生物技术专业英语

生物专业英语

BIOLOGICALENGLISH生物制药教研室1/59教学目标

(一)掌握生物学专业英语应用及其语言特点。专业英语教学主要目标是培养学生科技文件阅读能力和初步科技论文写作能力。其教学重点即阅读与写作。(二)了解专业英语课程内容和学习方法。(三)为专业英语课程有效学习提供文件资料，从而扩大阅读范围和提升阅读能力。

2/59教学重点生物学专业英语特点

语法特点词汇特点

3/59一、专业英语语法特点主要表达科技英语特点（语言精练，逻辑性强，描述客观，其中语言精练是其格调，描述客观是其本质）。

Becausemostplantsareabletoundergophotosynthesis,theydonotdependonotherorganismsforenergy.4/59长句多（可使句意表示严谨）；Biologyissuchabroadfield,coveringtheminutechemicalreactionsinsideourcells,tobroadscaleconceptsofecosystemsandglobalclimatechange.

5/59被动语态使用频繁（描述客观）Ithasbeenfoundexperimentallythattheratiooftheamountsofadenine(腺嘌呤）tothymine（胸腺嘧啶）,andtheratioofguanine（鸟嘌呤）tocytosine（胞嘧啶）,arealwaysveryclosetounityfordeoxyribosenucleicacid（DNA）6/59名词性词组多；分词使用频繁；介词短语多（可使语言精练）Genetherapyinvolvestherepairorcorrectionofthemachinery。基因治疗包含遗传系统修复或纠正专业术语多；缩略词多；合成词多；插图，表格，公式，数字所占百分比大；7/59二、专业英语词汇特点

专业英语词汇特点表现在：(1)技术词汇多(2)二次技术词汇多(3)特用词多(4)功效词多如：介词，连词，短语，代词专业词汇构词法中以派生词最多，合成词其次，有一定量转换词.8/59Photosynthesis(光合作用)microtubule(微管)microfilament(微丝)Electrophoresis(电泳)DNA（deoxyribonucleicacid脱氧核糖核酸）CoA（CoenzymeA）UV（Ultra-violet）AIDS(acquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome)

9/59三、生物学专业英语内容(1)掌握构词法（派生，转换，合成），扩大词汇量。(2)阅读英文原始文件资料，扩大知识面，掌握生物学专业英语语言规律，提升阅读，写作，翻译水平以及实际应用生物学专业英语能力。(3)巩固英语基础知识，提升应用英语能力（大学英语教学纲领要求大学生修完大学英语基课程后必须学习专业英语。）10/59四、生物学专业英语学习方法

(1)识记专业词汇，扩大阅读范围(2)巩固英语语法基础，掌握科技英语语言特点(3)针对应用文体加强翻译、写作练习11/59

五、生物学专业英语参考资料

<<科技英语语法新编>>新时代出版社1BA（BiologicalAbstracts）；Science(USA)；Nature(GB)英汉生物学词典（第三版）英汉大学生物学词汇全医药学大辞典On-LineBiologyBook/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html12/59ScopeoffieldinBiologyBiology

Thescienceoflivingorganisms,concernedwiththestudyofembryology,anatomy,physiology,cytology,morphology,taxonomy,genetics,evolution,andecology.13/59BiochemistryThestudyofthechemicalsubstancesthatoccurinlivingorganisms,theprocessesbywhichthesesubstancesenterintoorareformedintheorganismsandreactwitheachotherandenvironment,andthemethodsby

whichthesubstancesandprocessesareidentified，characterized,andmeasured（Chemicalprocessesassociatedwithlivingthings.）14/59EmbryologyThestudyofthedevelopmentoftheorganismsandthezygote,orfertilizedegg.AnatomyThebranchofmorphologyconcernedwiththegrossandmicroscopicstructureofanimal,especiallyhumans15/59PhysiologyThebranchofbiologicalscienceconcernedwiththebasicactivitiesthatoccurincellsandtissuesoflivingorganismsandinvolvingphysicalandchemicalstudiesoftheseorganisms.

16/59CytologyThebranchofbiologicalsciencethatdealswiththestructure,behavior,growth,andreproductionofcellsandthefunctionandchemistryofcellsandcellcomponent.17/59GeneticsThescienceconcernedwithbiologicalinheritance,thatis,withthecausesoftheresemblancesanddifferencesamongrelatedindividuals.HistologyThestudyoftheirstructureandchemicalcompositionofanimaltissuesasrelatedtotheirfunction.18/59EvolutionTheprocessesofbiologicalandorganicchangeinorganismsbywhichdescendantscometodifferfromtheirancestors,andahistoryofthesequenceofsuchchange.

Ecology

Thestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironment19/59MolecularbiologyThebranchofbiologywhichattemptstointerpretbiologicaleventsintermofthemoleculesinthecell.ImmunologyThedivisionofbiologicalscienceconcernedwiththenativeoracquiredresistanceofhigheranimalformsandhumanstoinfectionwithmicroorganisms.20/59BiophysicsThehybridscienceinvolvingthemethodsandideasofphysicsandchemistrytostudyandexplainthestructuresoflivingorganismsandthemechanicsoflivingprocesses.Botany

Thebranchofbiologicalsciencethatembracesthestudyofplantsandplantlife,includingalgae;dealswithtaxonomy,morphology,physiology,andotheraspects.21/59Invertebrate（无脊椎）zoologyAbranchofzoologyconcernedwiththetaxonomy,behavior,andmorphologyofinvertebrateanimals.MicrobiologyThescienceandstudyofmicroorganisms,especiallybacteriaandrickettsiae（立克菌）andofantibioticsubstances.22/59SystematicsThescienceofanimalandplantclassification.系统学Virology

Thesciencethatdealswiththestudyofviruses.病毒学ZoologyThesciencethatdealswiththetaxonomy,behavior,andmorphologyofanimallife.动物学MycologyAbranchofbiologicalscienceconcernedwiththestudyoffungi.真菌学23/59PaleobotanyThestudyoffossilplantsandvegetationofthegeologicpast.古植物学PaleontologyThestudyoflifeinthegeologicpastasrecordbyfossilremains.古生物学24/59LessonOneInsidetheLivingCell:Structureand

FunctionofInternalCellParts1.Cytoplasm:TheDynamic,MobileFactory细胞质：动力工厂Mostofthepropertiesweassociatewithlifearepropertiesofthecytoplasm.Muchofthemassofacellconsistsofthissemifluidsubstance,whichisboundedontheoutsidebytheplasmamembrane.Organellesaresuspendedwithinit,supportedbythefilamentousnetworkofthecytoskeleton.Dissolvedinthecytoplasmicfluidarenutrients,ions,solubleproteins,andothermaterialsneededforcellfunctioning.生命大部分特征表现在细胞质特征上。细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状细胞骨架支撑。细胞质中溶解了大量营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求其它物质。25/592．TheNucleus:InformationCentral细胞核：信息中心Theeukaryoticcellnucleusisthelargestorganelleandhousesthegeneticmaterial(DNA)onchromosomes.(Inprokaryotesthehereditarymaterialisfoundinthenucleoid.)Thenucleusalsocontainsoneortwoorganelles-thenucleoli-that

playaroleincelldivision.Apore-perforatedsaccalledthenuclearenvelope

separatesthenucleusanditscontentsfromthecytoplasm.Smallmoleculescanpassthroughthenuclearenvelope,butlargermoleculessuchasmRNAandribosomesmustenterandexitviathepores.真核细胞细胞核是最大细胞器，细胞查对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞遗传物质存在于拟核中）。细胞核含有一或二个核仁，核仁促进细胞分裂。核膜贯通许多小孔，小分子能够自由经过核膜，而象mRNA和核糖体等大分子必须经过核孔运输。26/593.Organelles:SpecializedWorkUnits（细胞器：特殊功效单位）Alleukaryoticcellscontainmostofthevariouskindsoforganelles,andeachorganelleperformsaspecializedfunctioninthecell.Organellesdescribedinthissectionincluderibosomes,theendoplasmicreticulum,theGolgicomplex,vacuoles,lysosomes,mitochondria,andtheplastidsofplantcells.全部真核细胞都含有各种细胞器，每个细胞器都有其特定功效。本节主要介绍核糖体，内质网，高尔基体系，液泡，溶酶体，线粒体和植物细胞中质体。27/59Thenumberofribosomeswithinacellmayrangefromafewhundredtomanythousands.Thisquantityreflectsthefactthat,ribosomesarethesitesatwhichaminoacidsareassembledintoproteinsforexportorforuseincellprocesses.Acompleteribosomeiscomposedofonelargerandonesmallersubunit.DuringproteinsynthesisthetwosubunitsmovealongastrandofmRNA,"reading"thegeneticsequencecodedinitandtranslatingthatsequenceintoprotein.SeveralribosomesmaybecomeattachedtoasinglemRNAstrand;suchacombinationiscalledapolysome.Mostcellularproteinsaremanufacturedonribosomesinthecytoplasm.Exportableproteinsandmembraneproteinsareusuallymadeinassociationwiththeendoplasmicreticulum.核糖体数量改变从几百到几千，核糖体是氨基酸组装成蛋白质主要场所。完整核糖体由大亚基和小亚基组成。核糖体沿着mRNA移动并阅读遗传密码，翻译成蛋白质。一条mRNA上可能有多个核糖体，称多聚核糖体。大多数细胞蛋白是由细胞质中核糖体生产。输出蛋白和膜蛋白通常与内质网相关。28/59Theendoplasmicreticulum,alacyarrayofmembranoussacs,tubules,andvesicles,maybeeitherrough(RER)orsmooth(SER).Bothtypesplayrolesinthesynthesisandtransportofproteins.TheRER,whichisstuddedwithpolysomes,alsoseemstobethesourceofthenuclearenvelopeafteracelldivides.内质网，带有花边生物囊，有管状，泡状之分，以及光滑和粗糙面区分。两种都与蛋白质合成和运输相关。粗糙内质网上分布许多核糖体，也可能提供细胞分裂后所需细胞膜。29/59SERlackspolysomes;itisactiveinthesynthesisoffatsandsteroidsandintheoxidationoftoxicsubstancesinthecell.Bothtypesofendoplasmicreticulumserveascompartmentswithinthecellwherespecificproductscanbeisolatedandsubsequentlyshuntedtoparticularareasinoroutsidethecell.光滑内质网上无核糖体，主要作用是脂肪和类固醇合成以及细胞内有毒物质氧化。两种内质网合成产物在其中进行分流或运输到细胞外。30/59Transportvesiclesmaycarryexportablemoleculesfromtheendoplasmicreticulumtoanothermembranousorganelle,theGolgicomplex.WithintheGolgicomplexmoleculesaremodifiedandpackagedforexportoutofthecellorfordeliveryelsewhereinthecytoplasm.运输小泡能够将可运输分子从内质网运输到高尔基复合体上。在高尔基复合体中修饰，包装后输出细胞或传递到细胞质中其它场所。31/59Vacuolesincellsappeartobehollowsacsbutareactuallyfilledwithfluidandsolublemolecules.Themostprominentvacuolesappearinplantcellsandserveaswaterreservoirsandstoragesitesforsugarsandothermolecules.Vacuolesinanimalcellscarryoutphagocytosis(theintakeofparticulatematter)andpinocytosis(vacuolardrinking).细胞中液泡好象是中空，但实际上充满了液体和可溶分子。最经典液泡存在于植物细胞中，贮备水，糖以及其它分子。动物中液泡起吞噬和胞饮作用。32/59Asubsetofvacuolesaretheorganellesknownaslysosomes,whichcontaindigestiveenzymes(packagedinlysosomesintheGolgicomplex)thatcanbreakdownmostbiologicalmacromolecules.Theyacttodigestfoodparticlesandtodegradedamagedcellparts.溶酶体是液泡亚单位，含有消化酶，降解大部分生物大分子。消化食物微粒和降解损伤细胞残片。33/59Mitochondriaarethesitesofenergy-yieldingchemicalreactionsinallcells.Inaddition,plantcellscontainplastidsthatutilizelightenergytomanufacturecarbohydratesintheprocessofphotosynthesis.ItisonthelargesurfaceareaprovidedbytheinnercristaeofmitochondriathatATP-generatingenzymesarelocated.Mitochondriaareself-replicating,andprobablytheyaretheevolutionarydescendantsofwhatwereoncefree-livingprokaryotes.线粒体是细胞中化学产能场所。另外，植物细胞中质体在光合作用中利用光能产生碳水化合物，线粒体内嵴上提供了很大表面积并分布着产ATP酶。线粒体自我复制，而且可能是自由生活原核生物在进化中形成后代。34/59Therearetwotypesofplastids:leucoplasts,whichlackpigmentsandserveasstoragesitesforstarch,proteins,andoils;andchromoplasts,whichcontainpigments.Themostimportantchromoplastsarechloroplasts-organelles

thatcontainthechlorophyllusedinphotosynthesis.Theinternalstructureofchloroplastsincludesstacksofmembranescalledgrana,whichareembeddedinamatrixcalledthestroma.质体有两种类型：白色体，缺乏色素，是淀粉，蛋白质和油贮备场所；色质体，含有色素。叶绿体是最主要色质体，含有与光合作用相关叶绿素。叶绿体内部结构是由多层膜形成叶绿体基粒，其中包埋在基质中基粒称子座。35/594.TheCytoskeleton（细胞骨架）Alleukaryoticcellshaveacytoskeleton,whichisaconvolutedlatticeworkoffilamentsandtubulesthatappearstofillallavailablespaceinthecellandprovidessupportforvariousotherorganelles.Alargeportionofthecytoskeletonconsistsofthreadlikemicrofilamentscomposedmainlyofthecontractileproteinactin.Theyareinvolvedinmanytypesofintracellularmovementsinplantandanimalcells.Asecondprotein,myosin,isinvolveinthecontractionofmusclecells.Anothermainstructuralcomponentofthecytoskeletonconsistsofmicrotubules,whicharecomposedoftheglobularproteintubulinandtogetheractasscaffoldingthatprovidesastablecellshape.Cytoskeletalintermediatefilamentsappeartoimparttensilestrengthtothecellcytoplasm.Mechanoenzymessuchasmyosin,dynein,andkinesininteractwiththecytoskeletalfilamentsandtubulestogenerateforcesthatcausemovements.全部细胞都有细胞骨架，网络结构纤丝充满了它所能触及全部空间而且对细胞器提供支持作用。细胞骨架大部分由微丝组成，微丝主要由可收缩肌动蛋白组成。动植物细胞许各种类型细胞内运动与肌动蛋白相关。第二类蛋白是肌球蛋白，它与肌肉细胞收缩相关。细胞骨架另一个主要结组成份是微管，由球状微管蛋白组成，象脚手架普通维持细胞稳定形态。细胞骨架中间丝提供了细胞质伸缩动力。机械酶，比如，肌球蛋白，动力蛋白，驱动蛋白与微丝，微管相互作用产生动力而引发细胞运动。36/595.CellularMovements（细胞运动Althoughthecytoskeletonprovidessomestabilitytocells,itsmicrotubulesandfilamentsandtheirassociatedproteinsenablecellstomovebycreepingorgliding.Suchmovementsrequireasolidsubstratetowhichthecellcanadhereandcanbeguidedbythegeometry

ofthesurface.Somecellsalsoexhibitchemotaxis，theabilitytomovetowardorawayfromthesourceofadiffusingchemical.尽管细胞骨架提供了细胞一些稳定性，微丝，微管及相关蛋白能使细胞爬行或滑动。这种运动需要固体基质依靠并经过表面几何形状改变而运动。一些细胞具备趋药性，即趋向或逃离扩散开化学源。37/59Certaineukaryoticcellscanswimfreelyinliquidenvironments,propelledbywhiplikeciliaorflagella.Bothciliaandflagellahavethesameinternalstructure:ninedoublets(pairsofmicrotubules)are

arrangedinaringandextendthelengthoftheciliumorflagellum,andtwomoremicrotubulesrundownthecenterofthering.Everyciliumorflagellumgrowsonlyfromthecellsurfacewhereabasalbodyislocated.Movementisbasedontheactivitiesoftinydyneinsidearmsthatextendfromoneofthemicrotubulesofeachdoublet.一些真核细胞能在液体中自由运动，由纤毛或鞭毛推进。纤毛和鞭毛含有一样内部结构：九个双微管环形排列，纵向延伸，环中心是两个或以上微管组成。纤毛或鞭毛从细胞表面基体处生长，双微管动力蛋白臂从一侧延伸到另一侧而引发运动。38/59Nutrients,proteins,andothermaterialswithinmostplantcellsaremovedaboutviacytoplasmicstreaming.Theprocessoccursasmyosinproteinsattachedtoorganellespushagainstmicrofilamentsarrayedthroughoutthecell.Microfilamentsandmicrotubulesareresponsibleforalmostallmajor

cytoplasmicmovements.Duringcelldivision,microtubulesofthespindleassembledfromtubutinsubunitsnearorganellescalledcentriolesmove

thechromosomes.大部分植物细胞营养，蛋白质和其它物质由细胞质流运输。这个过程是因为依附在细胞器上肌球蛋白反推排列在细胞周围微丝形成。绝大部分细胞质运动由微丝和微管完成。在细胞分裂期间，中心粒周围由微管蛋白亚基装配形成纺锤体微管移向染色体。39/59科技论文结构论文题名+眉题作者姓名+通讯地址摘要+关键词引言(Introduction)试验部分(Experimental)结果与讨论(Results&Discussion)结论(Conclusions)致谢参考文件

WheredoIstart?40/59TheTitle题名

以最少数量单词来充分表述论文内容题名作用

吸引读者.题名相当于论文“标签”(label),题名假如表示不妥,就会失去其应有作用,使真正需要它读者错过阅读论文机会；

帮助文件追踪或检索.文件检索系统多以题名中主题词作为线索,因而这些词必须要准确地反应论文关键内容,不然就有可能产生漏检41/59Title:基本要求准确(Accuracy)：准确地反应论文内容；简练(Brevity)：汉字最好不超出20个汉字，英文最好不超出12个单词；清楚(Clarity)：清楚地反应文章详细内容和特色,力争简练有效、重点突出

尽可能将表示关键内容主题词放在题名开头；

慎重使用缩略语；

防止使用化学式、上下角标、特殊符号(数字符号、希腊字母等)、公式、不惯用专业术语和非英语词汇(包含拉丁语)等42/59TheRunningTitle(眉题)用于论文页眉；是论文题名缩写；应包含论文中最关键内容；遵照拟投稿期刊习惯43/59科技论文标题翻译

1不把标题译成句子译成名词短语译成动名词短语译成介词短语译成不定式短语44/59《高等专科学校应有一套实用英语教材》AGreatDemandforaSetofPracticalEnglishTextbooksinColleges《略论矿山地质专业测量学教学改革》OntheReforminTeachingofSurveyinginMineGeology《科研怎样迈开第一步》HowtoMaketheFirstStepinScientificResearches45/59黔产三尖杉抗肿瘤活性成份研究AntitumoractivitiesofchemicalconstituentsofCephalotaxusfortuneiinGuizhouprovince芦笋多糖对S180小鼠红细胞补体受体-1(CR1，CD35)数量及活性影响

EffectofAsparagusPolysaccharideontheNumberandActivityofErythrocyteComplementReceptor1(CD35)ofS180Mice46/592预防逐字死译有些词无须译出依据文章内容来译47/59《高校德育工作要做到“五到位”》TheNecessityof“FivePrerequisites”inCollegeMoralEducation《正确认识运动性疲劳,搞好体育教学和训练》OntheCausesofMotorFatigueinPhysicalTrainingandtheMethodsofOvercomingIt《化作春泥更护花》DevotingEveryEfforttoFosteringLaterGenerations48/593恰当使用构词《铜阳极泥中铜预先控制与脱除》Fore-controlandFore-eliminationofCopperinItsAnodeMud(用了fore-)《青函隧道跨海测量》TransmarineSurveyoftheAomoli-Hako-dateTunnel(有了trans-)49/594注意冠词取舍省略冠词保留冠词《从废母液中回收皂素工艺》TechniquesforRetrievingSaponinfromWasteMotherLiquor《活化被石灰抑制黄铁矿新药剂》ANewChemicalforActivatingPyriteInhibitedbyLime50/59部分常见标题英文表示格式:OntheDiscussionof⋯论⋯⋯AnAnalysisof(on)⋯就⋯⋯分析(研究)SomeNotesfor(on)⋯就⋯⋯几点意见AnIntroductionof⋯⋯⋯介绍Studyof⋯就⋯⋯研究AReviewof⋯⋯⋯回顾SomeThoughtson⋯对⋯⋯看法AFewProblemson(for)⋯⋯⋯几个问题SomeNewIdeasfor⋯对⋯⋯几点看法SomeSuggestionsto(of)⋯⋯⋯提议Reporton⋯⋯⋯情况汇报MyKnowledgeon(for)⋯我对⋯⋯了解AResearchon⋯对⋯⋯研究OnCharacteristicsof⋯论⋯⋯特征51/59表示摄食词素

1-vore食......动物,-vorous食......动物algivore食