量子飞跃：量子未来中的赢家与输家

8June2026

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TheQuantumLeap:Winners&LosersintheQuantumfuture

ThisnoteisadeepdiveintoQuantumtechnologyandinparticularQuantumComputingandassessesdifferenttechnicalapproachesandtheplayingfield.

Quantumcomputingissettobecomethenextimportantstepincomputing.

Webelievethefutureofadvancedcomputingwillbeshapedbyatri-processor

architecturecomposedofCPUs,GPUs,andQPUs.Inthismodel,QuantumcomputingandQPUswillnotreplaceclassicalhardware(CPUsandGPUsintraditionalandAIservers)butoperateasaspecializedaccelerator,tightlyintegratedintoabroaderhybridquantum-classicalsystem.ThisissimilartohowGPUshavenotreplacedCPUs.

Howdoesquantumcomputingwork?Inquantumcomputing,oncephysicalqubitsarecreated,quantumalgorithmswillmanipulatethesequbitsthroughcarefullysequenced

operationsthatcreatesuperposition,entanglequbits,anduseinterferencetoamplify

correctoutcomeswhilecancelingincorrectones.Afterthiscontrolledevolution,thesystemismeasured,collapsingquantumstatesintoclassicalbitsthatencodethesolution.

Quantumcomputinghasattractedseveralbigtechcompaniesaswellas

specializedpureplays.Amongthebigtechcompanies,IBM(ratedMarket-Perform)isarguablytheleader,withGoogle,MicrosoftandIntelwithmeaningfulquantumcomputinginitiatives.Geographicallyweseesignificantactivityfromcompaniesandnational

governmentsinNorthAmerica,EuropeandChina.

Weanalyze6quantummodalitiesandseethreeapproachesasleadingcontendersfortheQuantumfuture:1)Superconducting,arguablytoday’smostcommercially

advancedandexecution-readytechnology,drivenbyrapiddevelopmentfromIBMand

Google.2)Trapped-ion,themodalityadoptedbythebiggestmarketcapquantumpureplayIONQ,offersthehighestprecisionandstability.Infineonistheleadingfoundryintrapped

ions,supplyingQPUstothelargestplayersinthissubsector;and3)Neutralatom,whichprovidesahighlyflexiblearchitecturecapableofscaling.Theotherapproacheswearewatchingcloselyinclude:Photonic,TopologicalandSiliconspin.

Realeconomicvalueinquantumcomputingislikelytobeunlockedonlyafter

quantumadvantageisachieved,whichisanticipatedtobearound2030.Toestimatetheimpliedmarketshareofcurrentquantumpureplays,wediscountanestimated$130bnTAMin2040,applySOXP/Emultipleof28x,andusea30%netmarginconsistentwith

maturetechpeers.Thisframeworkimpliesacombinedmarketshareofthe6publiclylistedpure-playsat24%,withIONQ(thelargestmarketcapofthesix)accountingfor~11%share.Theseresultsappearreasonableandsupportourassumptions.

However,isittooearlytocallwinnersandlosers?Giventhatthistechnologyissoearlystage,andwithsomecompaniesstillinsemi-stealthmode,webelieveitistooearlytoknowforsure.ForexamplePhotonics,TopologicalandSiliconspinshowpromisebutarefar

tooearly-stagetoassess.Furthermore,ouranalysisshowsthatquantumcomputingmaynotbeawinnertakesallindustry.Differentmodalitiesbringdistinctstrengthsandtradeoffs,whichshouldmakecertainarchitecturesbettersuitedforspecificusecases,

workloads,andtimehorizons.

SeetheDisclosureAppendixofthisreportforrequireddisclosures,analystcertificationsandotherimportantinformation.Alternatively,visitourGlobalResearchDisclosureWebsite.

FirstPublished:07Jun202623:14UTCCompletionDate:07Jun202623:14UTC

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BERNSTEINTICKERTABLE

5Jun2026

TTM

AdjustedEPSAdjustedP/E(x)

Ticker

Rating

Cur

Closing

Price

Target

Rel.

Perf.

Cur

2025A2026E2027E

Price

2025A2026E2027E

IBM(IBM)

IFX.GR(Infineon)

SPX

EDME

M

O

USD

EUR

284.84

74.427,383.74

1,544.13

280.00

74.00

(17.6)%

97.7%

USD

EUR

11.58

1.38

12.35

1.72

13.93

2.63

24.6

53.8

23.1

43.3

20.5

28.3

O-Outperform,M-Market-Perform,U-Underperform,NR-NotRated,CS-CoverageSuspendedSource:Bloomberg,Bernsteinestimatesandanalysis.

INVESTMENTIMPLICATIONS

WerateIBMMarket-Perform,PT=USD280.

WerateInfineonOutperform,PT=EUR74.

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TableOfContents

PartI.FutureofComputing-IntroducingtheTri-ProcessorArchitecture(CPU,GPU,QPU) 3

PartII:WhatisQuantumComputing?TheTechBasics 5

PartIII:WhataretheLeadingQuantumModalities? 7

PartIV:IntroducingtheMajorPlayersinQuantumComputing 13

PartV:QuantumAdvantageandRealEconomicValue 15

PartVI.QuantumTAMandValuation 16

PartVII.IsittooearlytocallWinnersandLosers? 18

DETAILS

PARTI.FUTUREOFCOMPUTING-INTRODUCINGTHETRI-PROCESSORARCHITECTURE(CPU,GPU,QPU)

Quantumcomputingissettobecomethenextimportantstepincomputing.Webelievethefutureofadvanced

computingwillbeshapedbyatri-processorarchitecturecomposedofCPUs,GPUs,andQPUs(seeExhibit1).Inthismodel,QuantumComputingandtheQPUdoesnotreplaceclassicalhardware(CPUsandGPUsintraditionalandAIservers).

Instead,itoperatesasaspecializedaccelerator,tightlyintegratedintoabroaderhybridquantum-classicalsystem.TasksaredynamicallydistributedacrosstheCPU,GPU,andQPUbasedonthenatureandcomplexityoftheworkload(Exhibit2).SimilartohowGPUs(andAIservers)didn’treplaceCPUs(andtraditionalservers)-rathertheyarecomplementaryandadditive;we

expectQuantumcomputingandQPUswillbecomplementaryandadditivetoclassicalcomputingmethods(CPUsandGPUsintraditionalandAIservers).

•TheCPUremainsthecommandcenterofthesystem,responsibleforexecutingsequentiallogicandhandling

complexbranchingoperations.Itoverseessystem-levelcoordination,includingmemoryallocationandinput-output

management,ensuringthatallcomponentsoperatecohesively.Inaddition,theCPUdecomposeslarge,complexproblemsintomanageablesub-tasksandintelligentlydetermineshowtodistributethesetasksacrosstheGPUandQPU,assigningeachportionoftheworkloadtotheprocessorbestsuitedforefficientexecution.

•TheGPUservesasthehigh-throughputworkhorseforclassicalparallelism,excellingatlarge-scaletensor

operationsandintensivenumericalcomputation.Itplaysacentralroleinpoweringmachinelearningworkflows,

includingtraining,inference,andoptimizationpipelines.Inahybridarchitecture,theGPUalsopreparesandtransformsdatabeforeitissenttotheQPU,ensuringitisinthecorrectformforquantumexecution.Whendirectaccesstoquantumhardwareislimited,theGPUcansimulatequantumcircuitstoapproximatebehaviorandtestalgorithms.Additionally,itcontributestothereliabilityofhybridcomputationsbyperformingerrormitigation,calibration,andverificationofQPU

outputs,actingasacrucialbridgebetweenclassicalandquantumprocessing.

•TheQPUwilltackleproblemsthatarefundamentallyintractableforclassicalsystemsduetotheirexponential

complexity.Itexcelsatsolvingoptimizationchallengeswithvastcombinatorialsearchspacesandsimulatingquantum

systemssuchasmoleculesandadvancedmaterialsatalevelofdetailbeyondclassicalcapabilities.Byexecutingspecializedquantumalgorithms-includingvariationalcircuits,theQuantumApproximateOptimizationAlgorithm(QAOA),andShor-typeroutines-theQPUcanexplorecomplexsolutionlandscapesthatclassicalprocessorscannotefficientlynavigate,offeringapowerfultoolforaddressingsomeofthehardestcomputationalproblems.

IBMistheprimarydriverofthishybridparadigm.Theyexplicitlyrejecttheideaofquantumasastandalonesystem.Theyhave

formalizedthisunderaconcepttheycallQuantum-CentricSupercomputing,withreferencedesignprovidedinMarch

2026,whichmapsoutaunifiedenvironmentdividingthecomputetiersacrosshigh-speedconnections(likeUltraEthernet

andNVQLink).Onthesoftwarefront,IBMreliesonQiskit,theiropen-sourcesoftwaredevelopmentkit.Whenadeveloper

writescodeinPythonusingQiskit,theQiskitCompilerautomaticallytargetsthedifferentexecutionconstraints.Itparsesthe

developer'shigh-levelintents,mapsthetraditionalprogrammingloopstothelocalCPU/GPUcluster,andcompilesthecomplex

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abstractmathdirectlyintotargetedhardwareinstructionsforthephysicalqubits.

NVIDIA'sNVQLinkestablishesanopen,hardware-agnosticplatformarchitecturethatdirectlyconnectsGPU-accelerated

serverswiththird-partyQuantumProcessingUnits(QPUs),enablingtheQPUtooperateasanativeco-processorwithinthe

samerack.Onthesoftwarefront,NVIDIAprovidesthearchitecturalallocationlayerthroughCUDA-Q.Thissingle-source

programmingframeworkallowsdeveloperstowriteunifiedC++orPythoncode,usingitsbuilt-incompilertoautomaticallysplitworkloads—offloadingmassiveAItensoroperationstotheGPU,systemlogictotheCPU,andcomplexcombinatorialalgorithmsstraighttotheQPU.

EXHIBIT1:TheTri-ProcessorArchitecture

Source:Bernsteinanalysis

EXHIBIT2:CPU,GPU,QPUarchitecture,usecasecomparison

Dimension

CPU

GPU

QPU

Coreconcept

Afewpowerfulcoresoptimizedforsequential,general-purposelogic

Thousandsofsimplercoresoptimizedformassivelyparallelarithmetic

Qubitsexploitingsuperposition&entanglementtoexploremanystatesatonce

Architecture

Lowcorecount(4–64),largecaches,complexcontrollogic,highclock

speeds

Veryhighcorecount(thousands),SIMD/SIMTexecution,highmemorybandwidth

Qubits(gate-basedorannealing);requirescryogeniccooling/errorcorrection

Bestat

Branchinglogic,decision-making,low-latencysingle-threadedtasks

Doingthesameoperationacrosshugedatasetsinparallel

Specificproblemclasseswith

exponential/combinatorialcomplexity

Computemodel

Deterministic,serial→moderateparallelism

Deterministic,throughput-orientedparallelism

Probabilistic;resultsobtainedfromrepeatedmeasurement(sampling)

Parallelism

Lowtomoderate

Extremelyhigh(dataparallelism)

Quantumparallelism(fundamentallydifferent—notjust"morecores")

Tasksbest

addressed

OS/applicationlogic,databases,

businesssoftware,controlflow,I/Oorchestration

Deeplearningtraining/inference,graphicsrendering,simulations,matrix/vectormath,cryptomining

Quantumchemistry/materialssimulation,certainoptimization,factoring,quantumsampling/MLresearch

Best-fitusecases

Runningoperatingsystems,web/appservers,transactionalsystems,

spreadsheets,generaleverydaycomputing

AI/ML,scientificcomputing(CFD,weather,moleculardynamics),

video/3Drendering,large-scaledataanalytics

Molecular&drugdiscovery,advancedmaterials,portfolio/logisticsoptimization,cryptography

research,R&D(largelyexperimentaltoday)

Source:Bernsteinanalysis

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EXHIBIT3:Quantum-classicalworkflow

Source:IBM

PARTII:WHATISQUANTUMCOMPUTING?THETECHBASICS

Inquantumcomputing,oncephysicalqubitsarecreated,quantumalgorithmswillmanipulatethesequbitsthroughcarefullysequencedoperationsthatcreatesuperposition,entanglequbits,anduseinterferencetoamplifycorrectoutcomeswhilecancelingincorrectones.Afterthiscontrolledevolution,thesystemismeasured,whichcollapsesthequantumstatesintoclassicalbitsthatencodethesolution.Ifquantumcomputingcanbecomepowerfuland

stableenough,theiruniquecomputationalpowerwillsolveproblemsthatarebeyondthecapabilitiesoftoday'ssupercomputers.

Superposition:Quantumcomputingdiffersfundamentallyfromclassicalcomputingbecauseitsbasicunit,thequbit,canexistinsuperposition,representingmultiplestatessimultaneously,ratherthanasinglebinary0or1likeinclassicalcomputing.Thisallowsquantumcomputingtohaveamuchlargercomputationalspaceandexploremanypossiblesolutionsatthesametime,whereasclassicalcomputingevaluatesthemsequentially.

Entanglementlinksqubits,sotheirstatesaredefinedjointlyratherthanindependently,allowingquantumalgorithmstoencoderelationshipsandconstraintsbetweenvariablesthatguideinterferencetowardvalidsolutions,whichclassicalcomputersmusttrackexplicitlyandoftenlessefficientlyforcertainproblems.

Interferenceallowsquantumalgorithmstoamplifycorrectsolutionsandsuppressincorrectonesbycontrollinghow

probabilityamplitudescombine.Throughcarefullydesignedsequencesofoperations,amplitudesassociatedwithvalid

outcomesreinforceeachother,whilethoselinkedtoinvalidoutcomescancelout.Thisreshapingoftheprobabilitydistributionensuresthat,uponmeasurement,thecorrectoroptimalsolutionisobservedwithhigherlikelihoodthanunderclassical

computingforcertainproblems.

Measurementisthefinalstepinquantumcomputation,wherethequantumstateisobservedandcollapsesintoaclassicaloutputthatcanbereadbyconventionalcomputers.Becausequantuminformationisinherentlyprobabilistic,asingle

measurementyieldsthemostlikelyoutcomedrawnfromtheprobabilitydistribution.Byrepeatingthecomputationmultipletimes,theoptimalsolutionemergesstatistically.

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Keypotentialusecasesforquantumcomputinginclude:

•Materialscienceandchemistry:simulatingmoleculesandreactionsfordrugdiscovery,catalysts,andnewmaterials

•Optimizationproblems:logistics,scheduling,portfoliooptimization,andsupplychainrouting

•Cryptographyandsecurity:breakingorstrengtheningencryptionschemes

•MachinelearningandAI:acceleratingspecificlinearalgebraandsamplingtasks

•Financialmodeling:riskanalysisandMonte-Carlosimulationswherethesetofpossibilitiesexplodeexponentially.EXHIBIT4:IBMSystemTwo

Source:Companywebsite

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PARTIII:WHATARETHELEADINGQUANTUMMODALITIES?

Quantumcomputingiscurrentlybeingpursuedthroughseveralhardwareapproaches,eachbasedonadifferentphysicalsystemforcreatingandcontrollingqubits,andeachwithitsownstrength,limitation,andmaturitycurve.

Theleadingmodalitiestodayinclude:

•Superconducting,whichhasfastgatespeed,scalability,anddominatesnear-termcommercialroadmaps;

•Trapped-ion,knownforexceptionalstabilitybutslowerspeed;

•Neutral-atomarrays,demonstratinghighqubitcountsbutdifficulttoachievehighfidelitygates;

•Photonic,anearly-stagetechnologyusingopticalcomponents;

•Topologicalqubits,ahigh-risk,high-rewardpathtargetinginherentlystablequantuminformation;and

•Siliconspinqubitshavethepotentialfordenseintegrationofqubitsandcontrolelectronics,butareslowerandhardertocontrolsincetheyrelyonmanipulatingthespinoftinyelectrons.

Together,thesesixapproachescapturethecoretechnologicallandscapeshapingthequantumcomputingindustry.WebelieveSuperconducting,Trapped-ion,andNeutral-atomaretheleadingcontendersfortheQuantumfuture-moredetailsbelow.

EXHIBIT5:QuantumComputingModalities

Modality

Technology

Pros

Cons

MajorPlayers

Superconducting

Metalcircuitsonachiparecooledtoabsolute

zero,andmicrowavepulsesputthecircuitinto

aquantumstateandreaditout

Fastgatespeedsandhighqubitcounts;

leveragesexistingmicroelectronic

lithography.

Shortcoherenceandhighsensitivityto

noise;requiresextremecryogenic

cooling(~10-20mK);wiringand

crosstalkmakescalingharder

IBM,Google,

Rigetti,D-Wave

(annealing),IQM

Trapped-ion

Singlechargedatomsfloatinavacuum,heldby

electricfields.Lasersormicrowavesseteach

ion'sstate,andtheions'sharedmotionisused

toentanglethem

Identicalnaturalionsensurehighqubitquality;longcoherencetimesandextremelyhighgatefidelities.

Slowergatespeedsthan

superconducting;complexlaser/optical

controlsystemshinderscaling.

IonQ

Photonic

Thequbitismadefromlight.Thequantum

stateisstoredinaphoton'spath,polarization,

orarrivaltime,andopticalpartssteerand

measureit

Veryfastoperations;photonsresist

decoherencewell;goodfornetworking

andmodularscale;mostlycanrunnear

roomtemperature

Photonlossisamajorproblem;high-

fidelityphotongeneration/detectionare

hard;somedetectorsstillneed

cryogenics

PsiQuantum,

Xanadu,Quantum

ComputingInc.,

ORCAComputing

Neutral-atom

Neutralatomsareheldinplacebylaser

tweezersinavacuum.Laserspreparetheir

states,movethemaround,andbrieflyexcite

nearbyatomssotheybecomeentangled

Strongscalingpotential,longcoherence

times

Gatesareslowerthansuperconducting;

fidelityisimprovingfastbuttrails

trapped-ions,largeopticalcontrol

setupsarecomplex

QuEra,Pasqal,

infeqtion,Atom

Computing

Topological

Thegoalistostorequantuminformationina

protectedpatternofspecialquasiparticles

calledMajoranazeromodesinnanowires,

insteadofonefragilelocalstate

Ifitworks,itcouldgivebuilt-inerror

protection(Majoranaquasiparticles),

bettercoherence/fidelity,andcompact

scaling.

Highesttechnicaldifficulty;

materialsscienceislargely

unprovenatscaleandremains

experimental.

Microsoft

SiliconSpin

Aqubitisthespinofoneelectrontrappedin

silicon,usuallyinsideatinyquantumdotor

aroundasingleatom.Voltagesplus

microwave/electricpulsessetandreadthespin

state

Extremelysmallfootprint(high

density);potentialforbillion-qubit scaleonasinglechipusingmaturesemiconductorinfra;longcoherence

Strictfabricationtolerancesand

decoherencefrommaterial

impurities;currentlyinearlier

development.

Intel,Diraq,Silicon

Quantum

Computing

Source:Companywebsites,Bernsteinanalysis

Superconductingqubitsistoday’smostcommerciallyadvancedandexecution-readytechnology,drivenbyrapid

developmentfromIBMandGoogle.Thesesystemsusetinyelectricalcircuitscoolednearabsolutezero,allowingelectronstobehavelikequbits.Then,thequbitsaremanipulatedusingpreciselyshapedmicrowavepulses.Theappealisstraightforward:superconductingqubitsarefast,canbefabricatedwithsemiconductor-styleprocesses,andalreadysupportmulti-

qubitprocessorsinthehundreds.Becausesuperconductingchipscanbeproducedusingmodifiedsemiprocesses,it

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enablesfastergenerationoflarger,morecomplexprocessors.However,superconductingisrelativelyunstablebecauseitisaquantumstatethatonlysurviveswhentheenvironmenttemperatureandnoiselevelareverylow.Whileunstable,industryleaderslikeIBMandGooglecompensatethroughfastergates,deeperengineeringtalent,andthemostmaturehardware-

softwarestacksinthemarket.

Superconductinghardwareunderpinsasecond,morespecializedquantummodelknownasquantumannealing,whichisoptimizedforsolvinglarge-scaleoptimizationproblemsratherthanrunninggeneralquantumalgorithms.Quantumannealers,mostnotablyD-Wavesystems,usesuperconductingfluxqubitsarrangedinanenergylandscapethatthemachinegradually“anneals”tofindlow-energysolutions.EventhoughQuantumannealingismodel-agnosticintheory,itisonlyimplementedonsuperconductinginpractice.

Trapped-ionqubitsofferthehighestprecisionandstabilityintheindustry,thoughthearchitecturefacesslower

operationalspeedandscalinghurdles.Theapproachtrapsindividualchargedatomsinelectromagneticfieldsand

manipulatesthemwithlasers.Becauseatomsarenaturallyidenticalandexceptionallystable,thisplatformachieveslong

coherencetimesandindustry-leadinggatefidelity,whicharecriticalmetricsforerrorcorrection.Thetrade-offisslower

operationandmorecomplexopticalsystemswhichmakesscalingmoredifficult,buttrapped-ionplayersdeliverthemost

reliablequbitsavailabletoday.Trapped-ionisthemodalityadoptedbythebiggestmarketcapquantumpureplay,IONQ.Infineonistheleadingfoundryintrappedions,supplyingQPUstothelargestplayersinthissubsector.

Neutral-atomplatformsprovideahighlyflexiblearchitecturecapableofscaling,thoughfidelityatscaleremains

achallenge.Thesesystemsuselaserstoholdandrepositionindividualatomsinoptical“tweezers”,allowingrapid

rearrangement.Neutral-atomhardwarehasdemonstratedimpressivequbitcountsandpotentialforquantumsimulation

workloads.Themainchallengeisachievingconsistentlyhigh-fidelitygatesatscale,ascomplexopticalsetupsintroducenoiseandcalibrationdemands.Whilepromising,neutral-atomsystemsstilltrailtheindustrymaturity.

Photonicquantumcomputingofferslong-termscalabilitypotentialthroughroom-temperatureoperation,but

thecorebuildingblocksarestillearly-stage.Usingsinglephotonsroutedthroughopticalcircuits(e.g.beamsplitters,

mirrors,phaseshifters,etc.),photonicsystemsavoidcoolingneedsandalignnaturallywithsiliconphotonicmanufacturing.Thispositionsthetechnologyforeventualmassproductionifkeycomponents,suchasdeterministicsingle-photonsourcesand

high-fidelitygates,reachmaturity.However,sincephotonsnaturallydonotinteractwitheachother,errorratesremainhighduetoprobabilisticphotongeneration,photonloss,andimperfectinterference.Today,errorratesandcomponentconstraintskeepphotonicearlierstagerelativetosuperconductingsystemsandtrapped-ions.

Topologicalqubitsrepresentahigh-upsidebuthighlyexperimentalpath,targetingqubitsthatwouldbenaturally

resistanttonoiseandfareasiertocorrect.Thisapproachseekstoleverageexoticquasiparticles,suchasMajoranamodes,toencodeinformationinawaythatisfundamentallyprotectedfromenvironmentalerrors.EachMajoranaiseffectively“half”

anelectron,andtwohalvescanpairuptostorequantuminformationinawaythatnaturallyprotectsitfromnoise.Ifrealized,topologicalqubitscoulddramaticallyreducetheoverheadneededforfault-tolerantcomputing.However,theunderlying

physicsremainsunprovenatscale,makingthisthemostspeculativeofthemajortechnologies.Fornow,topologicaleffortsremainlong-durationR&D,whilesuperconductingandothermodalitiescontinuetoadvancemorequickly.

Siliconspinqubitsstorequantuminformationinthespinofsingleelectronstrappedintinysiliconstructures,usingelectricalsignalstocontrolthem.Becausetheyarebuiltonsilicon,thisapproachcouldeventuallyscaleusingfamiliarchip-manufacturingtechniquesandallowdenseintegrationofqubitsandcontrolelectronics.However,siliconspinqubitsareslowerandhardertocontrolbecausetheyrelyonmanipulatingthespinofindividualelectrons,anextremelysmallanddelicatesignal,makingoperationsmoresensitivetonoiseandfabricationimperfections.Thismeanssiliconspinqubitsisalonger-termbet

ratherthananear-termcommercialsolution.

Weviewsuperconducting,trapped-ion,andneutral-atomarchitecturesasthemostadvancedquantummodalitiestoday,giventheirstrongertechnicalprogress,ecosystemsupport,andearlycommercialtraction.Still,itistooearlytocallaclearwinner,andwewouldnotruleoutphotonics,topological,orsilicon-spinapproaches,especiallygivenrapidinnovationinquantumcomputingandlimitedmilestonedisclosurefromprivatecompanies.

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EXHIBIT6:Superconductingquantuminformationprocessor

Source:Gambetta,J.M.,Chow,J.M.&Steffen,M.Buildinglogicalqubitsinasuperconductingquantumcomputingsystem.npjQuantumInf3,2(2017).

https://

/10.1038/s41534-016-0004-0

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EXHIBIT7:SchematicofIonQtrappedionquantumprocessor

Source:IonQcompanywebsite,

/news/february-10-2022-duke-ionq-new-qc-gate

EXHIBIT8:Siliconquantumphotonicprocessor

Source:R.Santagati,J.Wang,et.