The-Theory-of-Conversational-Implicature会话含义理论

TheTheoryofConversationalImplicature

会话含义理论

BriefIntroductionTheCooperativePrinciple&ViolationandMaximsCharacteristicsofImplicature

BriefIntroductionThetheoryofconversationalimplicatureisthesecondtheoryinpargmatics(语用学).HerbertPaulGricebegantoformulatehisideasofthistheoryinthefifties.HedeliveredlecturesatHarvardin1967.Partofthelectures-“LogicsandConversation”waspublishedin1975.

TheCooperativePrinciple(CP)合作原则toexplainthemechanisms(机制，原理)bywhichpeopleinterpretconversationalimplicatureortoexplainwhypeopleoftenmeanmorethanwhattheysay,GriceproposedtheCooperativePrincipleandintroduced4conversationalmaxims.AndtheviolationsinthesecondhalfofGrice's“LogicsandConversation”.1)quantitymaxim数量准则1.Makeyourconteibutionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurpusesoftheexchange);2.Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.e.g:A:Whatdateisyourbirthday?B:December26.(√)B:December26,thedayaftertheChristmasDay.(×)2)qualitymaxim

质量准则Trytomakeyourcontributiononethatisture.1.Donotsaywahtyoubelievetobefalse;2.Donotsaythatforwhichyulackadequateevidence.e.g:SuppuseBisachinese.A:Whatcontryareyoufrom?B:IcomefromChina.(√)B:IcomefromAmerica.(×)3)relationmaxim

关联原则Berelevant.e.g:A:Iamoutofpetrol.B:Thereisagarageatthecorner.(√)B:Itissunnytoday.(×)4)mannermaxim

方式准则Beperspicuous(明白易懂旳).1.Avoidobscurityofexpression;2.Avoidambiguity;3.Bebrief(avoidprolixity);4.Beorderly.e.g:A:Let'sgetthekidssomething.B:Icecreamwouldbenice.(√)B:Okey,butIvetoI-C-EC-R-E-A-M-S.(×)CharacteristicsofImplicature

含义旳特征

Calculability可推导性Speakerstrytoconveyconversationalimplicaturesandhearersareabletounderstandthemsuggeststahtimplicuturesarecalculable.5lists;e.g:thecaseofthereferenceletter.

Cancellability

可取消性

Alsoknownasdefeasibility(可废除性)Thepresenceofaconversationalimplicaturereliesonanumberoffactors:theconversationalmeaningofwordsused,theCP,thelingisticandsituationalcontexts,etc.Soifanychanges,theimplicaturewillalsochange.e.g:经过附加分句来取消句子含义a.Johnhas3cows.b.Johnhasonly3cows.c.Johnhas3cows,ifnotmore.d.Johnhasatleast3cows.Non-detachablity不可分离性

Aconversationalimplicatureisattachedtothesemanticcontentofwhatissaid,nottothelinguisticform;implicaturesdonotvanishifthewordsofanutterancesarechangedforsynonyms.e.g:a.John'sagenious.b.John'samentalprodi