyUpClucatiiConsumngVtiXEyorynifngShngognipRmSicalawoeDnestieerocessearsroeoseastalcrensctocesseeareactusarseensevsnsaearsnasttscrrFundamental1:Startbyformulatingaclear

researchquestionand

identifying

how

eyetrackingcanrevealperceptual,cognitive,or

behavioral

mechanisms.Considerwhetheryouaimtodescribegazebehaviororuseitasan

indicator

ofmentalprocesses.

Establishingthistheoreticalconnectionensuresthateye-movementdata

deliversmeaningful,testableinsightsthatalignwithyourhypotheses.Fundamental2:Transformyourtheoreticalideasintomeasurablevariablessuchasfixations,saccades,pupilsize,blinks,oreye

openness.

Decidewhetherthese

serve

asdirectmeasuresorproxiesforunderlyingcognitivestates.Transparent

reporting

of

parametersandalgorithmssupportsreproducibilityandcomparabilityacrossstudies,

strengtheningtheinterpretivepowerof

yourresults.Fundamental3:Selecttheeyetrackerthatbestfitsyourresearchenvironmentandobjectives—whethercontrolledlaboratorysetups,immersiveVRenvironments,

orreal-worldstudies.

Decidebetweenawearableorscreen-basedeyetracker,

and

comparethedevice’ssamplingrate,accuracy,andportabilitytoyourdata

needsto

ensureaccuracyandreliabilityacrossexperimentalconditions.Fundamental4:Choosesoftwareandanalyticaltoolsthatenableefficientdatarecording,visualization,andinterpretation.Well-integratedtoolspromotetransparency,synchronization,andsmoothworkflows.Selectingtherightsolutions

helpsturncomplexeyetrackingdataintomeaningfulinsightsthatadvancescientific

knowledge.TheTobii

Pro

Labsoftwaresupportstheentireresearchprocessforbothscreen-basedandwearablestudies.

Itallowsstimulusdesignanddatacollection

inscreen-

basedresearchandincludesanalysistoolsandeyetrackingmetricsfor

bothtypes

ofapplications.Additionally,bothscreen-basedandwearableTobiieyetrackersarecompatiblewithmainopen-sourceresearchsoftwareforstimulusdesign,data

collection,andeyetrackinganalysis.Fundamental5:

Beforelarge-scaledatacollection,conductpilotexperimentsto

refineyoursetup,instructions,andanalysispipeline.Piloting

helpscatch

errorsearly,optimizetheexperimentaldesign,andensuredataquality.Treatthisstageas

aniterativeprocess—testing,evaluating,andimprovingeach

stepto

savetime

and

improvescientificrigor.The

researchjourney:

Fromtheoryto

eyetracking

insightsWhenconductinganeyetrackingstudy,researcherstypicallyfollowaseriesofconnectedsteps—fromformulatingthetheoryandextendingthroughdatacollectionanddataanalysis.Inthe“Fundamentalsofeyetracking”articleseries,publishedinBehaviorResearch

Methods

in

early

2025,

experts

lay

out

key

methodological

principlesfor

designingand

executingrigorouseyetrackingresearch.Whetheryouarenewtothefieldorseekingtorefineyourmethodologicalapproach,weencourageyoutoreadthefive-partarticleseries.Turntheoreticalideasintomeasurablevariableslikefixationsorsaccadesanddesignanexperimentthatlinksyourhypothesestoobservablebehavior(Hooge

et

al.,

2025).Design

study

Select

participantsEyetracking

setupDefine

research

questionStartbydefiningyourresearchquestion

anddeterminingwhethereyetracking

istherightmethodtoexplorethecognitiveorperceptualprocessesyou’re

interested

in(Hessels

et

al.,

2025).Continueyour

researchjourney

allthewayto

insightsFundamental1The

fundamentals

of

eye

tracking

part1:The

link

between

theory

and

research

question

(Hessels

et

al.,2025).Fundamental2The

fundamentals

of

eye

tracking

part2:From

research

question

to

operationalization(Hooge

et

al.,2025).Fundamental3The

fundamentals

of

eye

tracking

part3:How

to

choose

an

eye

tracker.(Nyström

et

al.,2025).Fundamental4The

fundamentals

of

eye

tracking

part4:Tools

for

conducting

an

eye

tracking

study.(Niehorster

et

al.,2025).Fundamental5The

fundamentals

of

eye

tracking

part5:The

importance

of

piloting.(Hessels

et

al.,2025).Calibrate

&

collect

dataChoosesoftwareandanalyticaltools

thatsupportreliabledatacollection,

visualization,andanalysis—ensuring6

Tobii|Annual

Research

Report

2025|The

researchjourney:

Fromtheoryto

eye

tracking

insightsTobii|Annual

Research

Report

2025|The

researchjourney:

Fromtheoryto

eye

tracking

insights

7Selecttheeyetrackerthat

bestmatchesyourresearch

goals,experimentalsetup,

andrequired

precision(Nyström

et

al.,2025).transparencyandreproducibilitythroughout

your

research(Niehorster

et

al.,2025).Tobiieyetrackingtechnologywasusedinover15,000publications

over

the

last

decadeEvolutionof

thenumberofpublicationsusingTobii’seyetrackingsolutionsbyyear.Overthepasttwodecades,advancesineyetrackinghardwareand

software

have

continuedto

improveaccessibilityforscientificresearch.Thisnon-invasivetechnologyenablesthecaptureofeyemovements

at

highsamplingratesandwithhighaccuracyacrossthehuman

lifespan,from

infancythroughadulthood,and

acrossseveralnonhumanprimatespecies.Asaresult,eyetracking

remains

awidely

adopted

methodology,

asreflectedinthesteadygrowthofscientificpublicationsyearoveryear.Breakdown

of

the

publication

types

in2025.Tobiiisamongtheleadingprovidersofeyetrackingtechnologyforscientificresearch,withsustainedgrowth

inthenumberofpeer-reviewedpublicationsusingits

solutions.

In

2025,

1,604

scientific

publications

included

Tobiieyetrackingtechnologyandformedthebasisfortheanalysespresentedinthisreport.This

represents

an11%increaseover2024,exceedingthemore

moderategrowthobservedthe

previousyear.Withinthissample,thenumberofscientific

journalarticlesincreasedby7%,whileconference

proceedingsdeclined

by

7%andbookchaptersremainedstable.Takentogether,thesefindingsreflecta

broadertrend:morethan

15,000scientificpublicationshaveemployedTobiieyetrackingtechnologyoverthe

pastdecade.2025

in

NumbersDescriptivestatisticsofhow,where,andwhateyetrackingequipment1604Publications8

Tobii|Annual

Research

Report

2025|2025

in

NumbersTobii|Annual

Research

Report

2025|2025

in

Numbers

9

ScientificArticles

Conference

Proceedings

BookChaptersisused,aswellasthedistributionofpublicationsperresearchfield.0

100

200

300400500600700800Thedistributionofresearchpublicationsfrom2025thatusedTobiieyetrackingsolutions,categorizedbyresearchfields.*Human

FactorsandPsychologyandNeurosciencecontinueto

leadeyetracking

researchPsychologyand

Neurosciencewerethefirstresearchfieldstoadopteyetrackingtostudyhumanbehaviorandvisualattention,layingtheconceptualandmethodologicalfoundationforeyemovementresearch

across

disciplines.Theseearly,theory-driveninvestigationsestablishedcoreprinciplesthatcontinuetoinformapplied

researchtoday.

Psychologyand

Neuroscience,therefore,remaincentralusersofeyetrackingtechnology,with

continuedexpansioninbothscopeandvolume.In2025,

Psychology

and

Neuroscience

accounted

for668publications,a21%year-over-year

increase

from2024

(550).

Human

Factors

research

reached703publications,a

33%

increase

from

the

previous

year(528),

makingitthelargestfieldbypublicationvolume.Although

Human

Factorshassurpassed

Psychologyand

Neuroscience

inbothshareandabsolutevolume,thisshiftreflectsstrongergrowthinapplied

research

ratherthan

reducedadoptionwithinfoundationaldisciplines.Bothfieldsexpandedsubstantiallyyearoveryearandcontinuetobethetwolargestdomainsofeyetrackingresearch.

Eachfieldencompassesawide

rangeofsubfields,described

in

moredetailonthefollowingpages.Firsttime

Human

Factorsexceeds

Psychologyand

NeuroscienceHuman

FactorsmovingaheadofPsychologyand

Neurosciencesignalsthecontinued

maturationofeyetrackingasanestablishedmethodologyinappliedresearch.Thisgrowthalignswith

agrowingfocuson

human

interactionwithmachinesandenvironments,supportingresearchtoimproveperformance,safety,

ergonomics,

anduserexperience.The2025growthpatternsuggeststhateyetrackingis

increasingly

embedded

in

real-world,

human-in-the-loopresearchprograms.Human

FactorsPsychology

and

NeuroscienceEducation

ResearchConsumer

ResearchMedical

ResearchTraining

andAssessmentUX

ResearchHuman

Factorspsychologyand

NeuroscienceEducation

ResearchconsumerResearchMedical

ResearchTrainingandAssessmentUxResearchother*Publicationsareassignedtooneormoreresearchfieldsusing

journalscope,title/abstractkeywords,andauthoraffiliations.In2025,a

larger

shareofpublicationsmappedtomultiplefields;therefore,year-over-yearchangesinfieldcountsandsharesmaypartiallyreflectclassification

effectsinadditiontounderlyingpublicationtrends.Human

Factorsand

Psychologyand

Neuroscience

continuetoleadeyetrackingresearchChanges

from2024+33%+21%+23%

+12%+12%+31%

10

Tobii|Annual

Research

Report

2025|2025

in

NumbersTobii|Annual

Research

Report

2025|2025

in

Numbers

11Cognitive

research39%Clinical

research17%Linguistics&readingresearch13%Developmentalresearch13%Socialresearch7%Emotionresearch6%Other5%Emotionresearchexaminesthemechanisms

underlyingemotionalexperience,expression,

andregulation,aswellas

howemotionsinfluenceperception,cognition,andbehavior.

Withinthissubfield,eyetrackingis

usedtoinvestigateattentionalbiasestowardemotionalstimuli,emotionrecognition,andemotionregulation,offeringinsight

into

how

emotionalstatesshapeinformationprocessing

anddecision-making.Othersubcategoryincludespublicationsin

Psychology

andNeurosciencethatdonotalignwiththe

majorsubfieldsandprimarilycapturesmaller,specializedresearchareas.

Notableexamplesincludenonhuman

primateresearchandsportsandmovement

science,

eachaccountingforapproximately1%ofpublications.Theformerfocusesoncomparativecognitionandbrain

functionacrossprimatespecies,whilethelatterexamines

thepsychologicalandneural

mechanismsunderlyingmovementandperformance.CognitiveresearchOtherLinguisticsandreading

research-4

-14

-22Socialresearchexploreshow

individuals

perceive,influence,andrelatetooneanotherwithinasocialcontext.

Insocialpsychology,eyetrackingis

usedto

study

howpeopleinterpretsocialcues,suchasfacialexpressions

and

gazedirection,andhowtheseinterpretationsinfluencesocialinteractionsandbehaviors.Thisresearch

helpsuncoverthecognitiveandemotionalprocessesunderlying

socialcognitionand

behavior.Developmentalresearchexamineshowcognitive,

social,andemotionalprocessesdevelopfrominfancythroughadulthood.

Eyetrackingisused

tostudyhowchildren

learnto

read,recognize

faces,andunderstandsocialcues,

revealingthe

developmentaltrajectoryof

theseskills.Linguisticsandreadingresearch

investigatestheneuralandcognitive

processes

involved

inlanguagecomprehensionandreading.

Eyetracking

iscrucialforstudyinghowweread

and

processlanguageinreal-time,

providingdata

on

reading

strategiesandlanguageprocessing

efficiency.Clinicalresearchfocusesonunderstandingand

treatingmentalandnervoussystem

disorders,

clinicalresearchuseseyetrackingto

studyconditionslikeautismandADHD,providinginsightsintoeyemovementpatternsandtheir

relationtocognitiveandemotionalstates.Cognitiveresearchinvestigateshow

brainstructures

andfunctionsinfluencementalprocesses

such

asperception,memory,anddecision-making,oftenusing

techniqueslike

EEGandeyetrackingtounderstandhowweprocessinformation.Cognitiveresearchremainsthelargesteyetracking

subfieldwithinPsychologyandNeuroscience12

Tobii|Annual

Research

Report

2025|2025

in

NumbersTobii|Annual

Research

Report

2025|2025

in

Numbers

13

+87

+17

+12Changesfrom

2024ClinicalresearchDevelopmentalresearch

Social

researchChangeinthenumberofpublicationsinPsychologyand

Neuroscience

subfields

from2024to2025.Distributionofsubfieldswithinthepsychologyandneuroscienceresearchfields.Drivingresearchfocusesonenhancingvehicledesign,driver

safety,andtheoveralldrivingexperiencebyexaminingdriver

behavior,cognitivestates,andinteractionwithvehiclesystems.

Thissubfieldencompassesawiderangeofroadvehicles,

includingcars,motorcycles,bicycles,andother

personal

and

commercialvehicles,withcardrivingremainingthemost

frequentlystudiedcontext.Eyetrackingiscommonlyappliedto

researchonvehicleautomationlevelsandoverallroad

safety.Aviationandmaritimefocusesonenhancingsafety,efficiency,andperformanceinairandseatransport.

Eye

trackingaidsthissubfieldby

providinginsightsintovisualattention,cognitiveload,andsituationalawareness,helping

toimprovetraining,interfacedesign,and

operationalprocedures.Most

research

inthissubfieldisdonewithpilotsto

help

improveperformanceandsafety.Human-MachineInteractionHealthcareOtherAutomotiveArchitectureandNavigationAviationandMaritime-11

-23

DistributionofsubfieldswithintheHumanFactorsresearchfield.Healthcarefocusesonimprovingthedesignandoperationofmedicalsystems,enhancing

patientenvironmentsafety,carequality,and

performanceofprofessionals.Sportsandmovementsciencefocusesonunderstandingandimprovinghumanperformanceinphysically

demandingtasks

byexamininghowperception,attention,anddecision-makingsupport

skilledmovement.

Eyetrackingisusedtocharacterizevisualsearch

behavior,anticipation,gaze–movementcoordination,andindicators

ofcognitivestateduringsportsandotherphysicallyintensiveactivities,helpingidentifystrategiesassociatedwithmoreefficient

performance,fewererrors,andbettersituationalawareness.Human-machineinteractionfocuses

onimprovingthedesignandusability

of any

technological

system(e.g.,computer,

smartphone,industrialmachines)to

enhanceuserperformance,safety,and

satisfaction.

Eyetrackingisusedtostudy

user

attentionandcognitivestates,enablingthe

optimizationofinterfacesandinteractions

usingahuman-centricapproach.Constructionandengineeringexploreshowto

optimizethedesignandoperationof

tools,equipment,

andenvironmentstoenhancesafety,efficiency,and

productivityinindustrialandconstructionsettings.

Eye

trackingaidsthissubfieldbyprovidinginsights

intovisual

attention,cognitiveload,andsituationalawareness,which

helpimprovedesignandreduce

human

error.Architectureandnavigationaimstooptimizethedesign

ofbuiltenvironmentstoenhancehumaninteraction,safety,

andefficiency.

Eyetrackingprovidesobjectivedataon

how

individualsvisuallyperceiveandnavigatespaces,allowing

formoreinformeddesign

decisions.Human-robotcollaborationfocusesonoptimizinginteractionsbetweenhumansandrobotstoenhancesafety,performanceandusability.

Eyetrackingprovidesinsightsintointeraction

patterns,

enablingthedesignofmoreintuitiveand

effectivecollaborativesystems.Theothersubcategorycontainsthepublications

thatarenotrelatedtoanyof

thesubfields,

andincludesresearchthatis

notconnectedtoanytechnology(e.g.,agricultural

research).HMIanddrivingresearchdominate

HumanFactorseyetrackingresearch14

Tobii|Annual

Research

Report

2025|2025

in

NumbersTobii|Annual

Research

Report

2025|2025

in

Numbers

15Changesfrom

2024

+42

+26

+21I

+5+2ConstructionandEngineeringHuman-RobotCollaborationChangeinthenumberofpublicationsinPsychologyand

Neuroscience

subfields

from2024to2025.Human-machineinteraction31%Construction&engineering8%Architecture&navigation10%Human-robot

collaboration4%Sports

&movementscience4%Driving

research20%Aviation&

maritime6%Healthcare12%Other6%+99Participant

types

in2025

TobiieyetrackingresearchTobiieyetrackersareusedacross

awide

range

ofparticipantpopulations,includinggroupsthat

canbechallengingtostudy

becauseoflimited

cooperation,increasedmovement,or

clinicalanddevelopmentalfactors.InfantsOtherClinical

DisordersAutismADHDOphthalmologicDisorders

Non-humanPrimate102

20

25

57472The

types

of

software

used

in2025research

with

Tobii

technology.AnincreasingshareofeyetrackingresearchreliesonTobiisoftwarefor

designing,

recording,

andanalyzingdata.

In2025,publicationsreportingtheuseof

Tobii

software

accountedfor38%of

all

studies,up

from

35%in2024,reinforcing

its

position

as

the

most

reported

softwarecategory.Tobii-compatiblecommercialsoftwareincreasedslightly,whileuseofTobiiSDKs,APIs,andopen-sourcetoolsaccountedforasmallersharethanin2024,reflecting

stronger

growthinpackagedTobiiworkflows.Asubstantialshareofstudiesdidnotspecifythesoftwareused,

either

becausethe

research

publicationsusedsoftwarenotincludedinour

search

or

becausethe

softwarewas

notmentioned.Thissharedecreasedfromlastyear,indicatingimprovedreporting.