《国际物流英语》-第10章

Themostfarreachingimpactofcontainerizationontheroleoffreightforwardersistheirinvolvementinmultimodaltransport,i.e.carriageofgoodsbymorethanonemodeoftransportunderasinglecontract.Whenafreightforwarderactsasamultimodaltransportoperator,heassumesresponsibilityfortheexecutionofthemultimodaltransportcontract,andofthecarriersparticipatinginthemultimodaltransportoperations.Hemayenterintoseparatecontractswithindividualtransportoperatorsandprovidesofservices,butthesesubcontractswouldnotaffecthisobligationstotheconsignorfortheperformanceofthemultimodaltransportcontractandhisliabilitytohimarisingunderthecontract.Whenaforwarderactsasmultimodaltransportoperator,hethusinvolvesamajortransformationofhisrole.Thecarriersforwhomhewaspreviouslyactingasanintermediarybecomehissubcontractorsandhebecomestheprincipal.PartⅠMultimodalTransportOperations(Ⅰ)下一页返回Multimodaltransportationisnotarecentinventionsinceanyconsignmentcomingfromoverseasanddestinedinlandwillbetravellingonmultimodesoftransportutilizingsea,rail,airorroad.Whatisnewisthatsuchatransportcanbemadewithoutbreakingbulk,i.e.withouttakingitoutofthecontainer,vehicleortrailerinwhichinwasloadedattheplaceoforigin,andoftenunderthecoverofonetransportdocument.Thisistheresultofthecontainer“revolution”whichhasoccurredoverthelast20-30yearsandwiththedevelopmentofRo-Rovessels,trailersorsea-ferriescreatingland-bridgeroutes.Heavyloadscanalsobesentinbargeswhichinturncanbeloadedontovesselsinthesamemannerascontainers,insystemsknownas“lash”or“Aseabee”.MultimodalTransportDefinedMultimodaltransport,asunderstoodbymany,referstoatransportsystemusuallyoperatedbyonecarrierwithmorethanonemodeoftransportunderthecontrolorownershipofoneoperator.Itinvolvestheuseofmorethanonemeansoftransportsuchasacombinationoftruck,railcar,aero-planeorshipinsuccessiontoeachothere.g.acontainerlinewhichoperatesbothashipandarailsystemofdoublestacktrains.PartⅠMultimodalTransportOperations(Ⅰ)上一页下一页返回AdvantagesofMultimodalTransport●MinimizesTimeLossatTrans-shipmentPointsMultimodaltransport,whichisplannedandcoordinatedasasingleoperation,minimizesthelossoftimeandtheriskofloss,pilferageanddamagetocargoattrans-shipmentpoints.Themultimodaltransportoperatormaintainshisowncommunicationlinksandcoordinatesinterchangeandonwardcarriagesmoothlyattrans-shipmentpoints.●ProvidesFasterTransitofGoodsThefastertransitofgoodsmadepossibleundermultimodaltransportreducesthedisadvantagesofdistancefrommarketsandthetying-upofcapital.Inaneraofglobalizationthedistancebetweenoriginorsourcematerialsandconsumerisincreasingthankstothedevelopmentofmultimodaltransport.●ReducesBurdenofDocumentationandFormalitiesTheburdenofissuingmultipledocumentationandotherformalitiesconnectedwitheachsegmentedofthetransportchainisreducedtoaminimum.PartⅠMultimodalTransportOperations(Ⅰ)上一页下一页返回●SavesCostThesavingsincostsresultingfromtheseadvantagesareusuallyreflectedinthethroughfreightrateschargedbythemultimodaltransportoperatorandalsointhecostofcargoinsurance.Assavingsarebepassedontotheconsumerdemandincreases.●EstablishesOnlyOneAgencytoDealwithTheconsignorhastodealwithonlythemultimodaltransportoperatorinallmattersrelatingtothetransportationofhisgoods,includingthesettlementofclaimsforlossofgoods,ordamagetothem,ordelaysindeliveryatdestination.●ReducesCostofExportsTheinherentadvantagesofmultimodaltransportsystemwillhelptoreducethecostofexportsandimprovetheircompetitivepositionintheinternationalmarket.FormsofMultimodalTransportOperationsCurrently,differenttypesofmultimodaltransportoperationsinvolvingdifferentcombinationsaretakingplace,suchas:PartⅠMultimodalTransportOperations(Ⅰ)上一页下一页返回Land-Sea-LandAnemptycontainerispickedupfromtheline’scontaineryardinSingaporeandtruckedtoshipper’sfactoryinJohore(Malaysia)forstuffing;thereaftertheFCL(FullContainerLoad)istruckedtoSingaporeandtransportedbyoceanvesseltoNewYork.●Truckfromvesseltorail-headNewYork●RailfromNewYorktorail-headChicago●TruckfromChicagorail-headtoconsignee’swarehouse.Therecanbeseveraladditionallinks,forinstance,ifthecontainerwascarriedbyrailfrom,say,KualaLumpurtoSingapore.WhereLCL(LessthanCarloadLot)cargoisconcerned,theindividualshipmentswouldbedeliveredtothefreightforwarder’sCFS(ContainerFreightStation)ortheshippingline’sCFSandconsolidatedintoaFCLwhich,inChicago,istruckedtotheCFS,wherefromitispicked-upbytheconsignee’struck.PartⅠMultimodalTransportOperations(Ⅰ)上一页下一页返回Road/Air/RoadAcombinationofaircarriagewithtrucktransportisafrequentmethodofmultimodalservice.Undoubtedly,pickupanddeliveryservicesbyroadtransportareusuallyincidentaltoairtransport.Butapartfromthis,roadtransportisnowbeingincreasinglyused,particularlyinEuropeandU.S.A.,fortruckingairfreightoverlongdistances,sometimesacrossnationalboundaries,toconnectwiththemainbasesofairlinesoperatinglonghaulservicessuchastrans-Pacific,trans-Atlanticandinter-continental.SeveralairlinesarebuildingupanumberoftruckinghubsinEuropetoactasfocalpointsforroad-basedfeederoperations.Manyairlinesprovideroadservicetocitieswhichtheyeitherfinduneconomicaltoservicebyair,ortowhichtheydonotenjoylandingrights.Thisroadtransportationisofteneffectedwiththeirvehicles,andtoandfromtheirownfacilities,butonoccasiontheydoalsousehighwaycommoncarriers.PartⅠMultimodalTransportOperations(Ⅰ)上一页返回Sea/Air/SeaThiscombinestheeconomyofseatransportandthespeedofairtransportandisbecomingincreasinglypopularinseveralinternationaltraderoutesliketheFarEastEuroperoute.Theeconomicsofthiscombinationmodefavorhighvalueitemslikeelectronics,electricalgoods,computersandphotographicequipmentaswellasgoodswithhighseasonaldemandsuchasfashionwearandtoys.Thismultimodaloperationisparticularlyapplicablewheretheroutetobecoveredcombineslargedistancesvialandandwater,andwheretransittimeisimportant.Frequentsea/airservicesroutesare:PartⅡMultimodalTransportOperations(Ⅱ)下一页返回Rail/road/inlandwaterways/seaThiscombinationmodeisincommonusewhengoodshavetobemovedbyseafromonecountrytoanotherandoneormoreinlandmodesoftransportsuchasrail,roadorinlandwaterways,havetobeusedformovingthegoodsfromaninlandcentretotheseaportinthecountryoforiginorfromtheseaporttoaninlandcentreinthecountryofdestination.Mini-bridgeThisinvolvesthemovementofcontainers,underathroughbillofladingissuedbyanoceancarrier,byavesselfromaportinonecountrytoaportinanothercountryandthenbyrailtoasecondportcityinthesecondcountry,terminatingattherailcarrier’sterminalinthesecondportcity.Themini-bridgeofferstheconsignorathroughcontainerrateinclusiveofrailfreightuptothefinalportcityinthecountryofdestination.Therailwaysarepaidaflatratepercontainerbytheoceancarrierfortherailtransit.ThissystemisinoperationoncertainroutescoveringthetradebetweentheUnitedStatesandtheFarEast,UnitedStates/Europe,UnitedStates/Australia,etc.PartⅡMultimodalTransportOperations(Ⅱ)上一页下一页返回LandBridgeThissystemconcernsitselfwithshipmentofcontainersoverlandasapartofasea-landorasea-land-searoute.Inthiscasealso,therailwaysarepaidaflatratebytheoceancarrierwhoissuesthethroughbilloflading.Thissystemisinoperationforthemovementofcontainersoncertainimportantinternationalroutessuchas:●betweenEuropeortheMiddleEastandtheFarEastviatheTrans-Siberianlandbridge;and●betweenEuropeandtheFarEastviatheAtlanticandPacificcoastsoftheU.S.A.,continentalU.S.A.beingusedasalandbridge.Ro-Ro(Roll-on/Roll-off)Thismodecombinesdifferentmeansoftransportation(seaandroad),andisusedmostoftenwithnewautomobiles,whichareshippedbyseaandthemsimplydrivenoffthevesseltotheimporter’swarehouse.Heavyandover-dimensionalcargoisalsosuitableforRo-Rotransport.PartⅡMultimodalTransportOperations(Ⅱ)上一页下一页返回L.A.S.H.(LighterAbroadShip)LASHtransportisthecombinationofdeepseaandinlandwaterwaytransportation.AnexampleistheroutefromGermanytotheMississippiPortswherethebargessaildowntheRhine,ElbeorWeserinGermany,areloadedontoLASHcontainervesselsinRotterdam,HamburgorBremen;arethencarriedacrosstheAtlantic,onlytobeunloadedataMississippideltaporttosailupstreamintheU.S.ItmustbenotedthatLASHvesselsareexpensive,andfurthermoreitisnecessarytocheckontheavailabilityofthespecialhandlingfacilitiesnecessaryintheportsofdestination.PiggybackThisisasystemofunitizedmultimodallandtransportation,acombinationoftransportbyroadandrail.IthasbecomepopularinLatinAmericanandEuropeancountriesbecauseitcombinesthespeedandreliabilityofrailonlonghaulswiththedoor-to-doorflexibilityofroadtransportforcollectionanddelivery.Thegoodsarepackedintrailersandhauledbytractorstotherailwaystation.PartⅡMultimodalTransportOperations(Ⅱ)上一页下一页返回Atthestation,thetrailersaremovedontorailwayflatcarsandthetransporttractors,whichstaybehind,arethendisconnected.Atdestination,tractorsagainhaulthetrailerstothewarehousesoftheconsignee.Thesystemhasundergonerefinementsandsophisticationbytheintroductionoftheso-called“trailertrain”whichusesthesametrailerasavehicleontheroadandarailvehicleontherail.Inotherwords,thetrailermovesonitswheelsasatruckontheroadbutthewheelscanberetractedbyanairsuspensionsystemandconnectedtoarailbogieformovementbyrail.Attheendoftherailjourney,theconversionbacktobeingroadvehicleiseffectedfordeliveryofthegoodstothecustomers.SeaTrainThisisanotherinnovationinthemultimodaltransportsysteminvolvingtheuseofrailandoceantransport.ItwasoriginallyadoptedintheU.S.A.Itissimilartotheroll-on,roll-off(Ro-Ro)systemexceptthatintheplaceoftheRo-Rovehiclearailcarisusedsothatgeographicallyseparatedrailsystemscanbeconnectedbytheuseofanoceancarrier.PartⅡMultimodalTransportOperations(Ⅱ)上一页下一页返回Typicallythesevesselsarelongandthinandconsistofonemaindeckrunningthelengthoftheship.Theyarequickeratloadingtrainsthangeneralcargovesselssincethetrain’scarriagesdonotneedtobedetachedfromoneanother.Theseexamplesareonlyillustrative,notexhaustive.Inactualpractice,severalothercombinationmodesmaybeuseddependinguponthetraderoutes,trans-shipmentpointsandtheavailability,ofdifferentmodesoftransport.Newinfrastructuraldevelopmentsarebeingproposedtheworldovertocreateaseamlessflowoftraffice.g.thechanneltunnellinkingEnglandandFrance,theOresundBridgelinkingSwedenandDenmark.Astheseprojectshavebecomerealitysotheflowoftrafficchanges.OtherchangessuchasglobalwarmingposethepotentialfornewroutestoopenupviathenorthernseabetweenRussia’snorthernborderandtheNorthPole.PartⅡMultimodalTransportOperations(Ⅱ)上一页下一页返回AnMTO(MultimodeTransportOperator)shouldhavetheknowledgeandskilltoorganizethetransportationofgoodsthroughdifferentmodesoftransport.Heshouldbeawareofwhatishappeningintheareasoftechnologicaldevelopment,politicalstabilityofcountries,congestionofroutesormergersofoperators.TheMTOneedsthisinformationbecausehearrangeswiththetruckingcompany,railways,shippinglinesandothertransportoperatorstotransportthegoodsfromoneplacetoanotherwithintheshortesttimewhichmaynotnecessarybethemostdirect.SincethefunctionoftheMTOarisesoutoftheneedsoftheshipper,hemustbeabletoofferaservicewhichcoversawidegeographicalarea,eitherthroughanin-housebranchnetworkorbymeansofreputableagencyarrangements.ThevalueaddedintermsoftheservicesprovidedbyaMTOissignificantlygreaterthanthatprovidedbytheconventionalcarrier.TheroleoftheMTOinthetransportationofgoodsdoor-to-doorwillcontinuetoincreasebecauseofthesinglecarrierliabilitytheyundertakeandtheflexibilitywithwhichtheyfunction.PartⅡMultimodalTransportOperations(Ⅱ)上一页下一页返回Theycan,forexample,varytheall-infreightratesaccordingtothecomplexityoftheserviceprovided,takingintoaccountthevolumeofbusinessprovidedbytheircustomers.PartⅡMultimodalTransportOperations(Ⅱ)上一页返回Transportisanimportantpartininternationalbusiness.Goodsarecarriedbyseveralmeansofconveyance-byroadorrail,byseaorair.Andinrecentyears,combinedtransportwhichisaroad-sea-railcarriageappeared.Whengoodsaretransportedbyroad,railorair,thecontractofcarriagetakestheformofConsignmentNoteorAirWayBill.Inseatransport,charteringofshipsorbookingshippingspaceisinvolved.Andthecontractenteredintobetweentheship-ownerandshippermaytaketheformofeitheraCharterPartyoraBillofLading.Transportcoversratherawiderangeofwork.Inthisunitonlyafewspecimenletterspertainingtotransporthavebeenselectedforpreliminarystudy.UrgingforPromptDelivery-DeliveryTimeisFallingDueWritingSkillⅠUrgingforPromptDelivery下一页返回DearSirs,WeareveryanxioustoknowabouttheshipmentofourOrderNo.123for1,000casesofTinPlates.Asthecontractedtimeofdeliveryisrapidlyfallingdue,itisimperativethatyouinformusofthedeliverytimewithoutanyfurtherdelay.Westatedexplicitlyattheoutsettheimportanceofpunctualexecutionofthisorderandcannothelpfeelingsurprisedatyoursilenceaboutourinquiryofthe18thJune(6dayago),acopyofwhichisenclosed.Weareinurgentneedofthesegoodsandhavetorequestyoutoexecutetheorderwithinthetimestipulated.Yoursfaithfully,WritingSkillⅠUrgingforPromptDelivery上一页返回IntermodalFreightTransportinvolvesthetransportationoffreightinanintermodalcontainerorvehicle,usingmultiplemodesoftransportation(rail,ship,andtruck),withoutanyhandlingofthefreightitselfwhenchangingmodes.Themethodreducescargohandling,andsoimprovessecurity,reducesdamagesandlosses,andallowsfreighttobetransportedfaster.Reducedcostsversusoverroadtruckingarethekeybenefitforintercontinentaluse.Thenegativeisthatittakeslongerthannormaltruckdeliverywould.PrehistoryIntermodaltransportationgoesbacktothe18thcenturyandpredatestherailways.SomeoftheearliestcontainerswerethoseusedforshippingcoalontheBridgewaterCanalinEnglandinthe1780s.Coalcontainers(called“looseboxes”)weresoondeployedontheearlyrailwaysandusedforroad/railtransfers(roadatthetimemeaninghorsedrawnvehicles).Woodencoalcontainersusedonrailwaysgobacktothe1830sontheLiverpoolandManchesterRailway.In1841IsambardKingdomBrunelintroducedironcontainerstomovecoalfromthevaleofNeathtoSwanseaDocks.PartⅢIntermodalFreightTransportandContainerization(Ⅰ)下一页返回BytheoutbreakoftheFirstWorldWartheGreatEasternRailwaywasusingwoodencontainerstotrans-shippassengerluggagebetweentrainsandsailingsviatheportofHarwich.Theearly1900ssawthefirstadoptionofcoveredcontainers,primarilyforthemovementoffurnitureandintermodalfreightbetweenroadandrail.Alackofstandardslimitedthevalueofthisserviceandthisinturndrovestandardization.IntheU.S.suchcontainers,knownas“liftvans”,wereinusefromasearlyas1911.HistoryIntheUnitedKingdomcontainerswerefirststandardizedbytheRailwayClearingHouse(RCH)inthe1920s,allowingbothrailwaysownedandprivatelyownedvehiclestobecarriedonstandardcontainerflats.Bymodernstandardsthesecontainersweresmall,being1.5or3.0meterslong(5or10ft),normallywoodenandwithacurvedroofandinsufficientstrengthforstacking.From1928theLondon,MidlandandScottishRailwayoffered“doortodoor”intermodalroad-railservicesusingthesecontainers.ThisstandardfailedtobecomepopularoutsidetheUnitedKingdom.PartⅢIntermodalFreightTransportandContainerization(Ⅰ)上一页下一页返回PalletsmadetheirfirstmajorappearanceduringWorldWarII,whentheUnitedStatesmilitaryassembledfreightonpallets,allowingfasttransferbetweenwarehouses,trucks,trains,ships,andaircraft.Becausenofreighthandlingwasrequired,fewerpersonnelwererequiredandloadingtimesweredecreased.TrucktrailerswerefirstcarriedbyrailwaybeforeWorldWarII,anarrangementoftencalled“piggyback”,bythesmallClassIrailroad,theChicagoGreatWesternin1936.TheCanadianPacificRailwaywasapioneerinpiggybacktransport,becomingthefirstmajorNorthAmericanrailwaytointroducetheservicein1952.IntheUnitedKingdomthebigfourrailwaycompaniesofferedservicesusingstandardRCHcontainerswhichcouldbecranedonandoffthebackoftrucks.MovingcompaniessuchasPickfordsofferedprivateservicesinthesameway.PartⅢIntermodalFreightTransportandContainerization(Ⅰ)上一页下一页返回Inthe1950scontainerusestartedtorevolutionizefreighttransportation.TheUnitedStatesDepartmentofDefenseproducedspecificationsforstandardcontainersformilitaryuseof8-foot(2.4

m)by8-foot(2.4

m)squarecrosssectioninunitsof10-foot(3.0

m)long.TheInternationalOrganizationforStandardization(ISO)issuedstandardsbasedupontheU.S.DepartmentofDefensestandardsbetween1968and1970,ensuringinterchangeabilitybetweendifferentmodesoftransportationworldwide.TheserectangularstackablecontainersbecameknownasISOcontainers.OnepioneeringrailwaywastheWhitePassandYukonRoute,whichacquiredtheworld’sfirstcontainership,theCliffordJ.Rogers,builtin1955,andintroducedcontainerstoitsrailwayin1956.IntheUnitedKingdomthemodernizationplanandinturntheBeechingReportstronglypushedcontainerization.TheBritishRailwaysfreightlinerservicewaslaunchedcarrying8-foot(2.4

m)highpre-ISOcontainers.Theolderwoodencontainersandthepre-ISOcontainerswererapidlyreplacedby10-foot(3.0

m)and20-foot(6.1

m)ISOstandardcontainers,andlaterby40-foot(12

m)containersandlarger.PartⅢIntermodalFreightTransportandContainerization(Ⅰ)上一页下一页返回IntheU.S.,startinginthe1960stheuseofcontainersincreasedsteadily.Railintermodaltraffictripledbetween1980and2002,accordingtotheAssociationofAmericanRailroads(AAR),from3.1milliontrailersandcontainersto9.3million.Largeinvestmentsweremadeinintermodalfreightprojects.AnexamplewastheUSD$740,000,000PortofOaklandintermodalrailfacilitybeguninthelate1980s.Double-stackedContainerTransportSince1984,amechanismforintermodalshippingknownasdouble-stackrailtransporthasbecomeincreasinglycommon.Risingtotherateofnearly70%ofUnitedStatesintermodalshipments,ittransportsmorethanonemillioncontainersperyear.Thedouble-stackrailcarsdesignsignificantlyreducesdamageintransitandprovidesgreatercargosecuritybycradlingthelowercontainerssotheirdoorscannotbeopened.Asuccessionoflarge,newdomesticcontainersizeswasintroducedtoincreaseshippingproductivity.InEuropethemorerestrictedloadinggaugehaslimitedtheadoptionofdouble-stackcars.PartⅢIntermodalFreightTransportandContainerization(Ⅰ)上一页下一页返回However,in2007theBetuweroutewascompleted,arailwayfromRotterdamtotheGermanindustrialheartland,whichmayaccommodatedoublestackedcontainersinthefuture.Othercountries,likeNewZealand,havenumerouslowtunnelsandbridges,whichlimitsexpansionforeconomicreasons.Sinceelectrificationgenerallypredateddoublestacking,theoverheadwiringwastoolowtoaccommodateit.However,Indiaisbuildingsomefreightonlycorridorswiththeoverheadwiringat7.45maboverail,whichishighenough.ContainersalsoknownasintermodalcontainersorISOcontainersbecausethedimensionshavebeendefinedbyISO,arethemaintypeofequipmentusedinintermodaltransport,particularlywhenoneofthemodesoftransportationisbyship.Containersare8-foot(2.4

m)wideby8-foot(2.4

m)high.Sinceintroduction,therehavebeenmovestoadoptotherheights,suchas8-foot-6-inch(2.59

m),9-foot-6-inch(2.90

m)and10-foot-6-inch(3.20

m).Themostcommonlengthsare20

feet(6.1

m)nominalor19

feet(5.8

m)-101⁄2

in(0.27

m)actual,40

feet(12

m),PartⅢIntermodalFreightTransportandContainerization(Ⅰ)上一页下一页返回48

feet(15

m)and53

feet(16

m),althoughotherlengthsexist.Theyaremadeofsteelandcanbestackedatoponeanother(apopulartermforatwo-highstackis“doublestack”).Onboardshipstheyaretypicallystackeduptosevenunitshigh.Theycanbecarriedbytruck,rail,containership,oraero-plane.Whencarriedbyrail,containerscanbeloadedonflatcarsorincontainerwellcars.InEurope,stricterrailwayheightrestrictions(smallerloadinggaugeandstructuregauge)andoverheadelectrificationpreventcontainersfrombeingstackedtwohigh,andcontainersarehauledonehigheitheronstandardflatcarsorotherrailroadcars.Tallercontainersareoftencarriedinwellcars(notstacked)onolderEuropeanrailwayrouteswheretheloadinggaugeisparticularlysmall.Somevariationsonthestandardcontainerexist.Open-toppedversionscoveredbyafabriccurtainareusedtotransportlargerloads.Acontainercalledatanktainer,withatankinsideastandardcontainerframe,carriesliquids.Refrigeratedcontainersareusedforperishables.Thereisalsotheswapbody,whichistypicallyusedforroadandrailtransport.PartⅢIntermodalFreightTransportandContainerization(Ⅰ)上一页下一页返回Builttoolightlytobestacked,theyhavefoldinglegsundertheirframesothattheycanbemovedbetweentruckswithoutusingacrane.Variousnon-standardcontainerformsarecommonlyused.Theseincludenon-stackableopenboxcontainers,andseveralslightlynon-standardgeometries.EuropeancontainersareoftenabouttwoincheswiderthantheISOstandardalthoughotherwiseconformant,whichcancarrytheeuro-palletstandardpalletload.SpecializedcontainersusedinEuropeincludecontainerizedcoalcarriers,andrecently“bin-liners”-containersdesignedfortheefficientroad/railtransportationofrubbishfromcitiestorecyclinganddumpsites.Incountrieswheretheloadinggaugeissufficient,trucktrailersareoftenusedforfreightthatistransportedprimarilybyroadandrail.Typically,regularsemi-trailerscanbeused,anddonotneedtobespeciallydesigned.PartⅢIntermodalFreightTransportandContainerization(Ⅰ)上一页返回HandlingEquipmentcanbedesignedwithinter-modalityinmind,assistingwithtransferringcontainersbetweenrail,roadandsea.Thesecaninclude:●Transtainersfortransferringcontainersfromsea-goingvesselsontoeithertrucksorrailwagons.Atrans-tainerismountedonrailswithalargeboomspanningthedistancebetweentheship’scargoholdandthequay,movingparalleltotheship’sside.●Gantrycranes,alsoknownasstraddlecarriers,areabletostraddlerailandroadvehicles,allowingforquicktransferofcontainers.Aspreaderbeammovesinseveraldirectionsallowingaccuratepositioningofthecargo.●Grapplerlift,whichisverysimilartoastraddlecarrier●Reachstackersarefittedwithliftingarmsaswellasspreaderbeamsandliftcontainerstoswapbodiesorstackcontainersontopofeachother.PartⅣIntermodalFreightTransportandContainerization(Ⅱ)下一页返回LoadSecuringinIntermodalContainersAccordingtotheEuropeanCommissionTransportationDepartment“ithasbeenestimatedthatupto25%ofaccidentsinvolvingtruckscanbeattributabletoinadequatecargosecuring”.Cargothatisimproperlysecuredcancausesevereaccidentsandleadtothelossofcargo,thelossoflives,thelossofvehicles,shipsandairplane;nottomentiontheenvironmentalhazardsitcancause.Therearemanydifferentwaysandmaterialsavailabletostabilizeandsecurecargoincontainersusedinthevariousmodesoftransportation.ConventionalLoadSecuringmethodsandmaterialssuchassteelbandingandwoodblocking&bracinghavebeenaroundfordecadesandarestillwidelyused.Inthelastfewyearstheuseofseveral,relativelynewandunknownLoadSecuringmethodshavebecomeavailablethroughinnovationandtechnologicaladvancementincludingpolyesterstrappingand-lashing,syntheticwebbingsandDunnageBags,alsoknownasairbags.PartⅣIntermodalFreightTransportandContainerization(Ⅱ)上一页下一页返回RailTransportInNorthAmerica,containersareoftenshippedbyrailincontainerwellcars.Thesecarsresembleflatcarsbuttheneweroneshaveacontainer-sizeddepression,orwell,inthemiddle(betweenthebogiesor“trucks”)ofthecar.Thisdepressionallowsforsufficientclearancetoallowtwocontainerstobeloadedinthecarina“doublestack”arrangement.Thenewercontainercarsalsoarespecificallybuiltasasmallarticulated“unit”,mostcommonlyincomponentsofthreeorfive,wherebytwocomponentsareconnectedbyasinglebogieasopposedtotwobogies,oneoneachcar.(Thephotoaboveunder“Equipment”showsanexampleofthenewsetup.)DoublestackingisalsousedinpartsofAustralia.Onsomeolderrailways,particularlyintheUnitedKingdom,theuseofwellcarsisnecessarytocarrysinglestackedlargecontainerswithintheloadinggauge.ItisalsocommoninNorthAmericatotransportsemi-trailersonrailwayflatcarsorspinecars,anarrangementcalled“piggyback”orTOF