计算机英语课件Unit-2-Computer-Architeture

Unit2ComputerArchitecture计算机体系结构

Warm-up1.Canyourepairyourcomputer?2.Doyouknowwhatcomputerhardwareis?3.Iscomputehardwareorsoftwareimportant?4.Whatroledoessoftwareplayincomputer?5.Canyoumakeacomputerprogram?

Speaking

WorkinpairsandtaketurnstobeLucyandMarytopracticethedialogue.

SomethingIsWrongWithYourComputerMonitor?Lucy:Hi,Mary,Ihavetroublewithmycomputer,whatshouldIdo?Mary:Don’tworry,what’sup?Lucy:Displayscreendoesn’twork?Mary:Doyouturnonpowersupply?Lucy:Yes,Iturnedonpowersupplyjustnow,buttherewasn’t

anythingonthescreen.Mary:Doyouhaveaproblemwithyourcomputermotherboard?Lucy:Ihavejustchangedmymotherboard?Mary:MaybethereissomethingwrongyourdisplayscreenLucy:Ineedsomeinformationfrominternet.1.Namesofthepartsofacomputermonitor

keyboard

mouse

USBinterface

hostcomputer

floppydiskdrive

diskdrive

2.Matchthegivenwordswiththefollowingpictureslaptopsupercomputerpalmtopminicomputerdesktopabcde(desktop)(laptop

)(minicomputer

)(palmtop

)(palmtop

)

Pre-reading1.Whatiscomputerhardware?

Computerhardwareistheequipmentinvolvedinthefunctionofacomputerandconsistofthecomponentsthatcanbephysicallyhandled.

计算机硬件是计算机运行所需要的设备，由可被物理操纵的部件组成。2.Howmanytypesofcomputerhardware?Thefunctionofthesecomponentsistypicallydividedintothreemaincategories:input,output,andstorage.SectionAComputerHardwareI.IntroductionComponentsinthesecategoriesconnecttomicroprocessors,specifically,thecomputer’scentralprocessingunit(CPU),theelectroniccircuitrythatprovidesthecomputationalabilityandcontrolofcomputer,viawiresorcircuitrycalledbus.

引言这些类别的部件与微处理器相连接，特别是与计算机的中央处理器相连接。中央处理器系电子线路，它通过称为总线的线路或电路来提供计算能力和对计算机进行控制。Software,ontheotherhand,isthesetofinstructionacomputerusestomanipulatedata,suchasaword-processingprogramoravideogame.Theseprogramsareusuallystoredandtransferredviathecomputer’shardwaretofromtheCPU.Softwarealsogovernshowthehardwareisutilized;forexample,howinformationisretrievedfromastoragedevice.TheinteractionbetweentheinputandoutputhardwareiscontrolledbysoftwarecalledtheBasicInput/OutputSystem(BIOS)software.Manipulatedata处理数据word-processingprogram文字处理utilize使用，利用另一方面，软件是计算机用来处理数据的一套指令，如文字处理程序或电子游戏。这些程序通常被存储起来，并由计算机硬件调入和调出中央处理器。软件也控制着硬件如何利用：例如，如何从存储设备中检索信息。输入与输出硬件的交互是由基本输入／输出系统（BIOS）软件控制的。

Althoughmicroprocessorsarestilltechnicallyconsideredtobehardware,portionsoftheirfunctionarealsoassociatedwithcomputersoftware.Sincemicroprocessorshavebothhardwareandsoftwareaspects,theyarethereforeoftenreferredtoasfirmware.尽管微处理器在技术上仍被认为是硬件，但其部分功能也与计算机软件有关系。既然微处理器同时具有硬件与软件的特征，它们因此经常被称作固件。1.Whatdeviceisalightpen?Alightpenisastyluswithalightsensitivetipthatisusedtodrawdirectlyonacomputer’svideoscreenortoselectinformationonthescreenbypressingaclipinthelightpenorbypressingthelightpenagainstthesurfaceofthescreen.2.Whatdoesapencontain?Thepencontainslightsensorsthatidentifywhichportionofthescreenitispassedover.InputHardware光敏端头光传感器经过3.Whatdeviceisamouse?Amouseisapointingdevicedesignedtobegrippedbyonehand.

4.Whatcanamousedo?

Toselectitemsorchoosecommandsonthescreen,theuserpressesabuttononthemouse.Ithasadetectiondevice(usuallyaball)onthebottomthatenablestheusertocontrolthemotionofanon-screenpointer,orcursor,bymovingthemouseonaflatsurface.Asthedevicemovesacrossthesurface,thecursormovesacrossthescreen.adetectiondevice一个检测装备onthebottom在底部

cursor光标aflatsurface平面它在底部有一个检测装置（通常是一个圆球），使用户能够通过在一个平面上移动鼠标来控制屏幕上指针或光标的运动。该装置滑过平面时，光标随着在屏幕上移动。1.Whatdeviceisajoystick?Ajoystickisapointingdevicecomposedofaleverthatmovesinmultipledirectionstonavigateacursororothergraphicalobjectonacomputerscreen.2.Whatdeviceisakeyboard?

Akeyboardisatypewriter—likedevicethatallowstheusertotypeintextandcommandstothecomputer.InputHardware驾驶，操纵操纵杆是由一根杆子组成的指示设备，该杆以向多个方向移动来操纵计算机屏幕上的光标或者其他图形对象。3.Whatdeviceisanopticalscanner?

Anopticalscanneruseslight-sensingequipmenttoconvertimages

suchasapictureortextintoelectronicsignalsthatcanbemanipulatedbyacomputer.4.Whatarethecommontypesofscanner?

Theflatbedscannerandthehand-heldscanner.InputHardware光扫描仪利用光感应设备将图片或文本等形式的图像转换成计算机能够处理的电子信号。平板扫描仪和手持式扫描仪InputHardware调制解调器代表调制器―解调器，是将计算机与电话线连接、允许信息传送给或接收自另一台计算机的设备。Summary1.Whatiscomputerhardware?2.Whatiscomputersoftware?3.Howmanyinputhardwarehavewelearnt?Unit2ComputerArchitecture计算机体系结构Warm-up1.Whatiscomputerhardware?2.Whatiscomputersoftware?3.Howmanyinputhardwarehavewelearnt?1.Whatisoutputhardware?Outputhardwareconsistsofexternaldevicesthattransferinformationfromthecomputer’sCPUtocomputeruser.2.Howmanydevicesarementionedinthetext?

Whatarethey?Avideodisplayandprinters.III.OutputHardware传送信息输出硬件由将信息从计算机中央处理器传给计算机用户的外部设备构成。3.Howmanyformsdoesadisplayhave?Displayscommonlytakeoneoftwoforms:avideoscreenwithacathoderaytube(CRT)oravideoscreenwithaliquidcrystaldisplay(LCD).ACRT-basedscreen,ormonitor,lookssimilartoatelevisionset.InformationfromtheCPUisdisplayedusingabeamofelectronsthatscansaphosphorescentsurfacethatemitslightandcreatesimages.III.OutputHardwareCRT:阴极射线管视频屏幕LCD:液晶显示视频屏幕LED:发光二极管light-emittingdiode基于阴极射线管的屏幕或监视器看起来就像一台电视机。从中央处理器输出的信息，使用电子束显示出来，其过程是电子束扫描荧光屏，而荧光屏则发出光并产生图像。4.Whatkindsofprintersarementionedinthetext?Dot-matrixprinters（usestinywirestoimpactuponaninkedribbontoformcharacters.）Laserprinters（employsbeamsoflighttodrawimagesonadrumthatthenpicksupfineblackparticlescalledtoner.）Inkjetprinters（firesdropletsofinkontoapagetoformcharactersandpictures.）III.OutputHardware点阵打印机激光打印机喷墨打印机

1.Whatisthefunctionsofstoragehardware?Storagehardwareprovidespermanentstorageofinformationandprogramsforretrievalbythecomputer.2.Whatarethemaintypesofstoragedevices?Diskdrivesandmemory.

存储硬件永久性地存储信息和程序，供计算机检索。StorageHardwareTheseareseveraltypesofdiskdrives:HarddiscdrivesFloppydiscdrivesmagneto-opticaldiscdrivesCompactdiscdrives软盘磁光盘光盘

3.Whatisthedifferencebetweenaharddiskandafloppydisk?

Harddiskdrivesstoreinformationinmagneticparticlesembeddedinadisk.(apermanentpartofthecomputer)Floppydiskdrivesalsostoreinformationinmagneticparticlesembeddedinremovabledisksthatmaybefloppyorrigid.Floppydisksstorelessinformationthanaharddiskdriveandretrievetheinformationatamuchslowerrate.

1.硬盘驱动器将信息存储在盘中嵌入的磁性颗粒中。硬盘驱动器通常是计算机的固定部分.2.软盘驱动器也将信息存储在磁性颗粒中，但这些颗粒是嵌入可移动的盘中的，而这些盘既可能是软的也可能是硬的。3.软盘比硬盘存储的信息少，检索该信息的速度也慢得多。StorageHardware

4.WhatisthedifferencebetweenaROMandaRAM?.ROMiscallednonvolatilememorybecausethememorychipsdonotlosetheirinformationwhenpowertothecomputeristurnedoff.

RAMisalsoknownasvolatilememorybecausetheinformationwithinthecomputerchipsislostwhenpowertothecomputeristurnedoff.

1.只读存储器叫做非易失性存储器，因为当计算机的电源关闭时，存储芯片中的信息不会丢失。2.随机存储器也称作易失性存储器，因为当计算机的电源关闭时，计算机芯片中的信息随着丢失。StorageHardware非易失性存储器易失性存储器disc:disc本来是英国英语的拼法，其对应的美国拼法为disk。但是在计算机英语中，现在公认的标准做法是将disc用于表示光盘的场合，而把disk用于所用其他的场合。因此，在本段中同时出现了disc与disk两种拼写形式。另外，opticaldisc与compactdisc都指光盘。CD-ROM：只读光盘（存储器）（compactdiscread-onlymemory的首字母缩略）Compactdiscdrives(CD-ROM)storeinformationonpitsburnedintothesurfaceofadiscofreflectivematerial.由反射材料制成的光盘，其表面烧蚀出凹陷区。光驱（CD-ROM）就是将信息存储于此。RAM:随机（存取）存储器（random-accessmemory的首字母缩略）。HardwareConnections

1.Whatisthefunctionofthehardwareconnection?Hardwarerequiresphysicalconnectionsthatallowcomponentstocommunicateandinteract.

2.Whatdoesacomputerbusconsistof?Acomputerbusconsistsoftwochannels:onethattheCPUusestolocatedata,calledtheaddressbus,andanothertosendthedatatothataddress,calleddatabus.地址总线：一条由中央处理器用来给数据定位数据总线：用来将该数据送往那个地址HardwareConnections

3.Twowaysofhardwareconnections:1.Aserialconnection:awire