（2026年）人教版初中英语语法大全

人教版初中英语语法大全第页（2026年）人教版初中英语语法语法大全PEPEnglishGrammarCompleteGuide覆盖七年级至九年级全部语法知识点含例句解析、对比表格、中考真题链接人民教育出版社义务教育英语课程标准目录TOC\h\o"1-3"（右键点击目录，选择“更新域”可刷新页码） 第一部分词法篇 第一章名词 第二章代词 第三章冠词 第四章数词 第五章介词 第六章连词 第七章形容词 第八章副词 第九章动词概述 第十章助动词与情态动词 第十一章动词时态 第十二章被动语态 第十三章非谓语动词 第二部分句法篇 第十四章句子成分与基本句型 第十五章句子种类 第十六章宾语从句 第十七章状语从句 第十八章定语从句 第三部分交际与写作篇 第十九章日常交际用语 第二十章书面表达语法要点 附录不规则动词表 第一部分词法篇第一章名词一、名词的分类分类标准类别说明与举例专有名词人名、地名、机构名等China,Beijing,Tom,theGreatWall普通名词—可数个体名词book→books,student→students普通名词—可数集体名词family,team,class,people普通名词—不可数物质名词water,milk,bread,paper普通名词—不可数抽象名词information,advice,knowledge,health二、名词的数1.可数名词的复数变化规则变化类型规则举例一般情况加-sbook→books,cat→catss,x,ch,sh结尾加-esbus→buses,box→boxes,watch→watches辅音字母+y变y为i加-escity→cities,story→stories元音字母+y直接加-sboy→boys,day→daysf/fe结尾变f/fe为v加-esleaf→leaves,knife→knives,wolf→wolveso结尾有生命加-es，无生命加-stomato→tomatoes,potato→potatoes；photo→photos,radio→radios特殊变化：以下名词复数不规则，需单独记忆：单数复数单数复数manmenwomanwomenchildchildrenfootfeettoothteethmousemicegoosegeesepersonpeoplesheepsheepdeerdeerfishfish/fishesJapaneseJapanese单复数同形：sheep,deer,fish,Chinese,Japanese,means,works（工厂）只用复数的名词：clothes,glasses,scissors,trousers,thanks,congratulations2.不可数名词的量化表达不可数名词没有复数形式，需要借助量词来表达数量：量词用法举例apieceof用于纸、面包、消息等apieceofpaper/bread/news/adviceabottleof用于液体abottleofmilk/water/juiceacup/glassof用于饮品acupoftea/aglassofwaterapairof用于成对物品apairofshoes/glasses/trousersabarof用于条状物abarofchocolate/soap三、名词的所有格1.'s所有格有生命的名词（人、动物）：在词尾加'sTom'sbikeisnew.汤姆的自行车是新的。以s结尾的复数名词：只加'thestudents'readingroom学生阅览室表示各自拥有时，各自加's；共同拥有时，最后一个加'sTomandJerry'sroom（共用）Tom'sandJerry'srooms（各自拥有）表示时间、距离、国家等也可用'stoday'snewspaper,tenminutes'walk,China'scapital2.of所有格无生命的名词通常用of结构表示所属关系：thedooroftheclassroom教室的门thecapitalofChina中国的首都3.双重所有格of+名词性物主代词/'s所有格，表示「其中之一」：afriendofmine我的一个朋友（朋友之一）twobooksofmyfather's我爸爸的两本书注意：双重所有格中的名词前不能用the，只能用a/an/this/that/some/any等限定词。四、中考高频考点可数与不可数名词的判断：advice,information,news,furniture,weather（不可数）名词复数不规则变化：man→men,child→children,foot→feet's所有格与of所有格的选择双重所有格结构：afriendofmine（不能说afriendofme）第二章代词一、人称代词与物主代词人称主格（作主语）宾格（作宾语）形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词第一人称单数Imemymine第二人称单数youyouyouryours第三人称单数he/she/ithim/her/ithis/her/itshis/hers/its第一人称复数weusourours第二人称复数youyouyouryours第三人称复数theythemtheirtheirs用法要点：主格作主语（Sheisateacher.）；宾格作宾语（Isawhim.）；形容词性物主代词后接名词（mybook）；名词性物主代词独立使用（Thisbookismine.）二、反身代词单数复数单数复数myselfourselvesyourselfyourselveshimselfthemselvesherself—itself———常见搭配：enjoyoneself=haveagoodtime（玩得开心）；teachoneself=learnbyoneself（自学）；helponeselfto（请随便吃）；byoneself=alone（独自）；hurtoneself（伤到自己）三、指示代词代词含义用法说明this这，这个指近处的人或物that那，那个指远处的人或物；也可用于电话用语中介绍自己these这些this的复数those那些that的复数it它指上文提到的事物，也可指身份不明的人中考要点：打电话时，thisis...介绍自己，isthat...?询问对方，不可用Iam.../Areyou...?四、不定代词1.some与any代词用法举例some用于肯定句Ihavesomequestions.any用于否定句和疑问句Doyouhaveanyquestions?Idon'thaveany.some用于表示请求、建议的疑问句Wouldyoulikesometea?/CanIhavesomewater?2.复合不定代词类别词列表用法要点some-系列someone,somebody,something,somewhere用于肯定句any-系列anyone,anybody,anything,anywhere用于否定句、疑问句；表「任何」时用于肯定句no-系列noone,nobody,nothing,nowhere表示否定every-系列everyone,everybody,everything,everywhere表示「每一个」，用于各种句型注意：复合不定代词作主语时谓语动词用单数；形容词修饰复合不定代词时要后置（somethingimportant,nothingnew）。五、疑问代词疑问代词含义用法what什么对事物提问：Whatisthis?who谁对人提问（主格）：Whoisthatboy?whom谁对人提问（宾格）：Whomdidyoumeet?whose谁的对所属关系提问：Whosebookisthis?which哪一个在有限范围内选择：Whichdoyoulike,teaorcoffee?六、it的用法指代上文提到的物或事：—Whereismybook?—Itisonthedesk.作形式主语：ItisimportanttolearnEnglishwell./Ittakesmetwohourstofinishmyhomework.作形式宾语：Ifinditdifficulttolearngrammar.指代时间、天气、距离等：Itisraining./Itis8o'clock./Itisfarfromhere.强调句型：Itis/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他：ItwasTomwhobrokethewindow.第三章冠词一、不定冠词a/ana用在以辅音音素开头的词前，an用在以元音音素开头的词前。判断依据是发音而非字母。冠词使用条件举例a辅音音素开头abook,auniversity（ju:）,aone-eyedman（w）an元音音素开头anapple,anhour（不发音h）,anMBA（e）,anhonestboy易错点：auniversity（u发/ju:/，辅音开头用a）；anhonestboy（h不发音，元音开头用an）。二、定冠词the定冠词the表示特指，可以用于各类名词前。特指某（些）人或物：Thebookonthedeskismine.指上文提到过的人或物：Iboughtabook.Thebookisinteresting.指世界上独一无二的事物：thesun,themoon,theearth,thesky用在序数词和形容词最高级前：thefirst,thebest,themostbeautiful用在西洋乐器名称前：playthepiano/theguitar/theviolin用在方位名词前：intheeast,ontheleft,thesunrisesintheeast用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前：theGreatWall,theUnitedStates,theSummerPalace用在姓氏复数前表示一家人：theSmiths（史密斯一家）三、零冠词（不用冠词的情况）专有名词、不可数名词、复数名词表示泛指：China,waterisimportant,booksareuseful三餐、球类运动、棋类、学科名称前：havebreakfast,playbasketball,playchess,learnEnglish节日、月份、星期前：onMonday,inMay,onNationalDay称呼语、头衔前：Mr.Smith,DoctorWang,Mom某些固定搭配：athome,atschool,bybus,inbed,gotoschool,onfoot四、中考冠词考点对比对比项用the（特指）不用冠词（泛指）去某地目的不同gototheschool（去学校，不一定是上学）gotoschool（去上学）在医院inthehospital（在医院里，可能是探病）inhospital（住院）在桌前atthetable（在桌旁）attable（在吃饭）前面vs前方infrontofthehouse（在房子前面）inthefrontofthehouse（在房子内部前方）第四章数词一、基数词基数词表示数量。1-12需单独记忆，13-19以-teen结尾，20-90整十以-ty结尾。数字英文数字英文1one11eleven2two12twelve3three20twenty5five21twenty-one8eight100onehundred15fifteen1000onethousand百位与十位之间用and：365=threehundredandsixty-fivehundred/thousand/million前有具体数字时不加s：fivehundredstudents（不能说fivehundredsstudents）表示不确定的数目时加s+of：hundredsofstudents,thousandsofpeople二、序数词序数词表示顺序。一般由基数词加-th构成，但有以下特殊变化：序数词拼写序数词拼写第一first(1st)第二second(2nd)第三third(3rd)第五fifth(5th)第八eighth(8th)第九ninth(9th)第十二twelfth(12th)第二十twentieth(20th)第二十一twenty-first(21st)第一百onehundredth(100th)规律：整数序数词变y为ie加-th（twenty→twentieth）；序数词前通常加the。三、数词的常见用法1.表达日期October1st,1949→October(the)first,nineteenforty-nine1949年10月1日读年份时两位两位读：1998→nineteenninety-eight；2008→twothousandandeight2.表达时间时间表达方式一表达方式二7:30seventhirtyhalfpastseven8:15eightfifteenaquarterpasteight9:45nineforty-fiveaquartertoten3.表达编号LessonOne=thefirstlesson第一课Room305→Roomthreeofive305号房间Page5→Pagefive/thefifthpage第5页4.表达分数与倍数分数表达：分子用基数词，分母用序数词；分子大于1时，分母加s。1/3→onethird；2/3→twothirds；1/2→ahalf；1/4→aquarter倍数表达：twice（两倍），threetimes（三倍）Thisroomistwiceasbigasthatone.这个房间是那个的两倍大。5.数学运算运算英文表达举例加法plus/and2+3=5→Twoplusthreeis/equalsfive.减法minus5-2=3→Fiveminustwoisthree.乘法times/multipliedby3×4=12→Threetimesfouristwelve.除法dividedby10÷2=5→Tendividedbytwoisfive.第五章介词一、时间介词1.at/in/on介词用法举例at表示具体的时刻at8o'clock,atnoon,atmidnightat表示节假日atSpringFestival,atChristmasin表示年、月、季节in2024,inMay,inspringin表示上午/下午/晚上inthemorning/afternoon/eveningon表示具体的某一天onMonday,onJuly1st,onarainydayon表示某天的上下午等onSundaymorning,ontheeveningofJune1st2.其他时间介词介词含义举例before在……之前before8o'clockafter在……之后afterschool,afterlunchduring在……期间duringthesummerholidayfor持续……时间forthreeyears,foralongtimesince自从……（搭配完成时）since2010,sincehewasbornuntil/till直到……为止waituntil5o'clock,not...until...by在……之前（截止到）bytheendoflastyearfrom...to...从……到……fromMondaytoFriday二、地点与方位介词1.at/in/on表示位置介词用法举例at表示较小地点或某一点atthebusstop,athome,atschoolin表示较大地点或在内部inChina,inBeijing,intheroom,intheboxon表示在表面上（有接触）onthetable,onthewall,onthefloor2.方位介词对比介词含义举例over在……正上方（不接触）Alamphangsoverthetable.above在……上方（不一定正上方）Thepictureisabovethesofa.under在……正下方Thecatisunderthetable.below在……下方（不一定正下方）Thetemperatureisbelowzero.between在两者之间betweenyouandmeamong在三者或以上之中amongthetreesinfrontof在……前面（外部）Thereisatreeinfrontofthehouse.behind在……后面behindthedoornextto在……旁边nexttothebankopposite在……对面oppositethepostoffice3.介词搭配辨析对比含义举例inthetree外来的东西在树上abirdinthetree（鸟在树上）onthetree树本身长出的东西applesonthetree（苹果长在树上）inthewall在墙里面（如洞、窗）aholeinthewallonthewall在墙表面apictureonthewallintheway挡路Sorry,amIintheway?ontheway在路上onthewaytoschoolbytheway顺便说一下Bytheway,whereisTom?三、方式/手段介词介词用法举例by表示交通方式或手段bybus,bycar,byair,bydoingsth.with表示使用工具或伴随cutwithaknife,writewithapenin表示语言、材料sayitinEnglish,writeinpencilthrough表示通过某种途径learnthroughreading,lookthroughthewindow四、介词短语固定搭配短语含义短语含义begoodat擅长beafraidof害怕beinterestedin对……感兴趣beproudof为……自豪befamousfor因……出名bestrictwith对……严格lookforwardto期待payattentionto注意belongto属于happento发生于agreewith同意（某人）dependon取决于consistof由……组成dealwith处理befullof充满beshortof缺少第六章连词一、并列连词连词含义用法说明举例and和、然后表并列或顺承Ilikeapplesandbananas.but但是表转折Heispoorbuthappy.or或者、否则表选择或条件Hurryup,oryou'llbelate.so所以表因果（不能与because同时用）Itwaslate,soIwenthome.for因为表补充原因Hemustbeill,forheisabsent.both...and...……和……都连接两个并列成分BothTomandJerrylikemusic.either...or...要么……要么……二选一Eitheryouorheisright.neither...nor...既不……也不……两者都不NeitherTomnorJerrylikesmusic.notonly...butalso...不仅……而且……强调两者Sheisnotonlysmartbutalsohardworking.主谓一致：either...or.../neither...nor.../notonly...butalso...连接两个主语时，谓语动词遵循「就近原则」（与最近的主语一致）。NeitherhenorIamastudent.他和我都不是学生。Eitheryouorshehastogo.你或她必须去。二、从属连词从属连词用于引导从句，将在「宾语从句」「状语从句」等章节详细讲解。此处列出初中常见从属连词：从句类型常用连词时间状语从句when,while,as,before,after,since,until,assoonas条件状语从句if,unless,aslongas原因状语从句because,since,as让步状语从句though,although,eventhough,evenif目的状语从句sothat,inorderthat结果状语从句so...that...,such...that...比较状语从句than,as...as...第七章形容词一、形容词的位置与顺序单个形容词：通常放在名词前（abeautifulgirl），也可放在连系动词后作表语（Thegirlisbeautiful）。多个形容词修饰同一名词时的顺序：限定词+数量词+描绘性形容词+大小/新旧/形状+颜色+产地/国籍+材料/用途+名词abeautifulsmalloldredChinesewoodentable一张美丽的红色中国旧木小桌形容词修饰不定代词时后置：somethingimportant,nothingnew,anythinginteresting二、形容词的比较等级1.比较级和最高级的构成类型构成方法举例一般单音节加-er/-esttall→taller→tallest以e结尾加-r/-stlarge→larger→largest辅音+y结尾变y为i加-er/-esthappy→happier→happiest重读闭音节双写末尾辅音加-er/-estbig→bigger→biggest,hot→hotter→hottest多音节/部分双音节加more/mostbeautiful→morebeautiful→mostbeautiful不规则变化需单独记忆good/well→better→best；bad/ill→worse→worst不规则变化many/much→more→most；little→less→least不规则变化far→farther/further→farthest/furthest；old→older/elder→oldest/eldest2.比较级的用法基本句型A+be+比较级+than+B：TomistallerthanJerry.表示「越来越……」：tallerandtaller,moreandmorebeautiful表示「越……越……」：Themoreyouread,themoreyouknow.两者比较用「the+比较级」表示「较……的那个」：Heisthetallerofthetwoboys.修饰比较级的词：much,alot,alittle,abit,even,far（不能直接用very修饰比较级）3.最高级的用法基本句型：the+最高级+of/in+范围：Tomisthetallestinhisclass.oneofthe+最高级+复数名词：Chinaisoneofthelargestcountriesintheworld.最高级前可不加the的情况：most可表示「非常」：Itisamostinterestingbook.4.as...as...结构as...as...表示「和……一样……」，中间用原级；否定形式notas/so...as...表示「不如……」。TomisastallasJerry.Tom和Jerry一样高。TomisnotastallasJerry.Tom不如Jerry高。注意：as...as...中间用形容词或副词原级，不能用比较级。第八章副词一、副词的分类类别功能举例时间副词表示时间now,today,yesterday,already,yet,soon,recently频率副词表示频率always,usually,often,sometimes,seldom,never地点副词表示地点here,there,everywhere,outside,inside,upstairs方式副词表示方式quickly,carefully,happily,well,hard,fast程度副词表示程度very,quite,too,rather,almost,enough疑问副词用于提问how,when,where,why二、副词的位置方式副词通常放在动词后或宾语后：HespeaksEnglishwell./Shesingsbeautifully.时间副词通常放在句首或句末：YesterdayIwenttothepark./Iwenttotheparkyesterday.频率副词通常放在实义动词前，be动词/助动词/情态动词后：Healwaysgetsupearly./Sheisneverlate.程度副词放在被修饰的形容词/副词前：verygood,quitefast,toodifficult三、频率副词副词频率含义always100%总是usually80-90%通常often60-70%经常sometimes20-40%有时seldom5-10%很少never0%从不四、副词的比较等级副词的比较级和最高级构成规则与形容词相同，但最高级前的the可以省略。TomrunsfasterthanJerry.Tom比Jerry跑得快。Shesings(the)bestinourclass.她是我们班唱歌最好的。五、易混淆副词辨析副词对区别举例hard/hardlyhard努力/猛烈；hardly几乎不workhard;Ihardlyknowhim.late/latelylate迟；lately最近comelate;Haveyouseenhimlately?near/nearlynear附近；nearly几乎comenear;It'snearly5o'clock.high/highlyhigh高（具体高度）；highly高度地（抽象）jumphigh;thinkhighlyoffast/fastlyfast快；无fastly一词runfast（无fastly）alone/lonelyalone独自（客观）；lonely孤独（主观感受）Helivesalonebutdoesn'tfeellonely.第九章动词概述一、动词的分类类别说明举例实义动词有具体含义，可独立作谓语run,eat,think,buy,watch连系动词连接主语和表语，无具体动作be,look,feel,sound,smell,taste,seem,become,turn,get,grow助动词帮助构成时态、语态、疑问、否定do,does,did,have,has,had,will,shall情态动词表能力、许可、必须等，后接动词原形can,could,may,might,must,should,need,shall二、连系动词连系动词后接形容词作表语，表示主语的状态或特征变化。类别动词举例状态be,seem,appearHeisateacher./Sheseemshappy.感官look,sound,feel,smell,tasteThefoodsmellsgood./Thestorysoundsinteresting.变化become,turn,get,grow,goItgetscold./Leavesturnyellow./Hebecameadoctor.保持keep,stay,remainKeepquiet!/Stayhealthy!中考要点：连系动词后接形容词而非副词。Thecaketastesdelicious（不能用deliciously）。三、动词的基本形式动词有五种基本形式：原形、第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词、现在分词。形式构成规则举例第三人称单数一般加-s；s,x,ch,sh,o结尾加-es；辅+y变y为i加-esruns,watches,studies过去式/过去分词一般加-ed；e结尾加-d；辅+y变y为i加-ed；重读闭音节双写加-edworked,lived,studied,stopped现在分词一般加-ing；e结尾去e加-ing；重读闭音节双写加-ing；ie结尾变y加-inggoing,making,running,lying不规则动词：参见书末附录「不规则动词表」，需逐一记忆。第十章助动词与情态动词一、助动词助动词本身无意义，帮助构成各种时态、语态和句式。助动词功能举例do/does/did构成疑问句和否定句Doyouliketea?/Hedoesn'tknow.have/has/had构成完成时态Ihavefinishedit./ShehadleftbeforeIarrived.will/would构成将来时Iwillgotomorrow./Hesaidhewouldcome.be(am/is/are/was/were)构成进行时和被动语态Heisreading./Thebookwaswrittenbyhim.shall/should构成将来时（第一人称）/构成should+doIshallreturn./Youshouldstudyhard.二、情态动词1.can/couldcan表示能力和许可：Icanswim./Youcangonow.could是can的过去式，也可表示委婉请求：Couldyouhelpme?can't/couldn't表示不可能（表推测）：Itcan'tbetrue.（那不可能是真的）2.may/mightmay表示许可和可能性：MayIcomein?/Itmayraintomorrow.might表示更小的可能性：Hemightcomelater.may表示祝愿：Mayyousucceed!（祝你成功！）3.must/mustn'tmust表示必须：Youmustfinishyourhomework.mustn't表示禁止（千万不要）：Youmustn'tsmokehere.must表示肯定推测：Hemustbeathome.（他一定在家）must的否定回答用needn't/don'thaveto：—MustIgo?—No,youneedn't.4.should/oughttoshould表示建议、应该：Youshoulddrinkmorewater.shouldhavedone表示本应该做（但没做）：Youshouldhavetoldmeearlier.5.need/dareneed既是情态动词又是实义动词：NeedIgo?（情态）/Ineedtogo.（实义）dare既是情态动词又是实义动词：Howdareyou!（情态）/Idon'tdaretogo.（实义）6.haveto/hadbetterhaveto表示客观必须：Ihavetowearglasses.hadbetterdo/hadbetternotdo表示最好做/不做：You'dbetternotstayuplate.三、情态动词表推测推测程度肯定形式否定形式一定mustcannot/can't很可能should/oughttoshouldn't可能may/might/couldmaynot/mightnot不可能—cannot/can't注意：must表推测时否定形式是can't，不是mustn't。mustn't是「禁止」。第十一章动词时态一、一般现在时项目内容构成动词原形/第三人称单数用法1表示经常性或习惯性的动作：Igetupat6everyday.用法2表示客观事实或普遍真理：Theearthgoesaroundthesun.用法3表示现在的状态：Sheisanurse.用法4在时间/条件状语从句中表将来：I'llcallyouwhenIarrive.标志词always,usually,often,sometimes,everyday,onSundays第三人称单数变化：一般加-s；s/x/ch/sh/o结尾加-es；辅+y变y为i加-es。二、一般过去时项目内容构成动词过去式用法1表示过去某个时间发生的动作或状态：IvisitedBeijinglastyear.用法2表示过去习惯性的动作：Heusedtosmoke.标志词yesterday,lastweek,twodaysago,in2010,justnow三、一般将来时结构用法举例will/shall+动词原形表将来的预测、决定Itwillraintomorrow./Iwillhelpyou.begoingto+动词原形表计划打算或根据迹象推测Iamgoingtobuyanewbike.beaboutto+动词原形表即将发生Themeetingisabouttobegin.beto+动词原形表计划、命令ThePresidentistovisitChinanextmonth.willvsbegoingto：will侧重临时决定或客观预测；begoingto侧重已有计划或根据当前迹象的推断。四、现在进行时项目内容构成am/is/are+动词现在分词（-ing）用法1表示此时此刻正在进行的动作：Iamreadingabooknow.用法2表示现阶段正在进行的动作：Sheiswritinganovelthesedays.用法3bealwaysdoing表频繁发生（带感情色彩）：Heisalwayshelpingothers.标志词now,atthemoment,look!,listen!,thesedays不用进行时的动词：表示状态、感觉、拥有的动词一般不用进行时：know,believe,like,love,hate,want,need,belong,own,seem,understand,remember。五、过去进行时项目内容构成was/were+动词现在分词用法1表示过去某时刻正在进行的动作：IwaswatchingTVat8lastnight.用法2表示过去某时段同时进行的动作：WhileIwasreading,hewassleeping.标志词at8yesterday,atthattime,atthatmoment,when/while引导的时间状语从句whenvswhile：when后接短暂性动词或延续性动词；while后接延续性动词（常用进行时）。六、现在完成时项目内容构成have/has+动词过去分词用法1表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响：Ihavelostmykey.（钥匙现在还没找到）用法2表示从过去持续到现在的动作或状态：Ihavelivedherefortenyears.标志词already,yet,just,ever,never,recently,sofar,since...,for...havebeentovshavegoneto短语含义举例havebeento曾经去过（已回来）IhavebeentoBeijingtwice.havegoneto已经去了（还没回来）HehasgonetoBeijing.（他不在这里）havebeenin已经在某地（+时间段）IhavebeeninShanghaifor3years.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别时态侧重点时间状语现在完成时强调与现在的联系already,yet,just,ever,since,for一般过去时仅表示过去发生yesterday,lastweek,ago,in2010关键区别：有明确的过去时间状语（yesterday,lastyear,twodaysago等）时，不能用现在完成时，只能用一般过去时。七、过去完成时项目内容构成had+动词过去分词用法表示在过去某个时间或动作之前已经完成的动作（「过去的过去」）举例WhenIarrived,thetrainhadleft.（火车先离开，我后到达）标志词bytheendoflast...,before+过去时间,when/before/after引导的过去时态从句八、过去将来时项目内容构成would/should+动词原形；was/weregoingto+动词原形用法表示从过去某时看来将要发生的动作，常用于宾语从句中举例Hesaidhewouldcomethenextday./Shetoldmeshewasgoingtobuyacar.九、八大时态总览表时态构成用途简述一般现在时do/does经常性动作、事实真理、当前状态一般过去时did过去发生的动作或状态一般将来时will/shalldo将来要发生的动作现在进行时am/is/aredoing此刻正在进行的动作过去进行时was/weredoing过去某时刻正在进行的动作现在完成时have/hasdone过去动作对现在的影响或持续到现在过去完成时haddone过去某时之前已完成（过去的过去）过去将来时woulddo从过去看将来要发生第十二章被动语态一、被动语态的构成基本结构：be+过去分词（done）。be随时态和人称变化。时态被动结构举例一般现在时am/is/are+doneEnglishisspokeninmanycountries.一般过去时was/were+doneThewindowwasbrokenyesterday.一般将来时willbe+doneAnewbridgewillbebuiltnextyear.现在进行时am/is/arebeing+doneThehouseisbeingpaintednow.过去进行时was/werebeing+doneThecarwasbeingrepairedthen.现在完成时have/hasbeen+doneTheworkhasbeenfinished.含有情态动词情态动词+be+doneItmustbedoneatonce.过去完成时hadbeen+doneTheworkhadbeendonebeforehecame.二、主动变被动的方法找出主动句的宾语→作被动句的主语主动句的谓语→变为be+过去分词（时态不变）主动句的主语→由by引出（可省略）主动：PeoplespeakEnglishinmanycountries.被动：Englishisspokenbypeopleinmanycountries.三、被动语态的注意事项1.带双宾语的被动句give,send,show,tell,buy,bring等动词带双宾语时，可将直接宾语或间接宾语作被动句主语。主动：Mymothergavemeabook.被动1：Iwasgivenabook(bymymother).间接宾语作主语（更常用）被动2：Abookwasgiventome(bymymother).直接宾语作主语，间接宾语前加to2.带复合宾语的被动句make,let,see,hear,watch等动词后接不带to的不定式作宾补，变被动后要还原to。主动：Thebossmadehimworkallday.被动：Hewasmadetoworkallday.to被还原主动：Isawhimentertheroom.被动：Hewasseentoentertheroom.3.不用被动语态的情况不及物动词没有被动语态：happen,takeplace,occur,belongto,breakout,die,appear,last系动词不用被动：look,feel,sound,smell,taste（主动表被动意义）表示状态的动词不用被动：fit,suit,cost,lack,have（拥有）4.主动形式表被动意义sell,wash,wear,read,cut,open等动词与副词连用：Thebooksellswell.（这本书很畅销。）Theclothwasheseasily.（这种布料容易洗。）need/want/require+doing=need/want/require+tobedone：Theroomneedscleaning.=Theroomneedstobecleaned.房间需要打扫。第十三章非谓语动词一、动词不定式（to+动词原形）1.作宾语以下动词后接不定式作宾语：want,hope,wish,decide,plan,agree,promise,refuse,offer,manage,fail,afford,expect,pretend,chooseIhopetoseeyouagain.我希望能再见到你。Shedecidedtobuyanewcar.她决定买辆新车。2.作宾语补足语以下动词后接sb.todosth.：ask,tell,want,allow,invite,encourage,advise,order,expect,warn,wish,teachMymothertoldmetocleantheroom.妈妈让我打扫房间。TheteacherencouragedustospeakEnglish.老师鼓励我们说英语。使役动词make/let/have+sb.+do（不带to）：Hemademelaugh.→被动：Iwasmadetolaugh.感官动词see/hear/watch/notice+sb.+do（全过程）/doing（正在进行的动作）：Isawhimcrossthestreet./Isawhimcrossingthestreet.3.作主语TolearnEnglishwellisimportant.学好英语很重要。ItisimportanttolearnEnglishwell.用it作形式主语（更常用）4.作目的状语Igotupearlytocatchthebus.我早起是为了赶公交。Tokeephealthy,herunseverymorning.为了保持健康，他每天早上跑步。否定形式：nottodo—Hetoldmenottobelate.5.不定式省略to的情况使役动词后：makesb.do,letsb.do,havesb.do感官动词后：see/hear/watchsb.dohadbetter(not)dowouldratherdothandowhynotdo...?在help后可带to也可不带：helpsb.(to)dosth.二、动名词（动词的-ing形式）1.作宾语以下动词后接动名词作宾语（口诀：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没法想，避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏，不禁介意准逃亡）：enjoy,finish,mind,avoid,practice,keep,consider,suggest,admit,deny,imagine,miss,risk,giveup,can'thelp,feellikeIenjoyreadingnovels.我喜欢读小说。Wouldyoumindopeningthewindow?你介意开窗吗？2.介词后接动名词Heisgoodatplayingbasketball.他擅长打篮球。Thankyouforhelpingme.谢谢你帮我。beinterestedindoing,lookforwardtodoing,beusedtodoing3.作主语Swimmingisgoodforyourhealth.游泳对健康有益。三、既可接不定式也可接动名词的动词动词接不定式（todo）接动名词（doing）区别stopstoptodo（停下来去做另一件事）stopdoing（停止正在做的事）动作不同rememberremembertodo（记得要做）rememberdoing（记得做过）时间不同forgetforgettodo（忘记要做）forgetdoing（忘记做过）时间不同trytrytodo（努力去做）trydoing（尝试做做看）意图不同meanmeantodo（打算做）meandoing（意味着）含义不同like/loveliketodo（具体某次）likedoing（一般性爱好）范围不同四、分词（现在分词doing/过去分词done）形式含义举例现在分词doing主动、进行theboilingwater（正在沸腾的水）过去分词done被动、完成theboiledwater（已烧开的水）现在分词doing修饰事物Thestoryisexciting.（故事令人兴奋）过去分词done修饰人（感受）Iamexcited.（我感到兴奋）中考高频：exciting/excited,interesting/interested,surprising/surprised,boring/bored,tiring/tired,frightening/frightened—-ing修饰物，-ed修饰人。第二部分句法篇第十四章句子成分与基本句型一、句子成分成分说明举例主语(S)句子的主体，动作的执行者Tomlikesapples.谓语(V)表示主语的动作或状态Shesingswell.宾语(O)动作的承受者Iboughtabook.表语(P)在系动词后，说明主语的特征/身份Heisateacher.定语修饰名词或代词atallboy,thebookonthedesk状语修饰动词、形容词或整个句子runfast,verygood,luckily补语(C)补充说明宾语或主语WecallhimTom./Hewasmadehappy.同位语解释或补充说明前面的名词Tom,mybestfriend,isleaving.二、五大基本句型句型结构举例句型一S+V（主谓）Thesunrises.句型二S+V+O（主谓宾）Ilovemusic.句型三S+V+P（主系表）Sheisbeautiful.句型四S+V+IO+DO（主谓双宾）Hegavemeabook.句型五S+V+O+C（主谓宾补）Wemadehimmonitor.Therebe句型：There+be+主语+地点/时间状语。表示「某处有某物」。谓语单复数遵循就近原则。Thereisabookandtwopensonthedesk.桌上有一本书和两支笔。（就近用is）Therearetwopensandabookonthedesk.桌上有两支笔和一本书。（就近用are）第十五章句子种类一、按用途分类1.陈述句陈述一个事实或观点，分肯定和否定。Iamastudent.（肯定）Iamnotastudent.（否定）2.疑问句类型说明举例一般疑问句用yes/no回答Doyouliketea?—Yes,Ido.特殊疑问句用疑问词提问Whatareyoudoing?/Wheredoyoulive?选择疑问句提供两个或以上选项Doyouliketeaorcoffee?反义疑问句前肯后否/前否后肯Heisateacher,isn'the?/Youdon'tlikeit,doyou?反义疑问句特殊情况：Let's开头的祈使句→shallwe?Let'sgo,shallwe?Letus/Letme开头→willyou?Letmetry,willyou?含有never,hardly,seldom,few,little,nobody,nothing等否定词时，疑问部分用肯定Everything/Nothing作主语时，疑问部分用itEverybody/Everyone/Nobody作主语时，疑问部分用they3.祈使句表示请求、命令、劝告等。谓语动词用原形，否定形式用Don't/Never开头。Openthedoor,please.请开门。Don'tbelate!不要迟到！Nevergiveup!永远不要放弃！Let'sgoshopping.我们去购物吧。4.感叹句结构用法举例What+(a/an)+adj.+n.+S+V!修饰名词Whatabeautifulday(itis)!How+adj./adv.+S+V!修饰形容词或副词Howbeautifulthefloweris!How+adj.+a/an+n.+S+V!也可修饰Howbeautifuladayitis!判断技巧：看修饰的中心词是名词用What，是形容词/副词用How。二、按结构分类1.简单句只有一个主谓结构的句子。Ilikeplayingbasketball.我喜欢打篮球。2.并列句由并列连词（and,but,or,so等）连接两个或以上简单句。Ilikeapples,butmybrotherlikesbananas.我喜欢苹果，但我弟弟喜欢香蕉。3.复合句由一个主句和一个或以上从句构成。初中阶段主要掌握三大从句：宾语从句、状语从句、定语从句。第十六章宾语从句一、引导词类型引导词用法举例thatthat引导陈述句作宾语从句，that无实义可省略Ithink(that)heisright.if/whetherif/whether引导一般疑问句变来的宾语从句Iwonderif/whetherhewillcome.疑问词what,who,whom,whose,which,when,where,why,how引导特殊疑问句变来的宾语从句Idon'tknowwherehelives.ifvswhether：在介词后、ornot前、不定式前只能用whether。Idon'tknowwhethertogoornot.（不能用if）二、语序宾语从句必须用陈述语序（主语+谓语），无论引导词是什么。误：Idon'tknowwheredoeshelive.正：Idon'tknowwherehelives.陈述语序三、时态呼应主句时态从句时态举例主句为现在时/将来时从句根据实际情况用任何时态Ithinkhewillcometomorrow./Iknowhewentthereyesterday.主句为过去时从句改为对应的过去时态Hesaidhewasreading./Shetoldmeshehadfinishedit.主句为过去时+从句为客观真理从句仍用一般现在时Theteachersaidtheearthgoesaroundthesun.四、宾语从句的简化疑问词+不定式：Idon'tknowwhattodo.=Idon'tknowwhatIshoulddo.find/think/make+it+adj.+todo：IfindithardtolearnFrench.第十七章状语从句一、时间状语从句连词含义用法说明when当……时最常用，可接短暂性或延续性动词while当……时接延续性动词，常搭配进行时as当……时/一边……一边强调同时发生before在……之前Iwillfinishitbeforeyoucomeback.after在……之后Afterhefinishedhomework,hewentout.since自从……主句常用完成时：IhavelivedheresinceIwasborn.until/till直到……not...until...直到……才……assoonas一……就……AssoonasIarrived,itstartedtorain.themoment/theminute一……就……ThemomentIsawhim,Iknewhewastheone.not...until...句型：Hedidn'tgotobeduntilhefinishedhishomework.（他直到完成作业才睡觉。）二、条件状语从句连词含义用法if如果Ifitrainstomorrow,Iwillstayathome.unless如果不（=ifnot）Youwillfailunlessyouworkhard.aslongas只要Aslongasyoustudyhard,youwillpass.incase万一Takeanumbrellaincaseitrains.主将从现：在时间和条件状语从句中，主句用将来时，从句用现在时表将来。Ifitrainstomorrow,Iwillstayhome.（从句用rains而非willrain）三、原因状语从句连词含义用法because因为最常用，回答why的提问since既然Sinceyouarehere,let'sstart.as因为、由于Asitwaslate,wewenthome.for因为并列连词，补充说明原因becausevsbecauseof：because+句子；becauseof+名词/代词/V-ing。Iwaslatebecauseitrained.=Iwaslatebecauseoftherain.because不与so连用：Becauseitrained,Istayedhome.（不能加so）四、结果状语从句结构用法举例so+adj./adv.+that...so修饰形容词或副词Heissotallthathecanreachthetopshelf.such+(a/an)+adj.+n.+that...such修饰名词短语Itissuchagoodbookthateveryonelikesit.so+adj.+a/an+n.+that...so修饰单数可数名词Sheissobeautifulagirlthateveryonelikesher.sothat...以便、结果是Hegotupearlysothathecouldcatchthebus.so...that与such...that转换：ItissuchaninterestingbookthatIwanttoreaditagain.=ThebookissointerestingthatIwanttoreaditagain.五、让步状语从句连词含义举例though/although虽然Thoughitwasraining,hewentout.eventhough/evenif即使Evenifyoufail,don'tgiveup.nomatter+疑问词无论……Nomatterwhathappens,Iwillsupportyou.疑问词+ever无论……Whateveryousay,Iwon'tchangemymind.though/although不与but连用：Thoughheispoor,heishappy.（不能加but，但可加yet/still）六、目的状语从句连词含义用法sothat以便Hespokeloudlysothateveryonecouldhear.inorderthat以便IgotupearlyinorderthatIcouldcatchthetrain.sothat与so...that的区别：sothat引导目的状语从句（以便）；so...that...引导结果状语从句（如此……以至于……）。七、比较状语从句结构含义举例as+原级+as和……一样Heisastallashisbrother.notas/so+原级+as不如……Heisnotastallashisbrother.比较级+than比……更Heistallerthanhisbrother.the+比较级,the+比较级越……越……Themoreyoulearn,themoreyouknow.第十八章定语从句一、基本概念术语含义举例先行词被定语从句修饰的名词或代词ThebookthatIboughtisinteresting.（book是先行词）关系词引导定语从句并代替先行词的词that,which,who,whom,whose,where,when,why定语从句修饰先行词的从句thatIbought修饰book二、关系代词的用法关系代词修饰先行词类型在从句中的成分举例that人或物主语或宾语Themanthatlivesnextdoorisadoctor.which物主语或宾语Thebookwhichisonthedeskismine.who人主语Thegirlwhoissingingismysister.whom人宾语ThemanwhomImetyesterdayisateacher.whose人或物定语（表所属）Theboywhosefatherisadoctorismyfriend.三、that与which的区别一般情况下that和which可互换（修饰物），但以下情况只能用that：先行词被序数词或最高级修饰：ThisisthebestmoviethatIhaveeverseen.先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame等修饰：ThisistheonlybookthatIhave.先行词是不定代词（all,everything,anything,nothing,something等）：Iremembereverythingthathappenedthatday.先行词既包括人也包括物：Themanandhisdogthatwerewalkinginthepark...在以who/which开头的疑问句中避免重复：Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?只能用which的情况：在介词后（非正式英语中可用that，但正式场合用which）：Thisisthehous