手动变速器基础外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

附录附录A英语科技文献ManualTransmissionBasicsIt'snosecretthatcarswithmanualtransmissionsareusuallymorefuntodrivethantheirautomatic-equippedcounterparts.Ifyouhaveevenapassinginterestintheactofdriving,thenchancesareyoualsoappreciateafine-shiftingmanualgearbox.Buthowdoesamanualtransactuallywork?Withourprimeronautomatics(orslushboxes,asdetractorscallthem)availableforyourperusal,wethoughtitwouldbeagoodideatoprovideacompanionoverviewonmanualtrannies,too.Abriefhistorylessonshowsthatmanualtransmissionsprecededautomaticsbyseveraldecades.Infact,upuntilGeneralMotorsofferedanautomaticin1938,allcarswereoftheshift-it-yourselfvariety.Whileit'slogicalformanytypesoftoday'svehiclestobeequippedwithanautomatic--suchasafull-sizesedan,SUVorpickup--thefactremainsthatnothingismoreofathrilltodrivethanatautlysuspendedsportsedan,sportcoupeortwo-seaterequippedwithaprecise-shiftingfive-orsix-speedgearbox.It'swhatmakescarssuchasaCorvette,Mustang,MiataoranyBMWsedanorcoupesomeofthemostfun-to-drivecarsavailabletoday.Weknowwhichtypesofcarshavemanualtrannies.Nowlet'stakealookathowtheywork.Fromthemostbasicfour-speedmanualinacarfromthe'60stothemosthigh-techsix-speedinacaroftoday,theprinciplesofamanualgearboxarethesame.Thedrivermustshiftfromgeartogear.Normally,amanualtransmissionboltstoaclutchhousing(orbellhousing)that,inturn,boltstothebackoftheengine.Ifthevehiclehasfront-wheeldrive,thetransmissionstillattachestotheengineinasimilarfashionbutisusuallyreferredtoasatransaxle.Thisisbecausethetransmission,differentialanddriveaxlesareonecompleteunit.Inafront-wheel-drivecar,thetransmissionalsoservesaspartofthefrontaxleforthefrontwheels.Intheremainingtext,atransmissionandtransaxlewillbothbereferredtousingthetermtransmission.Thefunctionofanytransmissionistransferringenginepowertothedriveshaftandrearwheels(oraxlehalfshaftsandfrontwheelsinafront-wheel-drivevehicle).Gearsinsidethetransmissionchangethevehicle'sdrive-wheelspeedandtorqueinrelationtoenginespeedandtorque.Lower(numericallyhigher)gearratiosserveastorquemultipliersandhelptheenginetodevelopenoughpowertoacceleratefromastandstill.Initially,powerandtorquefromtheenginecomesintothefrontofthetransmissionandrotatesthemaindrivegear(orinputshaft),whichmesheswiththeclusterorcountershaftgear--aseriesofgearsforgedintoonepiecethatresemblesaclusterofgears.Thecluster-gearassemblyrotatesanytimetheclutchisengagedtoarunningengine,whetherornotthetransmissionisingearorinneutral.Therearetwobasictypesofmanualtransmissions.Thesliding-geartypeandtheconstant-meshdesign.Withthebasic--andnowobsolete--sliding-geartype,nothingisturninginsidethetransmissioncaseexceptthemaindrivegearandclustergearwhenthetransisinneutral.Inordertomeshthegearsandapplyenginepowertomovethevehicle,thedriverpressestheclutchpedalandmovestheshifterhandle,whichinturnmovestheshiftlinkageandforkstoslideagearalongthemainshaft,whichismounteddirectlyabovethecluster.Oncethegearsaremeshed,theclutchpedalisreleasedandtheengine'spowerissenttothedrivewheels.Therecanbeseveralgearsonthemainshaftofdifferentdiametersandtoothcounts,andthetransmissionshiftlinkageisdesignedsothedriverhastounmeshonegearbeforebeingabletomeshanother.Withtheseoldertransmissions,gearclashisaproblembecausethegearsareallrotatingatdifferentspeeds.Allmoderntransmissionsareoftheconstant-meshtype,whichstillusesasimilargeararrangementasthesliding-geartype.However,allthemainshaftgearsareinconstantmeshwiththeclustergears.Thisispossiblebecausethegearsonthemainshaftarenotsplinedtotheshaft,butarefreetorotateonit.Withaconstant-meshgearbox,themaindrivegear,clustergearandallthemainshaftgearsarealwaysturning,evenwhenthetransmissionisinneutral.Alongsideeachgearonthemainshaftisadogclutch,withahubthat'spositivelysplinedtotheshaftandanouterringthatcanslideoveragainsteachgear.Boththemainshaftgearandtheringofthedogclutchhavearowofteeth.Movingtheshiftlinkagemovesthedogclutchagainsttheadjacentmainshaftgear,causingtheteethtointerlockandsolidlylockthegeartothemainshaft.Topreventgearsfromgrindingorclashingduringengagement,aconstant-mesh,fully"synchronized"manualtransmissionisequippedwithsynchronizers.Asynchronizertypicallyconsistsofaninner-splinedhub,anoutersleeve,shifterplates,lockrings(orsprings)andblockingrings.Thehubissplinedontothemainshaftbetweenapairofmaindrivegears.Heldinplacebythelockrings,theshifterplatespositionthesleeveoverthehubwhilealsoholdingthefloatingblockingringsinproperalignment.That'sthebasicsontheinnerworkingsofamanualtransmission.Asforadvances,theyhavebeenextensiveovertheyears,mainlyintheareaofadditionalgears.Backinthe'60s,four-speedswerecommoninAmericanandEuropeanperformancecars.Mostofthesetransmissionshad1:1final-driveratioswithnooverdrives.Today,overdrivenfive-speedsarestandardonpracticallyallpassengercarsavailablewithamanualgearbox.Overdriveisanarrangementofgearingthatprovidesmorerevolutionsofthedrivenshaft(thedriveshaftgoingtothewheels)thanthedrivingshaft(crankshaftoftheengine).Forexample,atransmissionwithafourth-gearratioof1:1andafifth-gearratioof0.70:1willreduceenginerpmby30percent,whilethevehiclemaintainsthesameroadspeed.Thus,fuelefficiencywillimproveandenginewearwillbenotablyreduced.Today,six-speedtransmissionsarebecomingmoreandmorecommon.OneofthefirstcarssoldinAmericawithasix-speedwasthe'89Corvette.DesignedbyChevroletandZahnradfabrikFriedrichshafen(ZF)andbuiltbyZFinGermany,thistough-as-nailssix-speedwasavailableintheCorvetteuptotheconclusionofthe'96modelyear.Today,theCorvetteusesaTremecT56six-speedmountedatthebackofthecar.Manycarsareavailabletodaywithsix-speeds,includingtheMazdaMiata,PorscheBoxsterSand911,DodgeViper,Mercedes-BenzSLK350,HondaS2000,BMW3-Seriesandmanyothers.Someofthesegearboxesprovideradical50-percent(0.50:1)sixth-gearoverdrivessuchasintheViperandCorvette,whileothersprovidetightlyspacedgearratioslikeintheS2000andMiataforspiritedbackroadperformancedriving.WhilethebiggercarsmentionedabovesuchastheViperandVetteoftenhavetwooverdriveratios(fifthandsixth)thesmallercarsliketheCelicaandS2000usuallyhaveoneoverdrivengearratio(sixth)andfifthis1:1.Clearlyaslick-shiftingmanualtransmissionisoneofthemaincomponentsinafun-to-drivecar,alongwithapowerfulengine,confidence-inspiringsuspensionandcompetentbrakes.Formoreinformationonamanualtransmission'sprimarypartnercomponent,checkoutourbasicprimeronclutchesandclutchoperation.附录B文献翻译手动变速器基础汽车手动变速器相比于自动变速器的驾驶装备来说，在驾驶方面拥有更多的乐趣，这已不再是什么秘密了。如果你有兴趣超速驾驶，那么，你会赞赏对手动变速器汽车的超速进行罚款。但是，手动挡变速器汽车是如何工作的？我们将原始的自动档变速器（或slushboxex,因为反对者这样称呼他们）提供给您审阅，我们认为将一个概述手册提供给合作伙伴是一个好主意。简明的历史教训表明，自从有了手动变速器，几十年间，事实上，直至1938年通用汽车才开发了自动变速器。所有汽车才有了改变车型的想法。现在多种类型的汽车上配备了自动变速器，虽然这是合乎逻辑的，例如，全尺寸轿车，越野车或皮卡。但事实上，相对于落后的运动轿车，没有比这更刺激的驾驶乐趣了。运动跑车或两个座位的跑车配备了精确地五档或六档变速器，这是为什么使得汽车如克尔维特，野马Miata或任何宝马轿车或跑车强调驾驶乐趣的汽车上市的原因了。我们知道一些类型的汽车手册，现在让我们看看他们如何工作。从六十年代最基本的四档手动变速器汽车到今天的高科技六档手动变速器汽车，这些手动档变速器的原理是一样的。驾驶者换挡是从一个齿轮到另一个齿轮，正常情况下，手动变速器螺栓连接离合器壳，而离合器壳的另一面通过螺栓与发动机后部相连。如果车辆是前轮驱动的汽车，变速器仍然以同样的方式连接发动机，通常称之为桥。这是因为变速器，差速器和驱动桥是一个完整的单元。前轮驱动的汽车变速器用于驱动前轴上的前轮。在下面的文章里，变速器和驱动桥都将提到并使用它。所有变速器的功能都是传递发动机的动力给后驱动轮（或前驱动轮）。变速器内部的齿轮传动改变车辆的速度和扭矩，它与发动机的转速和扭矩有关。低（数值高）传动比用于多种扭矩，它能够帮助发动机获得足够的动力，用以加速或停车。起初，功率和扭矩从发动机的前端传递和旋转至主传动齿轮（或输入轴）。其中，啮合的从动齿轮或中间轴齿轮一系列齿轮锻造成一个类似于一组齿轮。在任何时候，从动齿轮都处于旋转状态，离合器在一个运行的引擎作用下运行，无论是在齿轮传动或是处于空挡。有两种基本类型的手动档变速器。滑动齿轮式和常啮合齿轮式。和基本的一样现在已经过时滑动齿轮类型，当档位处于空挡时，没有什么使传动箱内除了主传动齿轮及齿轮组转动。为了使啮合的齿轮适用于发动机的功率以驱动车辆，驾驶者踩踏离合器踏板和移动变速器操纵杆，这使得换挡拉线和拨叉促使齿轮沿主轴方向滑动，这就是直接换挡。一旦齿轮啮合，离合器踏板释放，发动机功率传递到驱动车轮。可能有几个在不同轴颈上的齿轮和齿，变速器的换挡杠杆机构是被设计用来方便驾驶员换挡的机构。这些过时的变速器，齿轮的碰撞是一个问题，因为齿轮都以不同的速度旋转。所有的现代变速器都是常啮合齿轮式，它仍然使用了类似的布置，齿轮滑动齿轮类型。然而，所有的主动