2025年法国光伏发电应用全国调查报告

Task1 StrategicPVAnalysisandOutreach

PVPS

NationalSurveyReportofPVPowerApplicationsinFrance

2025

Task1–NationalSurveyReportofPVPowerApplicationsinFrance2025

WhatisIEAPVPSTCP?

TheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA),foundedin1974,isanautonomousbodywithintheframeworkoftheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD).TheTechnologyCollaborationProgramme(TCP)wascreatedwithabeliefthatthefutureofenergysecurityandsustainabilitystartswithglobalcollaboration.Theprogrammeismadeupof6.000expertsacrossgovernment,academia,andindustrydedicatedtoadvancingcommonresearchandtheapplicationofspecificenergytechnologies.

TheIEAPhotovoltaicPowerSystemsProgramme(IEAPVPS)isoneoftheTCP’swithintheIEAandwasestablishedin1993.Themissionoftheprogrammeisto“enhancetheinternationalcollaborativeeffortswhichfacilitatetheroleofphotovoltaicsolarenergyasacornerstoneinthetransitiontosustainableenergysystems.”Inordertoachievethis,theProgramme’sparticipantshaveundertakenavarietyofjointresearchprojectsinPVpowersystemsapplications.TheoverallprogrammeisheadedbyanExecutiveCommittee,comprisedofonedelegatefromeachcountryororganisationmember,whichdesignatesdistinct‘Tasks,’thatmayberesearchprojectsoractivityareas.

TheIEAPVPSparticipatingcountriesareAustralia,Austria,Belgium,Canada,China,Denmark,Finland,France,Germany,India,Israel,Italy,Japan,Korea,Lithuania,Malaysia,Morocco,theNetherlands,Norway,Portugal,SouthAfrica,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,Thailand,Türkiye,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStatesofAmerica.TheEuropeanCommission,SolarPowerEuropeandtheSolarEnergyResearchInstituteofSingaporearealsomembers.

Visitusat:

WhatisIEAPVPSTask1?

TheobjectiveofTask1oftheIEAPhotovoltaicPowerSystemsProgrammeistopromoteandfacilitatetheexchangeanddisseminationofinformationonthetechnical,economic,environmentalandsocialaspectsofPVpowersystems.Task1activitiessupportthebroaderPVPSobjectives:tocontributetocostreductionofPVpowerapplications,toincreaseawarenessofthepotentialandvalueofPVpowersystems,tofostertheremovalofbothtechnicalandnon-technicalbarriersandtoenhancetechnologyco-operation.AnimportantdeliverableofTask1istheannual“Trendsinphotovoltaicapplications”report.Inparallel,NationalSurveyReportsareproducedannuallybyeachTask1participant.ThisdocumentisthecountryNationalSurveyReportfortheyear2025.InformationfromthisdocumentwillbeusedasinputtotheannualTrendsinphotovoltaicapplicationsreport.

Authors

MainContent:KathiaTerzi(Observ’ER),FrédéricTuillé(Observ’ER)

Data:SDES,RTE,ODRÉ,ADEME,CRE,Observ’ER

Analysis:KathiaTerzi(Observ’ER),FrédéricTuillé(Observ’ER)

DISCLAIMER

TheIEAPVPSTCPisorganisedundertheauspicesoftheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)butisfunctionallyandlegallyautonomous.Views,findingsandpublicationsoftheIEAPVPSTCPdonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsorpoliciesoftheIEASecretariatoritsindividualmembercountries

COPYRIGHTSTATEMENT

Thiscontentmaybefreelyused,copiedandredistributed,providedappropriatecreditisgiven(pleaserefertothe‘SuggestedCitation’).Theexceptionisthatsomelicensedimagesmaynotbecopied,asspecifiedintheindividualimagecaptions.

SUGGESTEDCITATION

Terzi,K.,Tuillé,F.(2026),NationalSurveyReportofPVPowerApplicationsinFrance2025.IEAPVPSTask1./national_survey/nsr-france-2025/

COVERPICTURE

Cahuzac-sur-Adoursolarpark,inauguratedinNovember2025

©QENERGY

INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYPHOTOVOLTAICPOWERSYSTEMSPROGRAMME

NationalSurveyReportof

PVPowerApplicationsinFrance2025

IEAPVPS

Task1

StrategicPVAnalysis&Outreach

August–2026

ISBN:978-1-923734-10-4DOI:10.69766/FEAF6408

TABLEOFCONTENTS

Acknowledgements 5

Highlights 6

InstallationData 7

ApplicationsforPhotovoltaics 7

Totalphotovoltaicpowerinstalled 8

KeyenablersofPVdevelopment 13

CompetitivenessofPVelectricity 14

Moduleprices 14

Systemprices 15

CostbreakdownofPVinstallations 17

FinancialParametersandspecificfinancingprograms 19

Specificinvestmentsprograms 19

MerchantPV/PPA/CPPA 21

AdditionalCountryinformation 21

PolicyFramework 22

NationaltargetsforPV 23

DirectsupportpoliciesforPVinstallations 24

Self-consumptionmeasures 26

Collectiveself-consumption,communitysolarandsimilarmeasures 28

Tenders,auctions&similarschemes 30

Otherutility-scalemeasuresincludingfloatingandagriculturalPV 32

Indirectpolicyissues 32

Financingandcostofsupportmeasures 34

Gridintegrationpolicies 35

Industry 39

Productionofingotsandwafers(crystallinesiliconindustry) 39

Productionofphotovoltaiccellsandmodules 39

Manufacturingprojects 42

Manufacturersandsuppliersofothercomponents 42

Recycling 43

PVInTheEconomy 44

Labourplaces 44

Businessvalue 45

InterestFromElectricityStakeholders 46

Structureoftheelectricitysystem 46

Interestfromelectricityutilitybusinesses 46

Interestfrommunicipalitiesandlocalgovernments 47

Prospects 48

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ThispaperreceivedvaluablecontributionsfromPaulKAAIJK,ADEMEValbonne.

SpecialthanksareduetoEnerplanfortheirhelpinpreparingthesystempricessubsection.

HIGHLIGHTS

France’sphotovoltaicmarketreachedanewrecordin2025.Around7.4GWDC(6.1GWAC)ofnewcapacitywereconnectedduringtheyear,comparedwiththepreviousrecordof6.0GWDCin2024.Cumulativeinstalledcapacityreachedapproximately37.6GWDC(31.3GWAC)attheendof2025.ThephotovoltaicsectorhasbecomethelargestinFranceintermsofinstalledcapacityamongallrenewableelectricitysources.Solargenerationalsoincreased(37.0TWh,+46%comparedwith2024)andcovered7.3%ofnationalelectricityconsumption.

However,therecordlevelofannualadditionsdidnotreflectuniformgrowthacrossallmarketsegments.Thestructureofannualadditionsremainedbroadlystableforinstallationsabove500kW,whichaccountedforaroundonethirdofnewlyconnectedcapacityinboth2024and2025.The9kWto36kWsegmentalsoremainedunchangedat4%,whilethe36kWto100kWsegmentdecreasedonlyslightly,from8%to7%.ThemainchangesoccurredinthesegmentsmostdirectlyexposedtotherevisionoftheS21supportframework.Theresidentialsegmentbelow9kWfellsharply,from20%ofannualadditionsin2024to12%in2025,followingthereductioninsupportlevelsandtheremovalofthefull-exportoption.Theshareofthe100kWto500kWsegmentincreasedfrom36%to44%,reflectingarushofprojectsbeforethissegmentwasexcludedfromtheopen-accessS21feed-intariffandshiftedtoasimplifiedtenderingscheme.

Despiteitsstrongmarketperformance,thephotovoltaicsectorfacedalesssupportivepolicyenvironment.InMarch2025,theS21feed-intariffframeworkforPVsystemsupto500kWinstalledonbuildingswasrevised.Forinstallationsupto9kW,thefull-exportoptionwasremoved,whiletheself-consumptionpremiumandthetariffpaidforsurpluselectricityweresignificantlyreduced.Thelatterdroppedfrom0.127EUR/kWhinQ42024to0.04EUR/kWhinQ42025.Forthe100kWto500kWsegment,theopen-accessfeed-intariffwasphasedoutandreplacedbyasimplifiedcompetitivetenderingscheme.Only43.5MWwereawardedinthefirstperiodofthesimplifiedtender,comparedwiththe192MWinitiallyopenedtocompetition.

Throughout2025,thePVsectoralsofacedalackofvisibilityregardingFrance’slong-termenergyplanning.SeveraldraftsofthethirdMultiannualEnergyPlan(ProgrammationPluriannuelledel’Energie–PPE3)circulatedduringtheyear,withprogressivelylessambitioustargetsforphotovoltaics.ThePPE3wasfinallypublishedinFebruary2026,afterathree-yeardelay.Itsetatargetof48GWACofinstalledphotovoltaiccapacityby2030and55–80GWACby2035.

INSTALLATIONDATA

ThePVpowersystemsmarketisdefinedasthemarketofallnationallyinstalled(terrestrial)PVapplicationswithaPVcapacityof40Wormore.APVsystemconsistsofmodules,inverters,batteriesandallinstallationandcontrolcomponentsformodules,invertersandbatteries.Otherapplicationssuchassmallmobiledevicesarenotconsideredinthisreport.

Forthepurposesofthisreport,PVinstallationsareincludedinthe2025statisticsifthePVmoduleswereinstalledandconnectedtothegridbetween1Januaryand31December2025,althoughcommissioningmayhavetakenplaceatalaterdate.

Datacollectionincludesinformationonstoragecapacity,andtheinjectiontypeisnowcollectedbyEnedis(totalorpartialself-consumption,fullgenerationsales).

OfficialstatisticsreporttheACpowerofphotovoltaicfields,despiteeligibilityforFeed-inTariffsandTendersupportmechanismsbeingindicatedinpeakDCpowerthresholds.ItmaybeusefulforthereadertoknowthattheaveragegenerationacrossFranceis1100kWh/kW.SystemsinstalledinthesouthernhalfofmainlandFrancewillgeneratemore,upto1550kWh/kWp,andinoverseasterritoriesuptoandover1700kWh/kWp.Forthepurposesofthisreport,allACdatahasbeenconvertedtoDCpower,withastandardratioof1,2(ACtoDC)unlessotherwisespecified.Intheparticularsegmentofutilityscalesystems,somedataisavailableonbothDCandACpowerandthereportedDCpowerhasbeenused.

ApplicationsforPhotovoltaics

ThemajorityofphotovoltaicapplicationsinFrancein2025aregrid-connected:

Residential(houseandmulti-apartment)systems.Thesesystemstendtorangefromoneortwomoduleswithself-consumptionthroughtostandard3kW,6kWor9kWsystems.Aroundhalfofthecurrenttotalcapacitywasinstalledduringthe2009/2011”boom”andisbuildingintegrated–however,since2017,newcapacityisonlybuildingappliedPV;

Commercial,agriculturalorindustrialsystemsonbuildings(36kWto250kWACoraround300kWDC).Asmallproportion(3%oftotalnewcapacity)aresystemsbetween9kWand36kW,generallyonpublicbuildingssuchastownhalls,primaryschoolsortechnicalservicesbuildings;

Industrialbuildingmountedorparkingcanopysystems(250kWto1MW);

Utilityscalegroundmountedsystems(over1MW).

Smallbutgrowingsegmentsincludemicro(balcony)kits,agrivoltaicsandfloatingPV.

Averysmallamountofoffgridsystemshasbeeninstalledinoverseasterritories(Guiana,etc.)orinmainlandmountainousareasbutthereisnosurveyaboutthatkindofsystems.

Totalphotovoltaicpowerinstalled

Centralised:anyPVinstallationwhichonlyinjectselectricityandisnotassociatedwithaconsumer(noself-consumption)over1MW;

Decentralised:anyPVinstallationwhichisembeddedintoacustomer’spremises(eitherwithorwithoutself-consumption)under1MW.

CumulativePVinstalledcapacityasoftheendof2025reached31323MW(ACorinverterpower)orroughly37.6GWDC(modulepower).

Datacollectionprocess

DatasuppliedbyalltransmissionanddistributiongridmanagersisaggregatedandpublishedbytheSDES:ServicedelaDonnéeetdesEtudesStatistiques,MinistryfortheEcologicalandInclusiveTransition.Dataissegmentedbysystemssize(<3kW,<9kW,<36kW,<100kW,

<250kW,<500kWandabove500kW).Thedatais5%accurate.

CapacitydatapublishedbytheSDESandintheNationalregisterofelectricitygenerationandstoragefacilitiesisgivenastheACpowerofsystems.ThemainDSOEnedisdoesnotspecifyifthedataisDCorAC,butitdoestendtocorrespondtoACpower,withthecapacityoftotalself-consumptionsystemsbeingunknown.IfthedifferencebetweentheDCandACreportedpowerinthepastwasnotconsequent,thedivergenceisnowincreasing,particularlyconsideringthecurrentworld-widetrendtoincreasetheDC/AC(modulepowertoinverterpower)ratio.Seeintroductorynotesontheconversionfactors.

Forthepurposesofthisreport,wehaveconsideredthefollowinghypothesesfordatacollectedin2025:

Gridconnecteddistributed(decentralised)systems:

Residential:upto9kW-nodatawasavailableconcerningthesplitBIPV/BAPVfornewsystemsfrom2017to2022,theBIPVvolumeswiththebonusFeed-intariffsarepresumedtobethemaximumallowedvolumesinthefeedintariffsfor2022and2023butdonotincludebespokeBIPV;

Commercial:allsystems9kWto250kWareCommercialBAPV(BuildingAppliedPhotovoltaics).

Gridconnectedcentralisedgroundmountedsystems:

Industrial:allsystemsfrom250kWto1MWareIndustrialorGround-mounted.ThesplitbetweenBuilding-mountedandGround-mountedisextrapolatedfromgridconnectiondatapublishedbytheNationalregisterofelectricitygenerationandstoragefacilities;

Utilityscalesystems:allsystemsover1MWareUtilityscalesystems.Forfloatingsystems,installedcapacitydataarederivedfromObserv’ER’sannualPVatlas,whileagrivoltaiccapacitydataarederivedfromtheAgrivoltaicsObservatoryoperatedbyADEME.

Off-gridPVpowersystems:Thereisnoofficialdatacollectionprocessforoff-gridsystemsinFrance;anydatapresentedarebest-of-knowledgeestimates.

Table1:AnnualPVpowerinstalledduringcalendaryear2025

InstalledPVcapacityin2025[MWDC]

Decentralised

5010

Centralised

2351

Off-grid

Total

7361

Sources:SDES,Observ’ERPVatlas,Nationalregisterofelectricitygenerationandstoragefacilities,AgrivoltaicsObservatory.SplitisestimatedbyObserv’ER

Table2:PVpowerinstalledduringcalendaryear2025

InstalledPVcapacity[MWDC]

InstalledPVcapacity[MWDC]

Grid-connected

BAPV

Residential

5010

884

Commercial

3926

Industrial

199

BIPV

Residential

Nottracked

Commercial

Industrial

Utility-scale

Ground-mounted

2351

2239

Floating

89

Agricultural

23

Off-grid

Residential

Nottracked

Other

Hybridsystems

Total

7361

Sources:SDES,Observ’ERPVatlas,Nationalregisterofelectricitygenerationandstoragefacilities(Opendataréseauxénergies-ODRÉ),AgrivoltaicsObservatory.SplitisestimatedbyObserv’ER

Table3:Datacollectionprocess

IfdataarereportedinAC,pleasementionaconversioncoefficienttoestimateDCinstallations.

AllpowerdataisgiveninACpower.Theconversioncoefficientis

1.2.Forsystems>1MW,theconversioncoefficientis1.20basedonsurveyofsystemscommissionedin2025.

Isthecollectionprocessdonebyanofficialbodyoraprivatecompany/Association?

DatasuppliedbyalltransmissionanddistributiongridmanagersisaggregatedandpublishedbytheServicedeladonnéeetdesétudesstatistiques,CommissariatauDéveloppementDurable,theMinistryfortheEcologicalandInclusiveTransition.Enedis(nationalDSO)publishessegmenteddata.Authorhasfurthersegmenteddataasrequired.

Linktoofficialstatistics(ifthisexists)

https://

www.statistiques.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/les-

energies-renouvelables?rubrique=21

Dataquality

Dataisofgoodquality,howeverprovisional,andmayberevisedasgridoperatorsprovideadditionalinformation.

Somedivergenceincapacityvolumesmayexistdependingonthesegmentsrepresented;theerrorsourcemayberelatedtoreportingdates,provisionaldataand/orcollectionmethods.

HistoricaldatamaybeinDC.

Table4:ThecumulativeinstalledPVpowerin4sub-markets

Year

Off-grid[MW](includinglargehybrids)

Grid-connecteddistributed[MW](BAPV,BIPV)

Grid-connectedcentralized[MW](Ground,floating,

agricultural…)

Total[MW]

2011

29.4

2690

842

3562

2012

29.6

3662

1214

4906

2013

29.7

4145

1517

5691

2014

29.75

4756

2051

6836

2015

30.15

5108

2782

7920

2016

30.15

5488

3118

8635

2017

30.15

5982

3701

9713

2018

30.15

6410

4315

10756

2019

30.15

6955

4945

11931

2020

30.15

7571

5497

13513

2021

30.15

8873

7865

16960

2022

/

11211

8388

20610

2023

/

12188

12387

24576

2024

/

16638

13835

30478

2025

/

21613

15976

37589

Table5:OtherPVmarketinformation

2025

NumberofPVsystemsinoperationinFrance

PeakPowerrange

Installations(number)

Power[MWAC]

Power[MWDC]

0–3kW

694042

1740

2088

3kW–9kW

509888

2899

3479

9kW–36kW

56068

1274

1529

36kW–100kW

46993

4031

4837

100kW–250kW

35577

7011

8413

250kW–500kW

1261

505

606

>500kW

3404

13864

16637

Total

1347233

31323

37589

DecommissionedPVsystemsduringtheyear[MW]

Nottracked.NodataavailableondecommissionedPVcapacityin2025.

RepoweredPVsystemsduringtheyear[MW]

10-100MW.Currentlynoofficialreportingofrepoweredvolumesispublished

Unregisteredcapacity

Unregisteredcapacitymayconcernmicro(balcony)systems.

Sources:SDES,Observ’ERPVatlas,Nationalregisterofelectricitygenerationandstoragefacilities(Opendataréseauxénergies-ODRÉ),AgrivoltaicsObservatory.SplitisestimatedbyObserv’ER

Table6:PVpowerandthebroadernationalenergymarket

2024

2025

Total:155.5GWofwhich

Total:164.5GWofwhich

Totalpowergenerationcapacities[GW]

Nuclear:61.4GW

Fossilfuel:17.4GW

RES:76.7GW(seebelow)

Nuclear:63.0GW

Fossilfuel:17.3GW

RES:84.2GW(seebelow)

Totalrenewablepowergenerationcapacities(includinghydropower)[GW]

PV*:24.3GW

Hydro:25.7GW

Wind:24.3GW

OtherRES:2.3GW

PV*:30.4GW

Hydro:25.7GW

Wind:25.8GW

OtherRES:2.3GW

Totalelectricitydemand[TWh]

449.2TWh(grossvalue)

451.2TWh(grossvalue)

Total:4.8GWofwhich

Total:8.7GWofwhich

Newpowergenerationcapacitiesinstalled[GW]

Gas:0GW

Coal:0GW

Diesel:0GW

Nuclear:0GW

Gas:-0.2GW

Coal:0GW

Diesel:0GW

Nuclear:+1.6GW

PVandotherRES:+6.7GW

PVandotherRES:+7.2GW

(seebelow)

(seebelow)

Newrenewablepowergenerationcapacities(includinghydropower)[GW]

PV*:+5GW

Wind:+1.7GW

Hydro:+0.00GW

OtherRES:<0.1GW

PV*:+5.9GW

Wind:+1.3GW

Hydro:+0.00GW

OtherRES:<0.1GW

EstimatedtotalPVelectricityproduction(includingself-consumedPVelectricity)in[GWh]

24800GWh

32900GWh

TotalPVelectricityproductionasa

%oftotalelectricityconsumption

5.52%

7.29%

AverageyieldofPVinstallations(inkWh/kWp)

1100kWh/kWp

1100kWh/kWp

Sources:Annualelectricityreview,(RTE,2024),Annualelectricityreview(RTE,2025)

*DatainthistableisprovidedbyRTEandprovisionalPVareACpoweronly

KeyenablersofPVdevelopment

Table7:Informationonkeyenablers.

Description

AnnualVolume

TotalVolume

Source

Decentralizedstoragesystems

Systemswithconformitydeclaration

18732(Mainland)

3870(OverseasTerritories)

140MW(end.

2025)

ConsuelAnnualReport2025Annualelectricityreview(RTE,2025)

ResidentialHeat Pumps[Number]

air/air+geothermal

+air/water

759500+3140+

181750=944390

Oberv’ER2025marketsurvey

100%Electriccars

[Number]

363130

1663365

AVEREBilan2025

Plug-inHybridElectricVehicles[Number]

113221

852749

AVEREBilan2025

COMPETITIVENESSOFPVELECTRICITY

Moduleprices

Table8:Typicalmoduleprices

Year

Typicalpriceofastandardmodulecrystallinesilicon*

EUR/Wp

2022

2023

2024

2025

Averagemoduleprice(alltechnologies)

0.25–0.4

0.15–0.3

0.09-0.22

0.07-0.14

Source:pvXchange

*VATnotincluded

Modulepricesstabilisedathistoricallylowlevelsin2025.ThedownwardpressureonpriceswasmainlydrivenbyproductioncapacityinChinacontinuingtoexceedmarketdemand.Inresponsetothissituation,severalChinesephotovoltaicmanufacturersagreedattheendof2024tolimitproduction,especiallyinthewafersegment.Theaimwastoreduceoversupplyandstopthesharpdeclineinpricesobservedin2023and2024.Productioncutsandtemporaryfactoryshutdownsreducedmoduleavailabilityinearly2025,particularlyforhigh-efficiencyproducts.Asaresult,pricesincreasedslightlyduringthefirsthalfoftheyear.However,thesemeasuresprovedinsufficienttoaddressthestructuralovercapacityissue.Assupplyincreasedagain,competitionbetweenmanufacturerscontinuedtoputdownwardpressureonpricesduringthesecondhalfoftheyear.

Systemprices

Table9:TurnkeyPVsystemprices*ofdifferenttypicalPVsystems

Category/Size

Typicalapplicationsandbriefdetails

Currentprices[EUR/W]

ResidentialBAPV

<3kW

Grid-connected,roof-mounted,distributedPVsystemsinstalledtoproduceelectricitytogrid-connectedhouseholds.Typicallyroof-mountedsystemsonvillasandsingle-familyhomes.Equipmentandlabour.

2

(1.7–2.3)

ResidentialBAPV3-10kW

Grid-connected,roof-mounted,distributedPVsystemsinstalledtoproduceelectricitytogrid-connectedhouseholds.Typicallyroof-mountedsystemsonvillasandsingle-familyhomes.Equipmentandlabour.

1.74

(1.2–2.1)

Small commercialBAPV

10-100kW

Grid-connected,roof-mounted,distributedPVsystemsinstalledtoproduceelectricitytogrid-connectedcommercialbuildings,suchaspublicbuildings,multi-familyhouses,agriculturebarns,grocerystoresetc.

1.0

(0.62–1.4)

Large commercialBAPV

100-250kW

Grid-connected,roof-mounted,distributedPVsystemsinstalledtoproduceelectricitytogrid-connectedlargecommercialbuildings,suchaspublicbuildings,multi-familyhouses,agriculturebarns,grocerystoresetc.

0.85

(0.75–1.2)

IndustrialBAPV

>250kW

Grid-connected,roof-mounted,distributedPVsystemsinstalledtoproduceelectricitytogrid-connectedindustrialbuildings,warehouses,etc.

0.8

(0.75–1.0)

SmallcentralizedPV1-20MW

Grid-connected,ground-mounted,centralizedPVsystemsthatworkascentralpowerstation.Theelectricitygeneratedinthistypeoffacilityisnottiedtoaspecificcustomerandthepurposeistoproduceelectricityforsale.

0.75

Other

Parkingcanopydistributed>250kW

1.0–1.25

Source:estimationObserv’ERbasedonlimitedmarketsurveys.SpecialthanksareduetoEnerplanfortheirsupport

*VATnotincluded

Table10:Nationaltrendsinsystemprices*fordifferentapplications

Year

ResidentialBAPV

Grid-connected,roof-mounted,distributedPVsystem

5-10kW

[EUR/W]

SmallcommercialBAPV

Grid-connected,roof-mounted,distributedPVsystems

10-100kW

[EUR/W]

LargecommercialBAPV

Grid-connected,roof-mounted,distributedPVsystems

100-500kW

[EUR/W]

CentralizedPV

Grid-connected,ground-mounted,centralizedPVsystems

10-50MW

[EUR/W]

2007

8.4

7.8

6.3

2008

8.2

7.6

6.2

2009

6.9

6.4

5.2

2010

5.9

5.5

4.5

2011

3.9

2.6

2

2012

3.7

2

1.6

2013

2.7

2

1.3

2014

2.6

2

1.3

2015

2.5

1.9

1.2

2016

2.41

1.58

1.1

2017

2.2

1.2

0.9-1.1

2018

2.2

1.2

0.7-0.9

2019

2

1.2

1.2

0.65–0.85

2020

1.9

1.1

0.9

0.65–0.85

2021

1.7–2.5

0.6–1.7

0.7–1.1

0.5–0.9

2022

2.2(1.2–3)

1.1(0.8–1.3)

0.7–0.9

0.65–0.95

2023

2.5(1.3–2.9)

1.2(0.9–1.5)

0.7–0.9

0.65–0.95

2024

2.3(1.1–2.4)

0.8(0.65-1.6)

0.6–1.1

0.6(0.4–0.85)

2025

1.55(1.2–1.65)

1.0(0.62–1.4)

0.85(0.75–1.2)

0.72

Sources:PreviousIEANSR-FRreports,Observ’ER,limitedmarketsurveysbyObserv’ER.SpecialthanksareduetoEnerplanfortheirsupport.

*VATnotincluded

Note:ThetableincludesBIPV-IAB**systemsupto3kWuntil2012,BIPV-IABsystemsupto9kWfrom2013to2016andBAPVsystemsupto9kWsince2017.Therangeofpeakpowerforlargecommercialsystemshasbeenincreasedfrom100–250to100–500toreflectchangingmarketconditions.

**IAB:completelybuildingintegrated;ISB:simplifiedbuildingintegration;BAPVbuildingapplied/rooftopsystems.

CostbreakdownofPVinstallations

Table11:Costbreakdownforagrid-connectedroof-mounted,distributedresidentialPVsystemof5-10kW

Costcategory

Average[EUR/W]

Hardware

Module

0.54

Inverter

0.4

Mountingmaterial

0.11

Otherelectronics(cables,etc.)

SubtotalHardware

1.05

Softcosts

Planning

0.5

Installationwork

Shippingandtravelexpensestocustomer

Permits and commissioning(i.e.costforelectrician,etc.)

Projectmargin

SubtotalSoftcosts

0.5

Total(excludingVAT)

1.55

AverageVAT

20%

Total(includingVAT)

1.86

Source:Limitedmarketsurveys(Observ’ER).

Table12:Costbreakdownforagrid-connected,ground-mounted,centralizedPVsystemsof>10MW

Costcategory

Average[EUR/W]

Hardware

Module

0.12

Inverter

0.04

Mountingmaterial

0.16

Otherelectronics(cables,etc.)

0.16

SubtotalHardware

0.47

Softcosts

Planning

0.25

Installationwork

Shippingandtravelexpensestocustomer

Permits and commissioning(i.e.costforelectrician,etc.)

Projectmargin

SubtotalSoftcosts

0.25

Total(excludingVAT)

0.72

AverageVAT

20%

Total(includingVAT)

0.87

Gridconnection

0.15

Source:Evaluationdurégimed’appelsd’offresdit«PPE2»àdestinationdelaCommissionEuropéenne(CRE,2026),limitedmarketsurveyandestimationsbyObserv’ER.

FinancialParametersandspecificfinancingprograms

Table13:PVfinancinginformationin2025

Differentmarketsegments

Loanrate[%]

Averagerateofloans*–residentialinstallations

6.1%inDecember2025,excludingfeesandinsurance

Averagerateofloans–commercialinstallations

3.54%inDecember2025fornewbankloanstocompanies

Averagecostofcapital–industrialandground-mountedinstallations

Around3.95%inDecember2025

Sources:StatinfoCréditsauxparticuliers(BanquedeFrance,Dec.2025),StatinfoFinancementdesentreprises(BanquedeFrance,Dec2025),S&PGlobal,iBoxx€Corporates10–15–AnnualYield,ISINDE000A0ME5S6

Forresidentialinstallations,therateisbasedontheaverageinterestrateforconsumerloans

Financingconditionsimprovedin2025forbothresidentialandcommercialinstallations.Forhouseholds,theaverageinterestrateonnewconsumerloansdecreasedfrom6.42%inDecember20242025to6.11%inDecember2025.Forcompanies,theaverageinterestrateonnewbankloansdecreasedfrom4.18%inDecember2024to3.54%inDecember2025.

Pleasenotethattheseindicatorsarenotspecifictophotovoltaicinstallationsbutprovideanindicationofthegeneralfinanci