高中英语阅读理解研究报告类说明文专项训练（含答案解析）

专题03阅读理解——研究报告类说明文（阅读D篇）目录TOC\o"1-1"\h\u模拟·基础演练 1重难·创新演练 7真题·实战演练 13模拟·基础演练考查重点：文章分类主要考查problem--solution--result类研究报告，考查Findings/discoveries--evidence(experiment,result)--conclusion(application/evaluation)类研究报告，Phenomenon--analysis--conclusion类研究报告，命题方法分类：主要考查推理判断，主旨大意，细节理解，部分猜测词义研究报告类说明文1.考查problem--solution--result类研究报告1.（2026届福建泉州市高中毕业班质量检测（一））Intheglobalefforttofightclimatechange,scientistsareexploringsolutionsinunexpectedplaces—includingthesoilbeneathourfeet.ArecentstudypublishedinNaturehighlightsapromisingdiscovery:specificbacteriathatcandramaticallyreduceagriculturalemissionsofnitrousoxide(N2O),apowerfulgreenhousegas.Nitrousoxide,largelyreleasedfromfarmfieldsduetonitrogenfertiliser(肥料)use,isamajorclimateconcern.Accordingtoco-authorProfessorLarsBakkenoftheNorwegianUniversityofLifeSciences,thegasis265timesmoreeffectiveatwarmingtheatmospherethancarbondioxideandcanremainintheairforoveracentury.Todevelopthesolution,researchersgrewthebacteriausingorganicwaste.Buildingonpastwork,theylookedforamicroorganismthatwouldreducenitrousoxideemissionswithoutstayinginthesoilforsolongthatitharmedotherlifeformsimportantforcrophealth.Thebacteriareducedemissionsafterasecondfertilisertreatmentbyabouthalftwoweekslater.Afterthreemonths,themakeupofmicrobial(微生物的)lifewasunchanged,suggestingthebacteriawouldnotharmthesoil.Thebacteria,whicharenotgeneticallymodified,occurnaturallyinanaerobicdigesters—facilitiesthattransformorganicwasteintobiofuels.Thatmighteaseacceptanceoftheiruse,saidPaulCarinioftheUniversityofArizona,whowasnotinvolvedintheresearch.Moreover,Bakkenstatedthatthis“opensupanumberofnewpossibilities”formanagingfarmland.Thebacteriacouldbeaddedtofertilisers,offeringapotentialdirectapplicationforfarmers.AsCarininoted,usingawasteproductfromoneindustrialprocesstobenefitanotheriscost-effective.However,significantchallengesremainbeforewidespreaduse.ProfessorLoriHoaglandofPurdueUniversity,anexpertinthefield,notedthatsoilsvaryglobally,requiringmorefieldtestingtoensureeffectiveness.Morecritically,farmerscurrentlygetnofinancialmotivationtoadoptsuchmethods.Bakkenarguedthatauthoritiesmustcreatepoliciestomakeemissionreductionsprofitable.Iftheselimitationscanbeaddressed,thisbacterialtreatmentcouldhaveamajorimpactonreducingagriculture’scontributiontoclimatechange.1．Whyisnitrousoxideamajorclimateconcern?A．ItisreleasedinlargeramountsthanCO2.B．Itstaysintheatmosphereforaveryshorttime.C．Itcomesmainlyfromindustrialproduction.D．IthasamuchstrongerwarmingeffectthanCO2.2．Whatdidtheresearchersfind?A．Awaytohelpfarmersincreasefertiliseruse.B．Abacteriumthatstaysinthesoilforever.C．Amethodtoproducemorebiofuelsfromwaste.D．AmicrobethatcutsN2Owithoutharmingsoil.3．Whichaspectofthebacteriaismainlydiscussedinparagraph4?A．Itspotentialbenefits. B．Itsworkingprinciple.C．Itsproducingprocess. D．Itsresearchvalue.4．Whatpreventstheapplicationofthefinding?A．Shortageofnecessarybacteria.B．Difficultyinlarge-scaletesting.C．Lackofeconomicbenefitforfarmers.D．Uncertaintyaboutitseffect.【答案】1．D2．D3．A4．C【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了特定细菌可减少农业一氧化二氮排放。1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Accordingtoco-authorProfessorLarsBakkenoftheNorwegianUniversityofLifeSciences,thegasis265timesmoreeffectiveatwarmingtheatmospherethancarbondioxideandcanremainintheairforoveracentury.(据挪威生命科学大学的合著者LarsBakken教授称，这种气体使大气变暖的效率是二氧化碳的265倍，并且可以在空气中停留一个多世纪)”可知，一氧化二氮是主要的气候问题是因为它比二氧化碳的变暖效应强得多。故选D。2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Todevelopthesolution,researchersgrewthebacteriausingorganicwaste.Buildingonpastwork,theylookedforamicroorganismthatwouldreducenitrousoxideemissionswithoutstayinginthesoilforsolongthatitharmedotherlifeformsimportantforcrophealth.Thebacteriareducedemissionsafterasecondfertilisertreatmentbyabouthalftwoweekslater.Afterthreemonths,themakeupofmicrobial(微生物的)lifewasunchanged,suggestingthebacteriawouldnotharmthesoil.(为了开发解决方案，研究人员使用有机废物培养细菌。在以往工作的基础上，他们寻找一种微生物，这种微生物能够减少一氧化二氮的排放，而不会在土壤中停留太久，从而危害对作物健康重要的其他生命形式。两周后，第二次施肥处理后，细菌减少了约一半的排放。三个月后，微生物的组成没有变化，这表明细菌不会伤害土壤)”可知，研究人员发现了一种能减少一氧化二氮排放且不伤害土壤的微生物。故选D。3．主旨大意题。根据第四段中“Thebacteria,whicharenotgeneticallymodified,occurnaturallyinanaerobicdigesters—facilitiesthattransformorganicwasteintobiofuels.Thatmighteaseacceptanceoftheiruse,saidPaulCarinioftheUniversityofArizona,whowasnotinvolvedintheresearch.Moreover,Bakkenstatedthatthis“opensupanumberofnewpossibilities”formanagingfarmland.Thebacteriacouldbeaddedtofertilisers,offeringapotentialdirectapplicationforfarmers.AsCarininoted,usingawasteproductfromoneindustrialprocesstobenefitanotheriscost-effective.(这些细菌没有经过基因改造，自然存在于厌氧消化器中，厌氧消化器是将有机废物转化为生物燃料的设施。亚利桑那大学的PaulCarini没有参与这项研究，他说，这可能会让人们更容易接受它们的使用。此外，Bakken表示，这为农田管理“开辟了许多新的可能性”。这种细菌可以添加到肥料中，为农民提供潜在的直接应用。正如Carini所指出的，利用一个工业过程的废物产品来造福另一个工业过程是具有成本效益的)”可知，第四段主要讨论了这种细菌的潜在好处。故选A。4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Morecritically,farmerscurrentlygetnofinancialmotivationtoadoptsuchmethods.(更关键的是，农民目前没有采用这种方法的经济动力)”可知，缺乏对农民的经济利益阻碍了这一发现的应用。故选C。2.（2026·山东菏泽市一模）Modernsocietyreliesheavilyonrefrigerationtechnology,frompreservingfoodtocoolingdatacenters.However,widelyusedvapor-compression(蒸汽压缩)coolingconsumesvastamountsofelectricityandgenerates7.8percentofthecountry’scarbonemissions(排放).Solid-statecoolinghasbeenconsideredcleaner,butthesolidmaterialsstrugglewithheattransmissionefficiency,restrictingtheirpracticaluseinlarge-scaleapplications.Theresearchteam,ledbyLiBing,aprofessorattheChineseAcademyofSciences’InstituteofMetalResearch,discoveredawaytobypassthislimitationbyintegratingsolidcoolingeffectswithliquidflow.Intheirstudy,theyobservedammoniumthiocyanate,awidely-usedindustrialsalt,absorbsmassiveamountsofheatwhenitdissolves(溶解)inwater.Byapplyingpressure,theprocessgoesbackward,separatingthesaltoutandreleasingalargeamountofheat.Thistwo-waycycleenablescontinuouscoolingaspressureisappliedandreleasedinturn,makingitanidealoneforrefrigerationsystems.“Unliketraditionalcoolingmethods,theapproachintegratesthecoolingmaterialandheat-carryingmaterialintoasingleliquid,facilitatingheatconductivity.”Lisaid.Thisapproachsolveswhatscientistsdescribedasthe“impossibletriangle”,achievinglowemissions,highcoolingpower,andefficientheattransmissionallatonce.Laboratoryexperimentsdemonstratedexcellentresults.Atroomtemperature,themethodachievedatemperaturedropofnearly30℃injust20seconds,whileathighertemperaturesthecoolingreachedashighas54℃,farexceedingthatofexistingmethods.Anotherexperimentprovedtheprocess’stabilityandinstantresponsetopressurechanges—keyrequirementsforpracticalrefrigerationsystems.Liemphasizedthatthistechnologylaysfoundationforthecommercializationofpowerful,zero-emissionrefrigerationsystemsforindustrialandhomeuse,especiallythenext-generationartificialintelligencecomputingcenters.Headded,however,furthereffortsareneededforpracticalapplication,suchasbreakthroughsinengineeringpressure-tunedchanges.1．Whatisoneproblemoftraditionalcoolingsystems?A．Theyconsumemuchenergy.B．They’reusedinsmallscale.C．Theydependonsolidmaterials.D．Theyhavelowcoolingefficiency.2．Whatplaysakeyroleinsolvingthe“impossibletriangle”?A．Thesolid-statematerials.B．Thetwo-wayliquidcycle.C．Thepressure-tunedchanges.D．Thetraditionalcoolingmethod.3．Whatisthepurposeoflistingthedatainparagraph4?A．Toillustratetheprincipleofsolidcooling.B．Toexplaintheneedforlowcarbonemission.C．Toshowimpressiveeffectsofthenewmethod.D．Tocomparethedifferencesoftwoexperiments.4．Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．Salt-basedMethodsWorkWondersB．TraditionalCoolingMeetsitsLimitsC．AReportonEco-refrigerationIndustryD．ABreakthroughinCoolingTechnology【答案】1．A2．B3．C4．D【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项突破性的冷却技术。1．细节理解题。根据第一段“However,widelyusedvapor-compressioncoolingconsumesvastamountsofelectricityandgenerates7.8percentofthecountry’scarbonemissions.(然而，广泛使用的蒸汽压缩冷却消耗大量电力，并产生全国7.8%的碳排放。)”可知，传统冷却系统的一个问题是它们消耗大量能源。故选A。2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Thistwo-waycycleenablescontinuouscoolingaspressureisappliedandreleasedinturn,makingitanidealoneforrefrigerationsystems.(这种双向循环使压力在交替应用和释放时能够持续冷却，使其成为制冷系统的理想选择。)”和“Thisapproachsolveswhatscientistsdescribedasthe“impossibletriangle”,achievinglowemissions,highcoolingpower,andefficientheattransmissionallatonce.(这种方法解决了科学家们所说的“不可能三角”，即同时实现低排放、高冷却能力和高效热传导。)”可知，解决“不可能三角”的关键是双向液体循环。故选B。3．推理判断题。根据第四段“Laboratoryexperimentsdemonstratedexcellentresults.Atroomtemperature,themethodachievedatemperaturedropofnearly30℃injust20seconds,whileathighertemperaturesthecoolingreachedashighas54℃,farexceedingthatofexistingmethods.Anotherexperimentprovedtheprocess’stabilityandinstantresponsetopressurechanges—keyrequirementsforpracticalrefrigerationsystems.(实验室实验取得了优异的结果。在室温下，该方法在20秒内实现了近30℃的降温，而在较高温度下，降温幅度高达54℃，远远超过了现有方法。另一个实验证明了该过程的稳定性和对压力变化的即时响应——这是实际制冷系统的关键要求。)”可知，列出这些数据是为了展示新方法的显著效果。故选C。4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段“Theresearchteam,ledbyLiBing,aprofessorattheChineseAcademyofSciences’InstituteofMetalResearch,discoveredawaytobypassthislimitationbyintegratingsolidcoolingeffectswithliquidflow.(由中国科学院金属研究所教授卢磊领导的研究团队发现了一种方法，通过将固态冷却效应与液体流动相结合，绕过了这一限制。)”可知，文章主要介绍了一项突破性的冷却技术，该技术通过整合固体冷却效应和液体流动，解决了传统冷却方法中高能耗、高碳排放以及固体材料热传导效率低的问题，实现了低排放、高冷却能力和高效热传导的“不可能三角”，因此选项D“冷却技术的突破”最符合文章主旨，可作为文章标题。故选D。2.考查Findings/discoveries--evidence(experiment,result)--conclusion(application/evaluation)类研究报告1.（2026·广东汕头市普通高考第一次模拟）Whendangerapproaches,animalsseemtofollowtheancientproverb:“theenemyofmyenemyismyfriend.”Researchershavefoundsubtlewaysthatanimalscommunicatewithotherspeciesincooperativedefense.AstudyinNatureEcology&Evolutionreportedthatover20birdspeciesacrossfourcontinentsmakenearlyidenticalhigh-pitched(高音调的)“whining”callstowarnothersofbirdslikecuckoosnearby.Cuckoosarebroodparasites—theylayeggsinotherbirds’nests,oftenpushingoutthehosts’owneggs,totrickhostbirdsintoraisingtheirchicks.Accordingtoco-leadauthorJamesKennerley,thiscallworksasthewordfor“cuckoo”andappearstobeunderstoodacrossspecies,offeringcluesabouthowlanguagemayhaveoriginated.Birdsproducingthisalarmcalloftenliveinregionswithhighnumbersofbroodparasitesthattargetmultiplehostspecies.Hearingthecall,potentialhostsreactaggressivelytodrivetheinvadersaway.Toinvestigatefurther,WillFeeney’steamplayedrecordingsofsuchalarmcalls—originallyfrombirdsonothercontinents—topotentialhostbirdsinAustraliaandChina.Theyfoundthatthehostsrespondedjustasquicklytoforeignalarmcallsastotheirown.“Thisindicatesthatsoundhelpscommunicationbetweenspecies,notonlywithinonespecies,”explainsFeeney.Hesuggeststhatwhilemanybirdspeciesmayrespondtocertainalarmsounds,thoseinparasite-richareashaveadaptedthecalltocarryclearthreatinformation.Backin1871,CharlesDarwinsuggestedthatspokenlanguagemighthaveevolvedfromtheimitationandmodificationofinstinctive(本能的)sounds—forexample,ascreaminresponsetopain.Feeneynotes,“Birdschangingtheirbuilt-incallsforanewusecouldbeanearlystagetowardlanguage,somethingoncethoughtuniquelyhuman.”1．Howcananimalsofdifferentspeciescooperateindefense?A．Bycommunicatingfreely. B．Bypredictingdangerinadvance.C．Byfollowingtheoldroutine. D．Bymakingthesamesoundassignal.2．Whydobirdsmake“whining”callstowarnothersofcuckoos?A．Becausecuckoosaregoodatplayingtricks. B．Becausecuckoosstealeggsfromhosts’nests.C．Becausecuckooshaveawiderangeofspecies. D．Becausecuckoosmakehostscarefortheiryoung.3．Whatdoesparagraph4mainlytalkabout?A．Birdsuniversallyrecognizealarmcalls. B．Birdsignorerecordingsofalarmcalls.C．Birds’alarmcallsfunctionwithinspecies. D．Broodparasitestargetcertainhostspecies.4．WhydoestheauthormentionDarwininparagraph5?A．Toshowlanguageisstillevolving. B．Toprovehumanlanguageisunique.C．Tolinkbirdcallswithlanguageorigin. D．Toquestionthereliabilityofthestudy.【答案】1．D2．D3．A4．C【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍研究发现动物在面临危险时会与其他物种合作防御，如鸟类会发出几乎相同的高音调“呜呜”叫声来警告附近有像杜鹃这样的敌人，不同地区的鸟类对这种警报声都有快速反应，这一现象还与语言起源相关。1．细节理解题。根据第二段“AstudyinNatureEcology&Evolutionreportedthatover20birdspeciesacrossfourcontinentsmakenearlyidenticalhigh-pitched(高音调的)“whining”callstowarnothersofbirdslikecuckoosnearby.(《自然·生态与进化》杂志上的一项研究报告称，四大洲的20多种鸟类会发出几乎相同的高音调“呜呜”叫声，以警告附近有像杜鹃这样的鸟类)”以及第四段“Hesuggeststhatwhilemanybirdspeciesmayrespondtocertainalarmsounds,thoseinparasite-richareashaveadaptedthecalltocarryclearthreatinformation.(他指出，虽然许多鸟类可能会对某些警报声做出反应，但那些生活在寄生鸟类丰富地区的鸟类已经调整了叫声，使其携带明确的威胁信息)”可知，不同物种的动物可以通过发出相同的声音作为信号来进行合作防御。故选D项。2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Cuckoosarebroodparasites—theylayeggsinotherbirds’nests,oftenpushingoutthehosts’owneggs,totrickhostbirdsintoraisingtheirchicks.(杜鹃是巢寄生鸟类——它们在其他鸟类的巢中产卵，常常把宿主自己的蛋推出去，诱骗宿主鸟类养育它们的雏鸟)”可知，鸟类发出“呜呜”叫声警告杜鹃，是因为杜鹃会诱骗宿主鸟类照顾自己的幼鸟。故选D项。3．主旨大意题。根据第四段“Toinvestigatefurther,WillFeeney’steamplayedrecordingsofsuchalarmcalls—originallyfrombirdsonothercontinents—topotentialhostbirdsinAustraliaandChina.Theyfoundthatthehostsrespondedjustasquicklytoforeignalarmcallsastotheirown.(为了进一步研究，威尔·费尼的团队向澳大利亚和中国的潜在宿主鸟类播放了这种最初来自其他大陆鸟类的警报叫声录音。他们发现，宿主对外国警报叫声的反应和对自己同类的警报叫声一样迅速)”可知，鸟类普遍能识别警报叫声。故选A项。4．推理判断题。根据第五段“Backin1871,CharlesDarwinsuggestedthatspokenlanguagemighthaveevolvedfromtheimitationandmodificationofinstinctive(本能的)sounds—forexample,ascreaminresponsetopain.Feeneynotes,“Birdschangingtheirbuilt-incallsforanewusecouldbeanearlystagetowardlanguage,somethingoncethoughtuniquelyhuman.”(早在1871年，查尔斯·达尔文就提出，口语可能是从对本能声音的模仿和修改演变而来的——例如，对疼痛的尖叫。费尼指出：“鸟类改变其固有叫声以用于新用途，这可能是语言发展的早期阶段，而这曾被认为是人类独有的”)”可知，作者提到达尔文是为了将鸟类叫声与语言起源联系起来。故选C项。2.（2026·吉林省G35联合体第一次模拟）Toolusehaslongbeenobservedinanimalslikeprimates,birds,andelephants.However,documentedexamplesamongseacreaturesarefarrarer.Asurprisingdiscoveryhasnowrevealedthatanendangeredpopulationofkillerwhales,knownasthesouthernresidents,regularlyusestoolsforsocialgrooming(梳理),demonstratingabehaviorneverbeforeseeninoceananimals.ThisfindingwasmadebyaresearchteamconductingaerialobservationsofthesewhalesintheSalishSeabetweenBritishColumbiaandWashington.Thesouthernresidentkillerwhalesareacriticallyendangeredandculturallydistinctpopulationwithfewerthan80individualsremaining.Usingdrones(无人机),theteamobservedthewhalesbreakingoffpiecesofbullkelp(巨藻)tocreatetools.Theywouldthenpressthekelpagainstapartnerandrollitbetweentheirbodiesforextendedperiodsoftime.Thisactivityappearstobeaformofsocialgrooming.Thebehaviorwaswidespread,observedacrossallagegroups,bothsexes,anddifferentsocialunitswithinthepopulation.Thestudyfurtherrevealedthatthewhalesweremorelikelytogroomcloserelativesorpartnersofasimilarage.Researchersalsonotedthatindividualswithmoremoltingordeadskinseemedmorelikelytoparticipate,suggestingthebehaviormayserveacleaningfunctionbyhelpingtoremovedeadskin.Whatmakesthisdiscoveryparticularlyremarkableisthatthisbehaviorhadn’tbeendiscovereddespitenearlyfivedecadesofintensivestudyofthisspecificwhalepopulation.Theleadresearcherhighlightedthatthisunderscoresnotonlythepowerofnewobservationtechnologieslikedronesbutalsohowmuchthereisstilltolearnaboutthesecomplexanimals.Whileitisunclearifthisgroomingbehaviorisuniquetothisgrouporexistsinotherwhalepopulations,thediscoverysignificantlyexpandsourunderstandingoftooluseinthesea.Itshowsthattoolscanbeusedforsocialandcleaningpurposes,notjustforfindingfood.Ultimately,thisfindingaddsanewlayertoourappreciationofthesouthernresidents’uniquesocietyandculture,emphasizingthecriticalimportanceofongoingconservationeffortsforthisendangeredpopulation.1．Whatisthefeatureofkillerwhales?A．Theyhaveasmallpopulation.B．Theyrarelyengageinsocialinteractions.C．Theyareincreasinginnumber.D．Theyarespreadacrosstheworld’soceans.2．Whatcanbeconcludedaboutthewhales’kelp-groomingbehavior?A．Itislearnedfromhumans.B．Itisfoundineverywhalepopulation.C．Ithasapracticalfunction.D．Itexistsmainlyamongadultwhales.3．Whatwilltheresearchprobablyleadto?A．Lessattentiontowhalestudy.B．Moreexplorationofseaanimals.C．Stoppingtheprotectionofbullkelp.D．Ignoringotherwhalegroups.4．Whichisthebesttitleforthetext?A．BullKelp:Whales’FavoriteFood.B．KillerWhales:UnusualToolUsers.C．Drones:BestToolsforSeaStudy.D．EndangeredWhales:EatingHabits.【答案】1．A2．C3．B4．B【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍科研人员通过无人机发现濒危南方居留型虎鲸会用巨藻作为工具进行社交梳理，拓展了人类对海洋动物使用工具的认知。1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Thesouthernresidentkillerwhalesareacriticallyendangeredandculturallydistinctpopulationwithfewerthan80individualsremaining.(南方居留型虎鲸是极度濒危且具有独特文化的种群，现存数量不足80只。)”可知，这种虎鲸的特点是种群数量很少。故选A项。2．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Researchersalsonotedthatindividualswithmoremoltingordeadskinseemedmorelikelytoparticipate,suggestingthebehaviormayserveacleaningfunctionbyhelpingtoremovedeadskin.(研究人员还指出，蜕皮或死皮较多的个体似乎更倾向于参与这种行为，这表明该行为可能通过帮助去除死皮来起到清洁作用。)”可知，虎鲸用巨藻梳理的行为具有实际的功能。故选C项。3．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Theleadresearcherhighlightedthatthisunderscoresnotonlythepowerofnewobservationtechnologieslikedronesbutalsohowmuchthereisstilltolearnaboutthesecomplexanimals.(首席研究员强调，这不仅凸显了无人机等新型观测技术的强大作用，也表明我们对这些复杂动物仍有许多未知有待探索。)”可知，这项研究可能会促使人们对海洋动物进行更多的探索。故选B项。4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中的“Asurprisingdiscoveryhasnowrevealedthatanendangeredpopulationofkillerwhales,knownasthesouthernresidents,regularlyusestoolsforsocialgrooming(梳理),demonstratingabehaviorneverbeforeseeninoceananimals.(一项令人惊讶的发现表明，被称为南方居留型虎鲸的濒危种群会经常使用工具进行社交梳理，展现出一种海洋动物中前所未见的行为。)”可知，文章主要介绍虎鲸不同寻常的使用工具的行为，由此可知，“虎鲸：不同寻常的工具使用者”可以概括文章主题，最适合作为标题。故选B项。3.考查Phenomenon--analysis--conclusion类研究报告1.（2026届山东滨州市高三一模）Overthelast1,400years,populationsoftheYangtzefinlessporpoisehavedramaticallydeclinedinChina.Butintensivesurveysofitsrangeonlyspanthelastcoupleofdecades,leavinglotsofgapsinscientists’knowledgeofthespecies.Inacreativeblendofartandscience,anewstudyuseshistoricalpoetrytochartthecriticallyendangeredanimal’spopulationacrosstheriveritcallshome.ThefinlessporpoisesoncelivedthroughouttheentireYangtzeRiver,whichstretchesfromtheTibetanPlateautotheEastChinaSea.Now,theonlyknownfreshwaterporpoiseintheworldhasfewerthan1,800individualsleftinthewild.TheresearchteamcombedthroughdatabasesofChinesepoetrytofindreferencestotheporpoiseandmapitspastdistribution.Theyfound724poemsthatmentionedtheanimal,ofwhichhalfnotedwheretheporpoiseswereobserved.TheirfindingswerepublishedinCurrentBiology.“Havingaccesstopastdataallowsustodetectwhendeclinesbeganandcorrelatethosechangeswithpotentialthreatslikehabitatdestruction,climatechange,overhunting,diseaseortheintroductionofinvasivespecies,”saysleadauthorZhangYaoyao,anecologistattheChineseAcademyofSciences.Thepoemssuggesttheporpoise’srangehasdecreasedby65%sincetheTangdynasty.Mostofthatdeclinehappenedintheriver’stributariesandlakes,wheretheanimal’srangehasdecreasedby91%.Whilethepopulationdecreasewasmostlygradual,thesharpestdeclinehasoccurredoverthepast100years.Thatsuddendropalignswithhumanactivitiesontheriver,especiallydamconstructioninthe1950sthatblockedofftheporpoise'smovementtoandfromtheriver'smainchannel.Theworkhighlightstheconnectionbetweencultureandscience.“Poemsareactuallyancientcitizenscience,andmanyChinesepoetswere‘well-educatedintellectuals’,”saysZhang.“Thesedataarenotperfect...Buttheydohavealotofinformationifyouusethemcorrectly.”Thisapproachhaspotentialforuncoveringthepastsofotherendangeredspeciesaswell.Previously,scholarshaveusedmedievalandancienttextstounderstandthingslikevolcaniceruptions,aurorasandunusualwhales.1．Whatchallengedoscientistsfaceintheirresearchabouttheporpoise?A．Itspopulationhasdroppedoffdramatically.B．Locatingitshabitatsisincreasinglydifficult.C．Thelong-termhistoricaldataareinsufficient.D．Itspopulationishardtocalculateprecisely.2．Whatmainlycontributedtothedramaticfalloftheporpoise’spopulations?A．Poorresistancetodiseases. B．Climatechangesovertime.C．Humanimpactsonitshabitats. D．Competitionwithotherspecies.3．Whydoestheauthormention“volcaniceruptions”inthelastparagraph?A．Toshowmajorthreatstoendangeredwildlife.B．Tointroducechallengesinecologicalresearch.C．TorevealthewisdomofancientChinesepoets.D．Toprovethevalueofancienttextsinresearch.4．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．HistoricalPoems:RecordsofAncientChineseWildlifeB．citizenScience:ANewApproachtoProtectingAnimalsC．TheYangtzeFinlessPorpoise:ACriticallyEndangeredSpeciesD．AncientPoetry:ACreativeWaytoStudyEndangeredPorpoise【答案】1．C2．C3．D4．D【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家通过研究中国历史诗歌来追踪长江江豚的种群变化，揭示了其数量大幅下降的原因，并强调了这种跨学科研究方法的创新性和潜在应用价值。1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Butintensivesurveysofitsrangeonlyspanthelastcoupleofdecades,leavinglotsofgapsinscientists'knowledgeofthespecies.(但对其活动范围的密集调查仅覆盖了过去几十年，科学家对该物种的了解存在许多空白)”可知，科学家在研究长江江豚时面临的主要挑战是长期历史数据的不足。故选C项。2．细节理解题。根据第五段“Thatsuddendropalignswithhumanactivitiesontheriver,especiallydamconstructioninthe1950sthatblockedofftheporpoise'smovementtoandfromtheriver'smainchannel.(这一突然下降与河流上的人类活动相吻合，特别是20世纪50年代的水坝建设，阻碍了江豚进出主河道的活动)”可知，人类活动对江豚栖息地的影响是导致其数量急剧下降的主要原因。故选C项。3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Thisapproachhaspotentialforuncoveringthepastsofotherendangeredspeciesaswell.Previously,scholarshaveusedmedievalandancienttextstounderstandthingslikevolcaniceruptions,aurorasandunusualwhales.(这种方法也有可能揭示其他濒危物种的过去。此前，学者们曾利用中世纪和古代文献来了解火山爆发、极光和异常鲸鱼等现象)”可推知，作者提到“火山爆发”是为了证明古代文献在研究中的价值，说明这种方法不仅适用于江豚，还可以用于其他领域的研究。故选D项。4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Inacreativeblendofartandscience,anewstudyuseshistoricalpoetrytochartthecriticallyendangeredanimal'spopulationacrosstheriveritcallshome.(在一项艺术与科学的创造性结合中，一项新的研究利用历史诗歌来描绘这种极度濒危动物在其家园河流中的种群分布)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了科学家通过研究中国历史诗歌来追踪长江江豚的种群变化，揭示了其数量大幅下降的原因，并强调了这种跨学科研究方法的创新性和潜在应用价值。由此可知，D项“AncientPoetry:ACreativeWaytoStudyEndangeredPorpoise(古诗：研究濒危江豚的一种创造性方法)”最符合文章主旨，适合作标题。故选D项。2.（2026·河北承德市强基联盟高三一模）Afewweeksago,anarticlebyNathanHellerinTheNewYorkerindicated“theendoftheEnglishmajor”,examiningthetrendofdecliningEnglishdepartmentnationwideandtheculturalfactorsthatleadstudentsawayfromspendingfouryearswiththepassionforDickensandShakespeare.Likeeveryotherhumanities-loveronacollegecampusthatday,Iwassweptawayinthemasspanic.Mymajorwas,accordingtoareputableEnglish-major-lovedpublication,dead.HellerfocusedonArizonaStateUniversity(ASU)andHarvardUniversity,large“indicators”(highereducation.Iinitiallythoughtheignoredsmallliberalarts(文科)colleges,assumingEnglishmajorweresafeatAlleghenyCollege,wherestudentssupposedlycamefortheloveoflearning,notformiddlemanagementwhentheygraduate.Butdataruinedthishope:Alleghenyhad84Englishmajors(9%ofallmajors)inthespringsemesterof2003,butjust20(2.5%)now—a72%dropinabout20yearsmatchingthenationaltrend.Allegheny’swebsitefuelsoptimism,asking,“Whyputyourmindtojustonething?”anddefineitselfasa“safeplaceoflearning”,unlikeASU,whichseesdegreesascareersteppingstones,orHarvardwhere,accordingtoHeller,evenan“unusualmajor”findswork.YetcampusrealityinAlleghenydiffersStudentsgetlockedintomajorsearly,“mindovermajor”losestoclosed-offdepartments,andEnglishmajorsfearunemployment,thinkingtheywastedtimeandmoney.Weneedtorejectthecampus“disease”,Hellernoted—pressuringstudentstochoose“safeguardpathsanddismissinghumanitiesas“hobby-based”.Thewell-knownauthorKurtVonnegutremindedyouthattheartsmaynotbethebestwayto“makealiving”but“makelifemorebearable”and“makesoulgrow”.Noteverybodycanorshouldpursueadegreeinchemistry,butitisincreasinglycleartomethateverybodywouldbenefitfromspending20credithoursreading,thinkingaboutanddiscussingliterature.WhileEnglishmajorsmaydecline,theirlessonsliveon.AsthenovelistJonathanLethemwrote,“Timechangeandmenadapt.”Between“toobad”and“worst”,wecandobetter.1．WhatphenomenondidHellerpointoutaboutEnglishliterature?A．Students’fadingloveforit. B．Itslimitedresearchvisions.C．Students’confusionaboutit. D．Itsdecliningliteraryworks.2．Whydidtheauthor’shopeforAlleghenyCollegefade?A．Itclosedmostliberalartsmajors. B．Itvaluedcareertrainingmore.C．ItadmittedfewerEnglishmajors. D．Itcaredlessaboutstudents’likes.3．WhatcanbeinferredfromAllegheny’swebsite?A．IttriedtolearnfromHarvard. B．Itdidn’tmatchitsrealsituation.C．Itfailedtoensurestudents’safety. D．Itdidn’tpromotecriticalthinking.4．Whatdoestheauthoradvocateinthelastparagraph?A．Studentsshouldplanauniquelifejourney. B．SchoolsmustmakeEnglishmoreinviting.C．Studentsneedtosticktotheirownpurposes. D．Schoolsoughttolookbeyondpracticalvalues.【答案】1．A2．C3．B4．D【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了Heller在文章中指出全国英语专业衰落，作者以Allegheny学院为例印证此趋势，批判功利化校园风气，强调人文学科的价值。1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Afewweeksago,anarticlebyNathanHellerinTheNewYorkerindicated“theendoftheEnglishmajor”,examiningthetrendofdecliningEnglishdepartment