何家弘法律英语课件第七课

LessonSevenCriminalLaw8/28/20261Itisbettertofightforjusticethantorailattheill.

AlfredsTennyson,Britishwriter

与其责骂罪恶，不如伸张正义。

英国作家丁尼生A

8/28/20262BackgroundModelPenalCodeModelPenalCodewascreatedbyagroupoflawprofessors,judges,andlawyerstoofferacomprehensiverevisionofthecriminallaw.TheModelPenalCodeisnotlawandhasnobindingeffect.Ithas,however,beenthemodelformanystatecriminalcodesandhasbeenveryinfluentialonstateandlocallegislators.8/28/20263刑法的三个主要问题Crime—felony;misdemeanorPunishment–guidelinesforsentencing(量刑指南)CriminalliabilityCapitalpunishmentDEATHPENALTY8/28/202648/28/202658/28/20266Insanitydefense

精神不正常辩护JohnHinckleyRonaldReagan8/28/20267TEXTHomicideNotallhomicidesarecriminal.Justifiablehomicide

——正当杀人Excusablehomicide

——可宽恕的杀人8/28/20268JustifiablehomicideSelf-defense正当防卫Policeofficer……topreventthecommissionofaforciblefelony警察预防暴力性重罪Topreventadangerousfelonescaping防止危险的重罪犯逃跑8/28/20269ExcusablehomicideApersonaccidentallyandwithoutgrossnegligencecausesthedeathofanotherindividual.没有严重过失8/28/202610Criminalhomicide——有罪杀人Akillingamountstoacriminalhomicidewhenitdonewithoutlawfuljustificationorexcuse.murdermanslaughter恶意杀人

谋杀非恶意杀人

非预谋杀人8/28/202611TheelementsofthecrimesofmurderCourtsdecisionsLegislaturesSeparatestatuteCriminalcodeCommonlawby8/28/2026121.MurderKillingahumanbeingwith“malice”恶意、预谋杀人CaliforniaPenalCodeSECTION187-199：Murderistheunlawfulkillingofahumanbeing,orafetus,withmaliceaforethought.8/28/202613MaliceExpressmalice——明示恶意Impliedmalice——暗示恶意Adeliberateintentiontotakeawaythelifeofafellowcreature

故意剥夺他人生命Noconsiderableprovocation

没有出现相当程度的挑衅

Anabandonedandmalignantheart

冷酷邪恶的心8/28/202614Expressmalicevs.

Impliedmalice

FirearifleatamovingpassengertrainPushanotheroffthesideofamountain8/28/202615PenaltyformurderDeath死刑Prisontermsextendingto“life”终身监禁Prisontoaspecialnumberofyears一定年限的监禁8/28/202616(a)Felony–murder重罪恶意谋杀Felony–murder：amurderthatoccurswhiletheaccusedisintheactofcommittinganotherfelony,suchasarmedrobbery.Felonymurdercarriesaheaviersentencethanplainmurder.8/28/202617Killingduringthecourseofafelonysuchasrobbery.在抢劫这样的重罪过程中杀人Gungoesoffaccidentallykillingtherobberyvictim,orabystander,orapoliceofficer.手枪意外走火，杀死被抢劫的受害者、旁观者或警察Adangerouscrimeasrobberysatisfiestherequirementofmalice抢劫这样的危险犯罪构成恶意的条件8/28/202618Co-felonsguiltyofmurder

重罪共犯谋杀Inthecourseofanexchangeofshotsbetweenrobbersandthepolice,apoliceofficerisaccidentallykilledbyanotherofficer.在抢劫者与警察的交火过程中，一个警察意外地被另一个警察打死。8/28/202619MaliceMalicemayalsobeattributedtoarobberwhosepartnerinthecrimeintentionallykillssomeoneduringthecommissionofthecrimeortheattemptedescape.在抢劫犯罪或试图逃跑的过程中，一个强盗的同伙故意杀死人，那么该强盗也属于有恶意。8/28/202620每个参与者都有恶意ThedangerousnessoftherobberyitselfActasanagentfortheothersinaccomplishingtheirobjective8/28/202621Deathpenalty死刑在一些废除了死刑的州，考虑到只要有杀人的结果，对抢劫的处罚就应该重得多，因此，立法机关规定，对杀人抢劫的处罚比无致命抢劫的处罚多15年以上。8/28/202622(b)Degreesofmurder

恶意杀人罪的等级VaryingpenaltiesformurderpunishablebydeathorlongimprisonmentFirstdegreemurderSeconddegreemurderpunishablewithalesserpenalty8/28/202623FirstdegreemurderA“willful,deliberateandpremeditated”killing,suchasapoisoningorakillingduringthecommissionofadangerousfelony有意的、故意的、有预谋的杀人，比如投毒，或者在危险的重罪发生过程中杀人。8/28/202624CommonlawMurder

恶意杀人Manslaughter

非恶意杀人8/28/2026252.ManslaughterUnlawfulkillingofanotherwithoutmalice.

无恶意的非法杀人voluntaryinvoluntaryPrisonterm:1-14years8/28/202626(a)Voluntarymanslaughter

自愿性非恶意杀人，故意杀人Anintentionalkillingupon“greatprovocation”andintheheatof“passion”巨大挑衅激情之下故意杀人8/28/202627Voluntarymanslaughterthepersonkilledanotherperson;thepersonactedintheheatofpassion;andheatofpassionwascausedbyadequateprovocation.

8/28/202628Heatofpassionmaybeprovokedbyfear,rage,angerorterror.Provocation,inordertobeadequate,mustbesuchasmightnaturallycauseareasonablepersoninthepassionofthemomenttoloseself-controlandactonimpulseandwithoutreflection.8/28/202629AclassicexampleAkillingofparamourorofthespouse,orbothmanslaughterTheprovocationwasgreatInthe“heatofpassion”8/28/202630BetreatedlessharshlythanmurderFrailtiesofthehumannature人类的脆弱性Instinctivereaction本能的反应Bediscouragedbycriminalsanction通过刑事处分加以阻拦

8/28/202631Insuchparamourkillingcasestheconvictionrateisquitelow.在杀死情敌的案例中，定罪率很低Concoctedexplanationofself-defense编造的有关自卫的解释Acquittalbyreasonof“theunwrittenlaw”根据“不成文法”作出的无罪判决8/28/2026328/28/202633(b)Involuntarymanslaughter

非自愿性非恶意杀人，过失杀人Unintentionalkilling无意的杀人resultingfromgrossnegligence,重大过失orasaresultofdangerous

unlawfulconduct

非法的危险行为8/28/202634VEHICULARMANSLAUGHTERmanslaughter8/28/202635Negligenthomicide

过失杀人罪Recklesshomicide

疏忽大意杀人罪ForapplicationtokillingsbymotoristswhoweredrivinginarecklessorgrosslynegligentmannerAnumberofstateshavecreatedcrimesas8/28/202636becauseofthedifficultyencounteredinconvictingmotoristsforthemorerevoltinglylabeledoffenseofmanslaughter之所以制定这种特殊的有关杀人法律，是因为难以将撞死人的有罪司机划归比较令人讨厌的一般杀人犯罪。ThisspecialkindofhomicidelegislationwasenactedAminimumpenaltyof

oneyearinpenitentiary8/28/202637Advisable(明智的)Tocategorizesuchconductwithlessrevoltinglabelofrecklessornegligenthomicideandalsotopermittheimpositionoflesserpenaltiesthanoneprescribedformanslaughter.将这种行为划归不那么令人讨厌的疏忽大意杀人罪或过失杀人罪，对其施加比一般杀人罪更轻的处罚。8/28/202638Thepermissiblerangeofpenaltiesinrecklesshomicideornegligenthomicidestatutesisgenerallyafineupto$1000,罚款1000美元orincarcerationotherthaninapenitentiaryforanyperioduptooneyear,禁闭，而不是监狱，时间最多1年orimprisonmentinapenitentiaryuptofiveyears.关押在监狱，刑期最长5年8/28/202639Theflexibilityofpenaltiesintrafficdeathcaseshastheeffectofencouragingpleasofguiltyfromoffenders,anditresultsinconvictionsthatmightnotbesecuredifajudgeorjuryhadnochoiceotherthanapenitentiarysentenceoranacquittal.对交通事故致死案处罚的灵活性会鼓励罪犯认罪，并导致那些如果法官或陪审团除监禁判决或无罪释放外别无选择时，便可能无法得出有罪判决。8/28/2026403.FederalHomicideLawNogeneralfederalhomicidelaw联邦没有涉及杀人的法律ExceptionKillingwithinafederalterritory,

infederalbuildingsoruponfederalproperty,orkillingoffederalofficialsorofficers.8/28/202641银行抢劫犯杀死联邦调查局人员在邮局杀人8/28/2026424.ModernMurder-manslaughterlegislationIllinoisCriminalCode避免使用“恶意”和“冷酷而邪恶的心”这样的概念，而是使用了更精确、更好理解的术语。

8/28/202643Murder:Apersonwhokillsanotherindividualwithoutlawfulexcuse

commitsmurder(a)ifheintendedtokillhimordogreatbodilyharm故意杀死他人，或造成严重身体伤害；8/28/202644(b)if,withoutintendingtokill,itclearlyappearsthathemusthaveknownthathisconductprobablywouldcausedeath不是故意杀人，但显然他能够预见他的行为会导致死亡；8/28/202645(c)ifdeathresultedfromthecommissionofaveryseriouscrimelikerobbery,burglaryorrape.实施严重的犯罪而导致他人死亡，如抢劫、入室抢劫和绑架。8/28/2026465.CapitalPunishmentMuchcontroversy

Whethercapitalpunishmentservesitsintendedpurpose——adeterrenttomurder.死刑是否能实现其预期的目的——威慑杀人案件的发生Ratheracademic8/28/202647Therapiddeclineinexecutions1966年执行1例死刑

1967年执行2例死刑

1968年执行0例死刑判决的死刑有400多例ExecutionSentenceofdeath死刑判决多，执行少8/28/202648Anincreasingunwillingnesstoexecutemurdererswhohavebeensentencedtodeath越来越不愿意对被判死刑的人执行死刑Alegalconceptregardingjuryselectionincapitalcasesthatwillmakejuryimpositionofthedeathpenaltymuchmoredifficulttoobtain在死刑案件中对陪审员的挑选，使得死刑判决越来越难以作出。8/28/202649TheSupremeCourtheld:即任陪审员不得仅仅因为其反对死刑的良心顾忌而被要求退出陪审团。ProspectivejurorsConscientiousscruplesDeathpenalty8/28/202650TheCourtsaidthatTodoso,constitutesadeprivationofdueprocess,becausethedefendantwouldnotthenbeaccordedatrialbya“fairandimpartialjury”.这样做构成了