英美文学选读

ReviewforFinalExamWeek14BritishLiteratureJamesJoyce1882-1941Dubliners(1914,short-storycollection)APortraitoftheArtistasaYoungMan(1916,novel)Ulysses(1922,novel)FinnegansWake(1939,novel)ImportantWorksLinguistically,hedevelopsawrittenformofstreamofconsciousnessHeattemptedtomakeafictionthatwouldreflectthewholelife,consciousandsubconscious,withoutbeinglimitedbyconventionsoflanguagePsychologically,heisforeverattemptingtore-seekunityinaworldthatisdisorganizedPhilosophically,hecametofeelthattimeandspaceareartificial,thatallisrelated,andthatartshouldbeasymbolofthatrelationshipValuesandPerspectiveshisastonishingwayofconstructinganovelhisfrankportrayalofhumannatureinhisbookshiscompletecommandofEnglishinfluencedmanywritersincludingSamuelBeckettWaitingforGodot《等待戈多》ImportanceJaneAusten1775-1817Austen’sLiteraryWorks1787-1793:Juvenilla1795-1799:beganSenseandSensibility,PrideandPrejudice,andNorthangerAbbeyWorkingtitles:ElinorandMarianne,FirstImpressions,andSusan.1803:beganTheWatsons(neverfinished)1812:beganMansfieldPark1814beganEmma1815-beganPersuasion1817-beganSanditon(neverfinished)GenderDifferences:Menman’sprimaryroleistobetheprovider:work,proposeanengagementforawife,earnthefamily’sonlyincome,makefinaldecisions,physicallyandfiscallysupportandprotectthefamily,andprovideahome,food,andclothing.GenderDifferences:WomenDuringthistimeperiod,itwasunacceptableforwomen,orawoman,totravelalone.Womenwereto:tendtothechildren,cookthemeals,dotheshoppingandsewing,andupholdthedailyroutinesforthefamily,primarilytendingtothehusband’sneeds.GeorgeBernardShaw(1856-1950)PlaywrightforthePeoplewrote63playsTheDevil'sDisciple(1897)washisfirstsignificantfinancialsuccessasaplaywrightBythe1910s,Shawwasawell-establishedplaywrightNewworkssuchasFanny'sFirstPlay(1911)andPygmalion(1912)hadlongrunsinfrontoflargeLondonaudiencesShawforbademusicalizationofhisworktheBroadwaymusicalMyFairLadycouldbeproducedonlyafterShaw'sdeathPlaysPygmalion:Themes/IssuesClasssystemSocialprejudiceJudgingbyappearanceMorality/behaviorMoney/classRich/poorSpeech/dialectE.M.Forster1879-1970WrittenworkARoomwithaView:MajorThemesProprietyandPassionThebeautyofhumanbeingsWoman’spositionandindependenceConnectionbetweennatureandmanClasssnobberyARoomwithaViewSymbolicmeaningsof“rooms”and“views”:“rooms”:conservativeanduncreative,e.g.MrsHoneychurch,Cecilusuallypicturedinaroom“views”:forward-thinkingandmoderncharactertypes,e.g.FreddyandtheEmersonsoftendescribedasbeing“outside”SymbolicdifferencesbetweenItalyandEnglandItalyasaplaceoffreedomandsexualexpression.BritainwasaplaceofrestrictedvaluesandconservatismGeorgeOrwellEricArthurBlair1903-1950Winstonissickofhisjobfabricatingandchanginghistoryatthe“MinistryofTruth”WinstonhasasexualaffairwithJulia--hetrustsherandshareshisrebelliousthoughtswithherWinstonwantstogivehelptoO’Brien,whohethinksispartoftheBrotherhoodrebellionEventuallybothWinstonandJuliaarecapturedbytheParty,butwillheconfess?1984:StoryOverviewWilliamGolding1911-1993GoldingbelievedthatourhumanityrestsinthecapacitytomakevaluejudgmentsthepowertodecidewhatisrightandwrongBUT,Afterthewar,henolongerbelievedintheinherentinnocenceandgoodnessofmankindPhilosophyTHEMESThethemeofLordoftheFliesisanattempttotracethedefectsofsocietybacktothedefectsofhumannaturethattheshapeofasocietymustdependontheethicalnatureoftheindividualnotonanypoliticalsystemSurvivalPower/LeadershipCivilizationvs.SavageryLossofInnocenceHumanNatureGoodvs.EvilAmericanLiteratureF.ScottFitzgerald1896-19401922--TheBeautifulandtheDamned1922--TalesoftheJazzAge(shortstories)1923--TheVegetable(aplay)1925--TheGreatGatsby1934--TenderistheNight(lastfinishednovel)publishedafterthestartofTheGreatDepressionitisaboutpeoplewithmoneyPeopledidn’twanttoreadaboutsuccessandexcesswhentheydidn’thaveenough!HisunfinishednovelisTheLastTycoon

aboutHollywoodWorkswrittenduringthisperiod:EnduringAssociationsErnestHemingway1899to1961Revivalinthe1950s1950AcrosstheRiverandIntotheTrees

1951motherdies1952TheOldManandtheSeawinsPulitzerPrizesurvivestwoplanecrashesJournalistic–lean,simple,shortsentences;hardlyanyadjectives,especiallyindialogPrincipleoftheiceberg:7/8underforevery1/8showingForcesthereadertoinfer–to“readbetweenthelines”Alsocalled“hardboiled”styleWritingStyle:TheHemingway“Code”Whatisa“RealMan”?AmancanbedestroyedbutnotnecessarilydefeatedManmustfacealllifestruggleswithcourage,intensity,honesty,andgraceTherewardisdignityLossofhopeandfaithequalsdefeatConceptof“nada”or“nothingness”TheoutcomeoflifeisdeathwithnolifeafterdeathThestruggleistheonlythingthatmattersThemannerinwhichwefacethestruggleshowsourcharacterPlotcharacterizedbychaosandviolencecrime,death,sport,harddrinkingandsexualpromiscuityoftenoccurHerowoundedbutstrongandsensitiveenjoysthepleasuresoflife(sex,alcohol,sport,etc.)infaceofruinanddeath,hemaintainsadignifiedstruggleCommonAspectsinHemingwayJohnSteinbeck

1902-1968Duringthelate1920sand1930sheconcentratedonwritingandwroteseveralnovelssetinCalifornia.Steinbeckgainedgreatsuccessbyreadersandcritics.TwotravelingfieldworkersGeorge—smallbutsmart,hetakescareofLennieLennie—agentlebutslow,powerfulgiantTheywanderthecountryduringtheDepression,dreamingofabetter

lifeforthemselves.Everytimetheirdreamisjustabout

withintheirgrasp,itisinevitably

takenaway.Thenovelexploresquestionsofstrength/weakness/usefulnessrealityandutopiaBringsSteinbeck'sCaliforniavividlytolife.OfMiceandMenArthurMillerMajorWorksTheManWhoHadAllTheLuck(1944)AllMySons(1947)DeathofaSalesman(1949)wonthePulitzerPrizeforDramaTheCrucible(1953)wonaTonyawardOthernotableworks:AViewFromTheBridge(1955)AftertheFall(1964)ThePrice(1968)AdaptedbothDeathofaSalesmanandTheCrucibletofilmin1985and1995,respectivelySummaryofDeathofaSalesmanSalesmanWillyLomanisinacrisis.He'sabouttolosehisjob,hecan'tpayhisbills,andhissonsBiffandHappydon'trespecthimandcan'tseemtoliveuptotheirpotential.Hewonderswhatwentwrongandhowhecanmakethingsuptohisfamily.KeyThemesThebitternessofmissingtheAmericandreamFamilyrivalryTheloveandconflictbetweenafatherandsonTheloveandconflictbetweenbrothersKurtVonnegut,Jr.1922-2007PlayerPiano

(1952)TheSirensofTitan

(1959)MotherNight

(1961)Cat'sCradle

(1963)GodBlessYou,Mr.Rosewater

(1965)Slaughterhouse-Five

(1969)KeyWritingsBreakfastofChampions

(1973)Slapstick

(1976)Jailbird

(1979)DeadeyeDick

(1982)Galápagos

(1985)Bluebeard

(1987)HocusPocus

(1990)Timequake

(1997)ThemesinVonnegut’sWritings‘‘HarrisonBergeron’’issetinthefuture,whengovernmentlawshavemadeeveryoneequalGovernmentofficers(H-Gmen)enforcetheequalitylawsPeoplearemadeequalbydeviceswhichlimittheirabilitiesweightstolimitspeedandstrengthmasks,redrubberclownnoses,orthickglassestohidegoodlooksandtomakeseeingdifficultradiotransmittersimplantedintheearsofintelligentpeople,whichemitsharpnoisestwoorthreetimesaminutetopreventthemfromthinkingclearlySummaryofHarrisonBergeronSatirehandicappingpeopletoenforceequalitythefailureofrebelliontheapathy(暮气)inpeoplewhowatchtelevisionauthoritariangovernmentBlackHumordialoguebetweenGeorgeandHazeltheappearanceofHarrison(redrubbernose,artificiallysnaggle-toothed,threehundredpoundsofhandicaps)ThemesAliceWalker1944-TheWorksofAliceWalker

TheWorksofAliceWalker:1968—Once:Poems1970—TheThirdLifeofGrangeCopeland1973—RevolutionaryPetunias&OtherPoems1973—InLove&Trouble:StoriesofBlackWomen1974—LangstonHughes,AmericanPoet1976—Meridian1979—ILoveMyselfWhenIAmLaughing...

AZoraNealeHurstonReader(editor)1979—GoodNight,WillieLee,I'llSeeYouintheMorning1981—YouCan'tKeepaGoodWomanDown:Stories1982—TheColorPurple1984—InSearchofOurMothers'Gardens:WomanistProse1984—HorsesMakeaLandscapeLookMoreBeautiful1988—ToHellWithDying

(IllustrationsbyCatherineDeeter)1988—LivingbytheWord1989—TheTempleofMyFamiliar`1991—HerBlueBodyEverythingWeKnow:

EarthlingPoems1965-1990Complete1991—FindingtheGreenStone

(IllustrationsbyCatherineDeeter)1992—PossessingtheSecretofJoy1993—WarriorMarks

(IncollaborationwithPratibhaParmar)1996—AliceWalker:Banned1996—TheSameRiverTwice:HonoringtheDifficult1997—AnythingWeLoveCanBeSaved:AWriter'sActivism1998—BytheLightofMyFather'sSmile2000—TheWayForwardIswithaBrokenHeart2001—SentbyEarth:AMessagefromtheGrandmotherSpirit

AftertheBombingoftheWorldTradeCenterandthePentagon2003—AbsoluteTrustintheGoodnessoftheEarth:NewPoems2003—APoemTraveledDownM