2026保障可再生能源与能效领域专业技能人才供给研究报告-英文版

European

commission

EnsuringaSkilledRenewableEnergyandEnergyEfficiencyWorkforce

INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCY

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includingoil,gasand

coalsupplyand

demand,renewable

energytechnologies,

electricitymarkets,

energyefficiency,

accesstoenergy,

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policiesthatwill

enhancethereliability,affordabilityand

sustainabilityofenergyinits

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EnsuringaSkilledRenewableEnergyandEnergyEfficiencyWorkforceAbstract

IEA.CCBY4.0.

PAGE|1

Abstract

Thisreportexaminesemploymenttrends,skillsneeds,andskillsgapsacrossrenewableenergy,grids,andenergyefficiency.Ithighlightstheincreaseddemandforskilledworkersinthesesectorsandtheneedtoaddressskilledlabourshortages.Thereportidentifiesbarrierswhicharecurrentlyhinderingenergyeducationandtraining.Italsodiscussespolicymeasuresaimedatattractingmorepeopletotherenewableenergyandenergyefficiencysectorsandprovidingthemwiththenecessarytraining.

ThereportincludesnewIEAanalysisononlinejobpostingsinrenewableenergyandenergyefficiency,andIEAmodellingonenergyemploymentfrom2024asthelastfullyearofdataavailableatthetimeofpublication.Theanalysisalsodrawsfromstakeholderinputfromtwoin-personFutureofEnergySkillsworkshopsco-ordinatedbytheIEAandtheEuropeanCommissionandtheresultsfromthreeIEAsurveysconductedin2025withover700respondents:theIEAIndustryEmploymentSurvey,IEALabourEmploymentSurveyandIEAEducators’EmploymentSurvey.

EnsuringaSkilledRenewableEnergyandEnergyEfficiencyWorkforceAcknowledgements

IEA.CCBY4.0.

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Acknowledgements

ThisreportwaspreparedbytheOfficeofEnergyEfficiencyandInclusiveTransitions(EEIT)oftheInternationalEnergyAgency.ThereportwasdirectedbyJaneCohen,andtheleadauthorswereElspethHathaway,ÖrsSümeghyandChiaraChiarelli.BrianMotherway,HeadofEEIT,providedstrategicguidancetothereport.

OtherIEAcolleaguesthatcontributedvaluabledataandanalysistothereportincludedHeymiBahar,OrnellaDellaccio,JulietteDenis-Senez,RodrigoFernandez,GraceHenry,KonstantinaKalogianni,MichaelMcGovern,PatrickMcMaster,EmmaMooney,AloysNghiem,JacopoPasqualotto,RebeccaRuffandDonataSchilling.

Importantinputwasreceivedfromtheco-leadsoftheCleanEnergyMinisterial(CEM)EmpoweringPeopleInitiativeincludingtheEuropeanCommission(EndreGyorgyandAnnaFontsPicas),NaturalResourcesCanada(HarpreetSahota)andtheCEMSecretariat(BadariahYosiyana).

ThisreportbenefitedgreatlyfromthecontributionsofparticipantsattheFutureofEnergySkillsworkshopsheld13-14May2025and17-18March2026inParis.Theirinsightsandexpertiseprovidedimportantcontext,examplesofbestpracticesandperspectivesthatreflectedtheexperiencesofawiderangeofstakeholders.

IsabelleNonain-Semelin,AstridDumond,LivGaunt,PoeliBojorquezandIrinaPaunoftheCommunicationsandDigitalOffice(CDO)werekeytothepublicationprocess.

ElspethThomsoncopyeditedthereport.

ThisreportwasmadepossiblethankstosupportfromtheEuropeanCommissionthroughtheMainstreamingEmployment,Skills,andSocialAspectsinCleanEnergyPoliciesatInternationalLevelproject.

EnsuringaSkilledRenewableEnergyandEnergyEfficiencyWorkforceTableofcontents

IEA.CCBY4.0.

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Tableofcontents

Executivesummary 4

Chapter1.Employmenttrendsinrenewableenergy,gridsandenergyefficiency 5

Employmentopportunitiesaregrowinginrenewableenergy,gridsandenergy

efficiency 5

Thepowersectorisdrivingemploymentgrowthintheenergysector 6

Chapter2.Skillsneedsinrenewableenergyandenergyefficiency 17

Techniciansandtradeworkersaccountfor4outof10onlinejobpostingspertaining

torenewableenergyandenergyefficiency 17

Chapter3.Policyenablersforaskilledrenewableenergy,gridsandenergyefficiency

workforce 35

Well-designedpolicyandsupportivemeasurescanhelpattract,trainandretain

workers 35

Attractingmorepeople,includingunderrepresentedgroups,intotheenergyworkforce

44

Reskillingandupskillingworkerstoaddressskilledlabourshortagesandensure

people-centredenergytransitions 47

Policyactionsforaskilledworkforce 48

Policyoverview 53

Annexes 54

CEMEmpoweringPeopleInitiative 54

FutureofEnergySkillsWorkshops 54

Abbreviationsandacronyms 55

EnsuringaSkilledRenewableEnergyandEnergyEfficiencyWorkforceExecutivesummary

IEA.CCBY4.0.

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Executivesummary

Energydemandhasincreasedsignificantlyoverthepastdecade,accompaniedbystronggrowthininvestmentinrenewableenergyandenergyefficiency.Whilerenewableenergygenerationandscalingupenergyefficiencyaredrivenbyinvestmentandtechnologydeployment,theyrequireaworkforceequippedwiththeappropriateskills.Inthiscontext,theavailabilityofskilledworkersisemergingasacriticalfactorinensuringsecure,affordableandsustainableenergysystems.

Inmanyregions,theenergysectorisevolvingrapidly,requiringworkerstohavenewskillsandputtingincreasingpressuresoneducationandtrainingsystemstorespond.Tohelppolicymakers,industry,educatorsandworkersrepresentativesaddressthesechangingworkforceneeds,additionalinformationisneededaboutrecenttrendsinworkforceshortagesandskillsgaps,aswellasonthepoliciestohelptrainingandeducationalsystemsadapttoevolvingcontexts.

ThisreportcombinesnewIEAanalysisofonlinejobpostingswithIEAemploymentmodellingandevidencefromrelevantstakeholders.Itexamineshowworkforceneedsandskillsrequirementsareevolvingacrosskeyenergysubsectors,includingsolarPV,windandenergyefficiency.Themainfindingsofthereportare:

•Demandforoccupations,qualificationsandskillsisevolving.Usingnewanalysisofonlinejobpostings,theIEAEmploymentSurveysandotherdatasources,thereportoffersinsightsintothecharacteristicsoflabourdemand.Theanalysishighlightshowskillrequirementsarechangingbylookingatthebalancebetweentransferableandsector-specificcompetenciesandidentifyingemergingskillsacrosssubsectors.Additionally,itidentifiestheoccupationsmostindemandandexamineshowthesetrendsdifferacrosssubsectorsandregions.

•Addressingworkforceshortagesandskillsgapsisinherentlyamulti-stakeholderchallenge.Buildingoninsightsfromtwoworkshopsco-organisedbytheIEAandtheEuropeanCommission,thereportpresentsmanygoodpracticeexamplesofhowmulti-stakeholderapproachescanbeeffectiveinaddressingthesecomplexemergingpolicyneeds.

•Finally,thereporthighlightsthatlowattractivenessofenergycareers,limitedavailabilityandaccessibilityoftraining,andmisalignmentbetweenenergypolicyandworkforceplanningarekeybarrierstodevelopingasufficientlylargeandskilledworkforce.Thereportassessespolicyapproachestoaddressthesebarrierstoensurethatworkforcedevelopmentkeepspacewiththeevolvingneedsofthecleanenergytransition.

EnsuringaSkilledRenewableEnergyChapter1.Employmenttrendsin

andEnergyEfficiencyWorkforcerenewableenergy,gridsandenergyefficiency

IEA.CCBY4.0.

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Chapter1.Employmenttrendsinrenewableenergy,gridsand

energyefficiency

Employmentopportunitiesaregrowinginrenewableenergy,gridsandenergy

efficiency

Theenergysectorhasbecomeadriverofemploymentgrowth.In2024,globalenergyemploymentgrew2.2%year-on-year,underpinnedbyenergyinfrastructureinvestments,nearlydoubletheeconomy-widerateof1.3%.Since2019,theenergysectoraddedonaveragemorethan1millionjobsannually,whichmarksashiftcomparedtotheperiodbetween2015and2019,whenthesectorcreatedaround300000jobsperyearonaverage.

Electricityisplayinganincreasinglycentralroleinenergyspendingand employment.Powergenerationinvestmentsincreasedby70%between2015and 2024,andemploymentinthesectorgrew27%,drivenbysolarphotovoltaics(PV) andwind.Thisshiftreflectsthattheenergysectorhasenteredthe

Ageof

Electricity

,whereelectricityisincreasinglycentraltomoderneconomiesdueto risingconsumptiondrivenbyindustry,electricvehicles,airconditioninganddata centresamongotherfactors.

Gridsystemsneedtodevelopintandemaselectricitysystemscontinuetoexpand.Annualinvestmentsinpowernetworksincreasedby

30%

between2013and

2024.Thisgrowthalsocreatedaneedforskilledworkers,highlightingtheimportantlinkbetweenenergypolicyandworkforceplanning.However,thegridssectorfacesnotonlyaskilledlabourshortage,butalsoan

ageingworkforce

.Thisrequiresadditionalskilledworkerstoreplacethoseapproachingretirementandincreasestheneedtoattractandtrainmoreworkerstothesector.

Energyefficiencymeasurescancurbenergyconsumptiongrowthbyreducingtheamountofenergyrequiredtofuelandgroweconomies.Energyefficiencyinterventionsdelivermultiplebenefits,suchasimprovementsinenergysecurity,cuttingenergybillsandreducingtheenvironmentalimpactofenergyuse.

EnsuringaSkilledRenewableEnergyChapter1.Employmenttrendsin

andEnergyEfficiencyWorkforcerenewableenergy,gridsandenergyefficiency

IntheStatesPoliciesScenario(STEPS)

1

oftheWorldEnergyOutlook(WEO)2025,labourdemandinrenewableenergy,gridsandenergyefficiencyreaches35millionworkersby2035.However,theIEAIndustryEmploymentSurvey2025foundthat66%ofcompaniesinthesesubsectorswerealreadyexperiencinglabourandskillsshortageshighlightingthateffortsarerequiredurgentlytoattractandtrainmoreworkersinthesesectorsnow.

Thisreportwillfocusonfourimportantenergysubsectors:solarPV,wind,gridsandenergyefficiency.Additionalcleanenergysubsectorsforexamplehydropower,low-emissionshydrogen,modernbioenergy,andelectricvehicleproductionarenotincludedinthescopeofthisreport.

Averageannualchangeinrenewableenergy,gridsandenergyefficiencyworkforceandeconomy-wideworkforcebyregion,2019-2024

Averageannualchange

7%

6%

5%

4%

3%

2%

1%

0%

-1%

IndiaChinaAfricaCentralandSouth

America

SoutheastNorthOtherAsiaEuropeAsiaAmericaPacific

Renewableenergy,gridsandenergyefficiencyEconomy-wide

IEA.CCBY4.0.

Notes:‘Renewableenergy,gridsandenergyefficiency’includesjobsinsolarPV,wind,gridsandefficiency.‘Efficiency’includesindustrialefficiency,buildingretrofits,efficientappliancesandlightingandotherefficientandrenewableHVACequipment,suchasheatpumps,bioenergyorsolarthermalsources.‘Grids’includebatterystorage,distributionandtransmission.‘SolarPV’includesresidentialsolarPVandutility-scalesolarPV.‘Wind’includesoffshorewindandonshorewind.

Source:IEAanalysisofeconomy-wideemploymentbasedondatafromtheInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO).

Thepowersectorisdrivingemploymentgrowthintheenergysector

In2024,thepowersectorbecamethelargestenergysectoremployerwith

22.6millionworkers,whichincludesgeneration(fossil,renewableandnuclear)

1Forfurtherinformationonmodelling,scenariosandemploymentpleaseseethe

IEA’sGlobalEnergyandClimate

(GEC)Model.

Unlessotherwisestates,allscenariosreferto

StatedPoliciesScenario

(STEPS),whichtakesintoaccountpolicyintentionsthathavebeenformallyproposedbutnotcodifiedintocurrentlawsandregulations.TheSTEPSconsiderstargetsandpledgesonlyinsofarastheyarebackedbydetailedpoliciesanddoesnotassumethataspirationalgoalsaremet.

IEA.CCBY4.0.

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EnsuringaSkilledRenewableEnergyChapter1.Employmenttrendsin

andEnergyEfficiencyWorkforcerenewableenergy,gridsandenergyefficiency

IEA.CCBY4.0.

PAGE|7

andgrids(transmission,distributionandstorage).Powergenerationemploymentspecifically,whichinourdefinitionexcludesgrids,grewatanannualaveragegrowthrateof5.1%between2019and2024,andreached14.2millionworkers,whilegridemploymentgrewby1.9%onaverage,andreached8.5millionworkers.

Employmentinrenewableenergy,gridsandenergyefficiencygrewatasteadypacebetween2019and2024,averaging2.8%perannum,apartfrom2020whentheCovid-19pandemicdisruptedmarketsandslowedactivity.In2024,almost40%ofenergyworkerswereemployedintheseareas.

SolarPV

Thefastest-growingsegmentoftheoverallenergyworkforcein2024waspowergenerationledbysolarPV.Employmentinthesectorroseto5millionin2024,with309000jobsaddedyear-on-year,ascapacityadditionsreached540GW.Withthegrowingrolloutofadditionalgenerationcapacities,around46%ofworkersareinvolvedindeploymentactivities.Thissegmentreliesextensivelyonconstruction-relatedworkers,suchassolarpanelinstallers,electriciansandwelders.Around21%areemployedinthemanufacturingsegment,producingforinstancepolysilicon,modulesandinverters.In2024,People’sRepublicofChina(hereafter,“China”)accountedfor60%oftheglobalsolarPVworkforce,whileEuropeandIndiaeachrepresentedaround10%.Two-thirdsoftheworkforcewasemployedindistributedsolar(e.g.rooftopandsmall-scaleinstallations)andtherestinutility-scaleprojects.

Wind

Employmentinthewindsectorincreasedby3%year-on-year,reaching1.7millionjobsin2024.Employmentgrowthwaslowerthaninpreviousyearspartlyduetosetbacksinoffshorewind,includingreducedgovernmentsupportinsomecountries,projectdelaysandcancellations,withjoblossesannouncedin

Europe

amongotherplaces.Aquarterofwindworkerswereemployedinthemanufacturingofcomponentssuchasnacellesandturbines,andathirdwereemployedintheconstructionofwindfarms.Therestofthewindworkforcewasemployedinoperationandmaintenanceandothersupportingroles,suchasgridmanagementandlogistics.

Grids

Investmentingridsreached

USD390

billiongloballyin2024.Followingthistrend,globalemploymentingrids(transmission,distributionandstorage)grewby2.6%year-on-year,reachingnearly8.5millionin2024.In2024,58%ofgridworkerswereemployedinprofessionalorutilitiesroles,while27%oftheworkforcewereintheconstructionandexpansionoftransmissionanddistributioninfrastructure.Nearly9%wereengagedinwholesaleandtransportand6%inthemanufacturingofgridcomponents.

EnsuringaSkilledRenewableEnergyChapter1.Employmenttrendsin

andEnergyEfficiencyWorkforcerenewableenergy,gridsandenergyefficiency

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Energyefficiency

Energyefficiencyemploymentgrewmoderately,at1.9%year-on-year,reachingaround14.3millionjobsin2024.Thisincludesefficientlightingandappliances(6million),heatpumpsandotherefficientandrenewables-basedHVACsystems(3.8million),industrialefficiency(3.6million),andretrofits(850000).MostworkersarelocatedinChina,theEuropeanUnionandNorthAmerica,butyear-on-yearjobgrowthwasfastestinEMDElikeIndia(9%),Africa(4%)andotherAsiaPacificcountries(4%),alloutpacingtheglobalaverage.

Globalenergyworkforcegrowthinrenewableenergy,gridsandenergyefficiency,2019-2024

Growth(2019=100)

170

160

150

140

130

120

110

100

90

201920202021202220232024

SolarPVWind

Grids

Energyefficiency

IEA.CCBY4.0.

Notes‘Renewableenergy,gridsandenergyefficiency’includesjobsinsolarPV,wind,gridsandefficiency.‘Efficiency’includesindustrialefficiency,buildingretrofits,efficientappliancesandlightingandotherefficientandrenewableHVACequipment,suchasheatpumps,bioenergyorsolarthermalsources.‘Grids’includebatterystorage,distributionandtransmission.‘SolarPV’includesresidentialsolarPVandutility-scalesolarPV.‘Wind’includesoffshorewindandonshorewind.

Emerginganddevelopingeconomiessawthestrongestemploymentgrowth

Globalenergyemploymentinrenewableenergy,gridsandenergyefficiencyincreasedby3%in2024(year-on-year)withthestrongestgrowthinEMDE.Employmentgrowthhasvariedfromregiontoregion,withsomecountriesseeingjobcreationlinkedtonationalenergyinitiativesanddedicatedinvestment,whileothershaveexperiencedjoblossesoremploymentstagnationlinkedtoanumberofconstraintssuchashighproductioncostsandthehighcostofcapital.Ascountrieschangetheirnationalenergymixes,energytransitionswillimpactemploymentneedsindifferentenergysubsectors.

EnsuringaSkilledRenewableEnergyChapter1.Employmenttrendsin

andEnergyEfficiencyWorkforcerenewableenergy,gridsandenergyefficiency

Africa

InAfrica,renewableenergy,gridsandenergyefficiencyemploymentgrewbynearly4%between2023and2024.Whileaccountingforasmalleroverallshareoftheglobalrenewable,gridsandenergyefficiencyworkforce,employmentopportunitiesintheregiongrew22%between2019and2024,1.5timesfasterthantheglobalrateof15%.Thisexpansionwaslargelysupportedbystronggrowthinthepowersector,despitestagnationingrid-relatedemployment.NewresidentialsolarPVprojectshavegeneratedemploymentinthesectorwhichgrewaround12%between2023and2024.Additionalinvestmentsinwindenergy,includinginMorocco,EgyptandSouthAfrica,couldincreaselocalemploymentopportunitiesashasbeenseenatKenya’s

LakeTurkanaWindPowerStation

,where

80%

ofdirectemployeesarefromlocalcommunities.

CentralandSouthAmerica

InCentralandSouthAmerica,renewableenergy,gridsandenergyefficiencyemploymentgrewby15%between2019and2024.However,arecentdropinemploymentinsolarPVbetween2023and2024hasresultedinamoremoderategrowthinemployment.Thehighcostofcapitalintheregioncontinuestobeabarrier;theIEA’s

CostofCapitalObservatory

foundthatfinancingcostsforrenewablepowerandbatterystorageprojectsin

Brazil

canbeuptothreetimeshigherthanthoseinadvancedeconomies.Investmentannouncementssuchasfor

Brazil

’sgridinfrastructure,andrenewabletarget-settinginnationaltenderssuchasin

Honduras

mayincreasejobopportunitiesinthefuture.

Spotlight:Renewableenergy,gridsandenergyefficiencyemploymentopportunitiesinSoutheastAsia

Withafast-growingpopulationandexpandingindustrialisationandurbanisation,energydemandinSoutheastAsia

2

isgrowingrapidlyandwillrepresent

20%

oftheworld’sglobalenergydemandgrowthinthenextdecade.RenewableenergysupplyinSoutheastAsiahasalmost

tripled

since2000reachingaround20%oftheoverallenergymixin

2024

.IntheSTEPS,cleanenergymeetsover40%ofincrementaldemandgrowthby

2035

.Thiswillinturnimpactenergyemploymentinrenewableenergy,gridsandenergyefficiency,wheretheregioncurrentlyaccountsfor5%oftheglobalworkforce.Workforcemappingandskillsplanningarenecessarytoensureanadequatelyskilledlabourforcetomeetthisnewdemand.

2SoutheastAsia:BruneiDarussalam,Cambodia,Indonesia,LaoPDR,Malaysia,Myanmar,Philippines,Singapore,Timor-Leste,ThailandandVietNam.

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EnsuringaSkilledRenewableEnergyChapter1.Employmenttrendsin

andEnergyEfficiencyWorkforcerenewableenergy,gridsandenergyefficiency

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Employmentinrenewableenergy,gridsandenergyefficiencyinSoutheastAsia grewatanannualaveragegrowthrateof2%between2019and2024.Growth wasthehighestinenergyefficiency,rising13%in2024year-on-year,aspolicies andinvestmentssupportingdeploymentofefficientlightingandimprovementof industrialenergyperformancehavegeneratedjobsacrossinstallation, manufacturingandrelatedservices.Nationalenergyefficiencystrategiescould generateadditionalemploymentopportunities,suchasCambodia’s

Accelerating

EnergyEfficiencyinCambodia’sBuildingSectorProgramme

andMalaysia’s

EnergyEfficiencyandConservationAct

.

EmploymentinSolarPVinSoutheastAsiaremainedstagnantbetween2021and

2024.However,theintroductionofrecentinitiativessuggestthatemploymentislikelytoincreaseintheshort-term,suchasthe

MTerraSolarProject

inthePhilippinesandtheSolar-Plus-BESSprojectinIndonesiainadditiontothecommitmentbythePresidentfor

100GWofadditionalsolar

capacitybefore2030.Theregionhasalsobecomeamajorcentrefor

solarPVmanufacturing,

accountingforaround40%themanufacturingworkforceoutsideChina.Employmentinwindhasincreasedatanannualaveragegrowthrateof5%between2019and2024andnewlarge-scaleprojectscouldcreateadditionalemploymentforexamplein

Malaysia

whichwillsoonhaveitsfirstevercommerciallarge-scaleonshorewindpowerproject.

Increasedelectricitydemandalsorequirestheexpansionofthegridsubsector,whereemploymentincreasedby10%between2019and2024.Employmentinthissubsectormayfurthergrow,asenergyprogrammesincreasinglyprioritisegriddevelopment.Thailand’s

SmartGridActionPlan,

VietNam’s

announcementtoinvestUSD18billioningridinfrastructure,the

Philippines’

strategytoincreaseislandconnectionsand

Indonesia’s

ElectricitySupplyBusinessPlan(RUPTL)2025-2034areallexamplesofnationalplanswhichrequireanincreaseinskilledworkers.

IntheSTEPS,employmentinrenewableenergy,gridsandenergyefficiencyin SoutheastAsiarisesto1.8millionworkersby2035.Workforceexpansionis supportedbypolicymeasures,suchasthe

ASEANPlanofActionforEnergy

Cooperation(APAEC)2026-2030

,aimingtoreacha45%shareofrenewablesin theelectricitymixby2030,aswellasnationalstrategieswithrenewableenergy andenergyefficiencytargetsin

Indonesia

,the

Philippines

and

Malaysia

.

EnsuringaSkilledRenewableEnergyChapter1.Employmenttrendsin

andEnergyEfficiencyWorkforcerenewableenergy,gridsandenergyefficiency

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SoutheastAsia’srenewableenergy,gridsandenergyefficiencyworkforcebysectorintheSTEPS,2024-2035

Millionworkers

0.8

0.4

0.0

201520242035

STEPS

SolarPVWind

Grids

Efficiency

2.0

1.6

1.2

IEA.CCBY4.0.

Notes:‘Renewableenergy,gridsandenergyefficiencyworkforce’includesjobsinsolarPV,wind,gridsandefficiency.‘Efficiency’includesbuildingappliances,buildingequipment,buildingretrofits,buildingsrenewables,efficientlighting,industrialefficiencyandheatpumps.‘Grids’includesbatterystorage,distributionandtransmission.‘SolarPV’includesresidentialsolarPVandutility-scalesolarPV.‘Wind’includesoffshorewindandonshorewind.

Employmentremainedstableordecreasedinadvancedeconomies

Employmentinrenewableenergy,gridsandenergyefficiencyinadvancedeconomiesremainedstableordecreasedin2024.Lookingatoveralljobgainsandjoblossesinadvancedeconomiesin2024,around125000powersectorjobswerecreatedandaround50000fossilfuelsupplyjobswerelost.Effortstocreatenewlocaljobs,provideupskillingandreskillingopportu