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andothercomponentsoftheregulatoryframeworkforcross-borderdataflowshavesinceundergonenumerousroundsofdevelopmentandrefinement.InOc-tober,theNationalDataAdministrationwasofficiallyinaugurated.Itismainlyresponsibleforcoordinatingtheestablishmentofdatafoundationsystems,coor-dinatingdataresourceintegrationandutilization,andcoordinatingtheplanningandbuildingofDigitalChina,thedigitaleconomy,anddigitalsociety.InDecem-ber,theNationalDataAdministrationand16otherdepartmentsjointlyissuedtheThree-YearActionPlan(2024-2026)for“DataElement×”,deploying12keyactions,including"DataElement×IndustrialManufacturing"and"DataElement×ModernAgriculture”topromotetheroleofdataelementsinenhancingtotalfactorproductivity.

(2)Strengtheningtheapplicationandgovernanceofartificialintelligence

AIisadisruptiveandrevolutionarytechnologythatplaysacrucialroleinfos-teringeconomicgrowth,shapingtheinternationallandscape,andimpactingthefutureofhumanity.Whilepresentingsignificantdevelopmentopportunities,italsointroducesnewrisksandchallengestoglobalcooperationandsocialgovernance.TheCPCCentralCommitteerecognizestheimportanceofAIdevelopment.AttheApril2023meetingofthePoliticalBureauoftheCPCCentralCommittee,itwasstressedthatattentionshouldbegiventothedevelopmentofartificialgeneralintelligence(AGI),fosteringaninnovativeecosystem,andprioritizingriskman-agement.InJuly,multipledepartmentsjointlyissuedtheInterimMeasuresfortheAdministrationofGenerativeArtificialIntelligenceServices,whichemphasizestheimportanceofbalancinginnovationanddevelopmentwithrule-basedgover-nanceandsecurity.ThemeasuresaddresskeyissuessurroundingAI,includingthoserelatedtodatasecurity,personalprivacy,misinformation,andintellectual

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propertyrights,andprovideasystematicframeworkforindustrydevelopmentandriskregulation.InOctober,ChinalaunchedtheGlobalAIGovernanceInitiative,whichincludes11proposalsaimedatupholdingapeople-centeredapproach,re-spectingothernations'sovereignty,adheringtotheprincipleofdevelopingAIforgood,promotingmutualrespect,equality,andmutualbenefit,establishingarisk-level-basedtestingandassessmentsystem,graduallybuildingandimprovingrel-evantlaws,rules,andregulations,andensuringfairnessandnon-discrimination.RelevantdepartmentsactivelyimplementedthedecisionsandplansoftheCPCCentralCommitteeandtheStateCouncilregardingAIdevelopment.Theyinten-sifiedeffortsinindustrialplanningandinvestment,promotedindustrystandard-ization,developedanationalintegratedcomputingpowersystem,facilitatedthedeeperintegrationofAIwiththerealeconomy,andacceleratedtheformationofnew,high-qualityproductiveforces.

3.Strengtheningthetalentpoolforinnovation

Thefundamentalsourceofanation'sinnovationcapabilityliesinitspeople.

Today'sglobalcompetitionultimatelycomesdowntoacontestfortalentanded-ucation.Inthefaceofnewchallenges,Chinamusttackletheprominentissuesinitstalentstructureandimprovetheprecisionofitstalentpolicies.Effortsmustbeintensifiedtotrainskilledindividualsinscientificandtechnologicalfieldsandtodeepenreformsinthetalentsystem.

(1)Strengtheningthetrainingofyoungscientificandtechnologicaltalent

InAugust2023,theGeneralOfficeoftheCPCCentralCommitteeandtheGeneralOfficeoftheStateCouncilissuedSeveralMeasuresforFurther

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StrengtheningtheCultivationandManagementofYoungScientificandTechno-logicalTalent.Thesemeasuresaredesignedtoempoweryoungtalentbygivingthemkeyrolesinnationalscientificprojects,providingsteadyfundingforearly-careerresearchers,improvingpostdoctoraltraininginnaturalsciences,boostingyoungscientists'roleindecision-makingandconsulting,enhancinginstitutions'abilitytoevaluatetalentindependently,lighteningnon-researchworkloadsforyoungscientists,promotinginternationalexchangesforthem,andsafeguardingtheirwelfare.InDecember,China'seducationsystemunderwentaperiodofreformanddevelopmenttailoredtotheuniquefeaturesofvariousschoolsandinstitutions,aimingtoreinforceorganizationalsupportforthedistinctdevelopmentpathsofacademicandprofessionalpostgraduateprograms,enhancethequalityoftop-tierinnovativetalentcultivation,promotethedifferentiatedtrainingofacademicandpracticalinnovators,andestablishspecializedtrainingpathwaysforacademicandprofessionalpostgraduateeducation,thusgivingfullbackingtorealizingthenation'sgoalofrejuvenationthroughbuildingarobusteducation,science,andtechnologysectorandtalentcultivation.

(2)Deepeningthereformoftheacademiciansystem

Inresponsetothecentralauthorities'calltodeepenthereformoftheacademi-ciansystem,theChineseAcademyofSciencesandtheChineseAcademyofEngi-neeringhaveeachdevelopedimplementationmeasuresforselectingacademicians.Theyhavesetupasupervisorysystemthatintegratesself-regulationwithexternaloversightandhavecreatednegativelistsforacademiciancandidates,alongwithcodesofconductfornomineesandotherrelatedguidelines.Scientistsworkingincrucialfieldsandfoundationaldisciplinesoremergingandinterdisciplinaryareasvitaltothenation,thosewhohavesignificantlycontributedtonationaldefenseandsecurity,andthosewhohaveledmajornationalscientificresearchprojects,

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infrastructureinitiatives,orkeynationalendeavors,aregivenpriorityintheaca-demicianselectionprocess.Theaimofthesereformsistorestorethehonorandacademicintegrityassociatedwiththetitleofacademician.

4.Acceleratingthebuildingofamodernindustrialsystem

InFebruary2023,duringthesecondgroupstudysessionofthePoliticalBureauofthe20thCPCCentralCommittee,GeneralSecretaryXiJinpingem-phasizedthatthenewdevelopmentpatternreliesonamodernindustrialsystem,thatthefocusofeconomicdevelopmentshouldcontinuetobeplacedontherealeconomy,andthatthecountryshouldsteadilyadvancenewindustrialization¹.InMay,atthefirstmeetingofthe20thCentralCommissionforFinancialandEco-nomicAffairs,GeneralSecretaryXistressedthattheaccelerationofthebuildingofamodernindustrialsystemsupportedbytherealeconomyiscrucialforChinatogainstrategicinitiativeinfuturedevelopmentandinternationalcompetition².InSeptember,GeneralSecretaryXigaveinstructionsforadvancingnewindustrial-ization.Hestressedtheimportanceoffollowingthebasiclawofpromotingnewindustrializationonthenewjourneyintheneweraandcalledforactivelyadaptingtoandleadingthenewroundoftechnologicalrevolutionandindustrialtransfor-mation.GeneralSecretaryXialsounderscoredtheimportanceofintegratingthe

1“XiJinpingEmphasizesattheSecondGroupStudySessionofthePoliticalBureauofthe20thCPCCentralCommittee:MoveFastertoCreateaNewDevelopmentDynamic,EnhanceSecurityandSelf-RelianceinDevelopment",Chin.ed.,XinhuaNewsAgency,February1,2023.

2“XiJinpingChairstheFirstMeetingofthe20thCentralCommissionforFinancialandEconomicAf-fairsandEmphasizes:MoveFastertoCreateaModernIndustrialSystemSupportedbytheRealEconomy,SupportChineseModernizationwiththeHigh-QualityDevelopmentofthePopulation”,Chin.ed.,XinhuaNewsAgency,May5,2023.

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requirementsofhigh-qualitydevelopmentthroughouttheprocessofnewindustri-alizationandcombiningthedevelopmentofamanufacturingpowerhousewiththedevelopmentofthedigitaleconomyandindustrialinformatization,thuslayingasolidmaterialandtechnologicalfoundationforChinesemodernization'.TheCPCCentralCommitteeimplementedaseriesofmeasurestofosteramodernindustri-alsystem,transformthedevelopmentmodel,prioritizehigh-qualitygrowth,andgeneratenewvitalitywhilecreatingnewadvantagesfordevelopment.

(1)Coordinatingthedevelopmentofnewindustrialization

InSeptember2023,theCPCCentralCommitteeconvenedthefirstnationalconferenceonpromotingnewindustrialization.Theconferencemappedoutcom-prehensivestrategiesforadvancingindustrializationonthenewjourneyinthenewera.Itidentifiedkeytasks,suchasstrengtheningtheresilienceandsecurityofindustrialandsupplychains,enhancingindustrialinnovationcapabilities,optimiz-ingandupgradingtheindustrialstructure,promotingdeeperintegrationofdigitaltechnologywiththerealeconomy,andsupportinggreenindustrialdevelopment.Anumberofimportantmeasureswereintroducedattheconferencerelatingtoharnessingthepowerofaunifieddomesticmarket,guidingtherationaldistribu-tionofindustriesthroughafunctionalzoningstrategy,andleveragingbothdo-mesticandinternationalmarketsandresources.Thesestepsaredesignedtoboostthestrengthandvitalityofnewindustrializationandcreateapowerfulsynergytodriveitsprogress.OnSeptember20,theStateCouncilheldanexecutivemeetingfocusedonacceleratingnewindustrialization.Themeetinganalyzedtheevolvingdynamicsseenbothdomesticallyandinternationally,aswellasthecharacteristics

1“XiJinpingGivesImportantInstructionsonPromotingNewIndustrialization:IntegratetheRequire-mentsofHigh-QualityDevelopmentThroughouttheProcessofNewIndustrialization,LayaSolidMaterialandTechnologicalFoundationforChineseModernization”,Chin.ed.,XinhuaNewsAgency,September23,2023.

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ofthedifferentstagesofChina'snewindustrializationprocess.Themeetingun-derscoredtheneedforconcertedeffortsacrossallkeyareastocomprehensivelyimprovethequality,efficiency,andglobalcompetitivenessofindustrialdevel-opment.Ithighlightedtheimportanceofcontinuouspromotionoftraditionalin-dustrytransformationandtheupgrading,nurturingandstrengtheningofstrategicemergingindustries,therapiddevelopmentofadvancedmanufacturing,andthecoordinatedadvancementofdigitalindustrializationandindustrialdigitalization.Additionally,itemphasizedtheimportanceofaddressingweaknesses,leveragingstrengths,andcultivatingnewadvantages.

(2)Transformingandupgradingtraditionalindustries

The2023GovernmentWorkReportoutlinedseveralinitiativesaimedatele-vatingindustriestohigherlevelsofdevelopment.Theseincludereinforcingandupgradingweaklinksintheindustrialchainsofkeysectors,launchingaseriesofindustrialfoundationre-engineeringprojects,acceleratingthepaceofequipmentupgradesandtechnologicaltransformationinenterprises,extendingthepreferen-tialpolicyonaccelerateddepreciationoffixedassetstotheentiremanufacturingsector,andspeedingupthedigitalizationoftraditionalindustriesandSMEstomakethemmoreadvanced,intelligent,andenvironmentallyfriendly.InDecem-ber,theMIITreleasedtheGuidelinesonAcceleratingtheTransformationandUp-gradeofTraditionalManufacturingIndustriesincooperationwithotherrelevantdepartments.Theseguidelinesproposeacceleratingtheadoptionandpromotionofadvancedandapplicabletechnologies,furtheradvancingindustrialfoundationre-engineeringprojects,promotingtheintelligentanddigitaltransformationandnetworkedconnectivityofenterprises,drivingthecomprehensiverenovationandupgradingofindustrialparksandclusters,strengtheninggreenandlow-carbonde-velopment,andstrivingtoelevatetraditionalmanufacturingtowardshigher-end,

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moreintelligent,greener,andmoreintegratedoperations.Essentialtasks,includ-ingthetechnologicaltransformationandupgradingofthemanufacturingsector,havesincebeenputintoaction.

(3)Cultivatingandstrengtheningstrategicemergingindustries

The2023GovernmentWorkReporthighlightedtheneedtoacceleratethede-velopmentofemergingindustries,includinghigh-endequipment,biomedicine,optoelectronics,newenergyvehicles,solarpower,andwindpower,whiledeepen-ingtheintegrationofthedigitaleconomywiththerealeconomy.InMay,theStateCouncil'sexecutivemeetingmappedoutaplantoexpeditethedevelopmentofad-vancedmanufacturingclusters,emphasizingtheirpivotalrole.Themeetingoutlinedplanstoacceleratethetransformationandupgradingoftraditionalindustrieswhilefosteringandstrengtheningemergingindustries,withanaimtoboosttechnologicalinnovation,transformation,andapplicationtoallowtraditionalindustriestobecomemoreadvanced,intelligent,andenvironmentallyfriendly.Thegoalisalsotodevel-ophigh-qualityenterprisegroupsandprioritizestrategicemergingindustries.Themeetingalsohighlightedtheneedtooptimizeindustryconfigurations,fosterworld-classproducts,services,andbrands,supportspecializedandsophisticatedSMEsproducingnovelanduniqueproductsorexcellingassingle-productspecialists,andenhancethesynergybetweentechnologicalandindustrialinnovation.

(4)Planningforfutureindustries

Underthecentralauthorities'unifiedplanning,relevantdepartmentshaveac-tivelynurturedfutureindustries,acceleratingtheemergenceofnewproductiveforcesandboostingnewdriversofdevelopment.In2023,aprogramwaslaunchedtoencouragecompetitionintacklingfutureindustrialinnovationchallenges,focusingonfourkeyareas:themetaverse,humanoidrobots,brain-computerin-terfaces,andAGI.Theprogramisprimarilyfocusedoncorefoundations,key

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products,publicsupport,anddemonstrationandapplication,andaimstoidenti-fyandnurtureagroupofcompetitiveentitieswithcoretechnologiesandrobustinnovationcapabilities.Itseekstoachievebreakthroughsinarangeoficonictechnologiesandproductsandtoexpeditetheapplicationofnewtechnologiesandproducts.TheImplementationPlanfortheNewIndustryStandardizationPilotProject(2023-2035),issuedinAugust,aimstocapitalizeonopportunitiesinthedevelopmentoffutureindustries.Ittargetsninemajorsectors:metaverse,brain-computerinterfaces,generativeAI,bio-manufacturing,futuredisplays,futurenetworks,andnewenergystorage.Theplanfocusesonenhancinganefficientandcollaborativestandardizationworksystemforthesenewindustries,coordinatingtheresearch,development,implementation,andinternationalizationofstandards.

5.Internationalscienceandtechnologycooperation

AttheThirdGroupStudySessionofthePoliticalBureauofthe20thCPCCentralCommittee,GeneralSecretaryXiJinpinghighlightedtheimportanceofinternationalcooperation,openness,andsharinginresolvingglobaldevelopmentissues¹.Throughout2023,Chinacontinuedtoenhanceinternationalcooperation,improveditsopening-uppolicies,builtcooperativeplatforms,andfurtherdevel-opedanopeninnovationecosystemfordevelopingscienceandtechnology.

(1)Promotingglobalinnovationgovernance

Throughout2023,Chinacontinuedtobroadenitsopennessinthefieldof

“XiJinpingEmphasizesattheThirdGroupStudySessionofthePoliticalBureauofthe20thCPCCen-tralCommittee:EffectivelyStrengthenBasicResearch,LaytheFoundationforGreaterStrengthandSelf-RelianceinScienceandTechnology”,Chin.ed.,XinhuaNewsAgency,February22,2023.

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scienceandtechnology.ThecountryintroducedtheInternationalScienceandTechnologyCooperationInitiative,callingformoreinternationalcollaborationinscientificandtechnologicalinnovation.Theaimoftheinitiativeistobuildaglobalinnovationnetworkthatpromotestheapplicationanddisseminationofemergingtechnologiestocollectivelytackleglobalchallengessuchasclimatechange,health,environmentalprotection,energysecurity,andfoodsecurity.ChinaalsopublishedtheGlobalSecurityInitiativeConceptPaper,proposingstrengtheninginternation-algovernanceinemergingtechnologicalfields,includingAI,andpreventingandmanagingpotentialsafetyrisks.Concerninginternationalscientificandtechnolog-icalexchanges,relevantdepartmentshaveissuedregulationsgoverningthelawfulcross-bordermovementofR&Ddata,thetransferofintellectualpropertyrightsabroad,andthemanagementprocessesfortechnologyimportsandexports.

(2)Buildingplatformsforinternationalcooperationandexchange

Chinaviewsengagementwiththeglobalcommunityinscienceandtechnol-ogyasacrucialfoundationforscientificandtechnologicaldevelopment,andhasdeepenedsuchexchangesthroughconferencesandresearchcollaborations.InMay2023,theZhongguancunForum,themed“OpenCooperationforaSharedFuture”,hostedover150eventswithinternational,high-end,andspecializedfeatures.InSeptember,theGlobalVentureCapitalConferenceatthePujiangInnovationFo-rumattractedmorethan1,000high-qualityprojectsfromcountriessuchastheUnitedStates,Japan,Canada,andFinland.InNovember,theinauguralBeltandRoadMinisterialConferenceonScienceandTechnologywasheld,bringingto-getherscienceandtechnologyministersandseniorrepresentativesfrom24coun-tries.TheSustainableDevelopmentInternationalCooperationProgram,launchedbytheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationCommittee,aimstofosterbilateralandmultilateralexchangesandcooperationamongresearchersfromdifferentcountries,

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facilitatingjointresearchtoaddressglobalchallenges.Chinahasalsobeenin-volvedininternationalcooperationontheInternationalLunarResearchStationwithcountriessuchasRussiaandSouthAfrica.TheseinternationalscienceandtechnologycooperationactivitiesrepresentimportantstridesinChina'smutuallybeneficialstrategyofopeningupanddemonstratethecountry'scommitmenttocol-laboratingwithotherstoadvancescientificandtechnologicalinnovation,withtheultimategoalofusingscienceandtechnologytobenefitpeopleacrossallnations.

III.NewAchievementsinBuildingaModern

IndustrialSystemThroughScientificand

TechnologicalInnovation

In2023,underthestrongleadershipoftheCPCCentralCommitteeandthroughtheconcertedeffortsoftheentiresociety,Chinasuccessfullyovercamemultipleinternalandexternalchallenges.Thecountryacceleratedtheimplemen-tationofscienceandtechnologypolicies,whichhaveledtoaseriesofsignificantinnovationoutcomes.Theseachievementshaveestablishedasolidfoundationandprovidednewmomentumforthedevelopmentofhigh-qualityproductiveforces.Theyrepresentsignificantprogresstowardsenhancingstrengthandself-relianceinscienceandtechnologyandbuildingamodernindustrialsystem.

1.Increasinginvestmentinscientificandtechnologicalinnovation

WiththecontinuedincreaseinR&Dspendingandotherscienceandtechnology

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resources,Chinahasachievedsustainedgrowthinboththequantityandqualityofscientificandtechnologicaloutput,layingasolidfoundationforscientificandtechnologicalprogressandindustrialdevelopment.

(1)SteadyincreaseinR&Dexpenditureacrosssociety

In2023,China'stotalR&DexpenditurereachedRMB3,327.8billion,mark-ingan8.1-percentincreasefromthepreviousyear.Inthesameyear,R&Dinten-sity[R&D/GDP]reached2.65percent(seeFigure2-1).BasicresearchfundingamountedtoRMB225.9billionthroughouttheyear,representingagrowthof11.6percent,andtheshareofbasicresearchspendinginthetotalR&Dexpenditurein-creasedfrom6.03percentin2019to6.77percent.

(RMB100million)36,000┐

(%)

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32,000

2.66

28,000

2.52

24,000-

2.38

20,000

2.24

16,000

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12,000+

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2014201520162017201820192020202120222023

Year

■R&DExpenditure—R&DExpenditureIntensity(rightaxis)

Figure2-1China'sTotalR&DExpenditureandIntensityfrom2014to2023

Source:NationalBureauofStatistics.

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(2)Continuedincreaseinpublicspendingoneducationandscience

In2023,publicspendingonscientificresearchreachedRMB1,082.3billion,a7.9-percentincreaseoverthepreviousyear,withthegrowthraterisingby4.1percentagepointscomparedto2022.Thisrepresentsapproximately3.9percentoftotalfiscalspending.Thenationalgeneralpublicbudgetexpenditureoneducationcontinuedtorise,increasingfromRMB3,945.5billionin2022toRMB4,124.2billionin2023,agrowthof4.5percent,maintainingashareofaround14.5per-centoftotalfiscalexpenditure.

(3)Rapidgrowthinhigh-techindustryinvestment

InvestmentinChina'shigh-techindustrieshasmaintaineddouble-digitgrowthformanyconsecutiveyears,withayear-on-yearincreaseof10.3percentin2023.Specifically,investmentsinhigh-techmanufacturingincreasedby9.9percentyearonyear,whilethoseinhigh-techservicesgrewby11.4percent.Thesefig-uresindicatethatthehigh-techsectorremainsakeyareaofinvestment.Accord-ingtoDealroom,aninternationalmarketanalysisfirm,despiteaglobalmarketdownturn,China'sventurecapitalscalesawonlyaslightdecreasein2023.Itssharerelativetothelargestventurecapitalmarket,theUnitedStates,rosefrom24.2percentin2022to32.2percentin2023.ThisgrowthhasfurtherestablishedChina'spositionastheworld'ssecond-largestventurecapitalmarket.

2.Aconstantlyimprovingecosystemforinnovation

Overall,China'ssystemofscientificandtechnologicalinnovationhasenteredanewphase,providingstrongersupportforenhancingindependentinnovationca-pacityandachievinggreaterstrengthandself-relianceinscienceandtechnology.AccordingtotheWorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization'sGlobalInnovation

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Index2023,Chinaranked12thgloballyforinnovation.In2023,Chinawashometo24ofthetop100globalinnovationclusters,surpassingtheUnitedStatesforthefirsttimetobecometheworldleader.ThisachievementfurthersolidifiesChina'sstatusasaninnovationpowerhouse.

(1)Increasingmarketvitalityforinnovation

Asoftheendof2023,Chinahadatotalof184millionmarketentities,mark-ingan8.9-percentincreasefromthepreviousyear.Amongthese,theshareofenterprisesroseto31.67percent,up0.41percentagepointsfrom2022,indicatingariseinmarketvitality.Intermsofmarketexpectations,theaveragePurchas-ingManagers'Index(PMI)forhigh-techmanufacturingincreasedfrom50.53in2022to51.1in2023,essentiallyreturningtothelevelsseenin2019.AccordingtotheEmergingIndustriesPurchasingManagers'Index(EPMI),jointlyreleasedbytheChinaAcademyofScienceandTechnologyforDevelopmentandPMII,aconsultingfirm,China'saverageEPMIrosefrom49.56in2022to52.96in2023,remainingabovetheboom-bustline.Thisindicatesacontinuousupwardtrendinstrategicemergingindustries.

(2)Rapiddevelopmentofthetechnologytradingmarket

In2023,thevalueofconcludedtechnologycontractsinChinareachedRMB6,147.6billion,representinga28.6-percentincreaseoverthepreviousyear,indicatingacontinuedexpansioninthescaleoftechnologytransactions.Lastyearalsosawtheconclusionof950,000technologytransactioncontracts,ayear-on-yearincreaseof23.4percent.Thegrowthrateincreasedby8.5percentagepointscomparedto2022,signalingacontinuousriseintransactionactivity.Theaveragevalueofindividualtechnologycontractsin2023wasRMB6.47million,anincreaseof4.3percentoverthepreviousyear,demonstratingasignificantimprovementinthequalityoftechnology.In2023,thetotaltradevalueofintellectualpropertyroy-altieswasUS$53.7billion,ofwhichexportsamountedtoUS$11billion.

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(RMB100million)(%)

72,00036

63,00033

54,000-30

45,00027

36,000-24

27,000-21

18,00018

9,00015

12

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Year

■TechnologyContractValue—Year-on-YearGrowthRate(rightaxis)

Figure2-2China'sTechnologyContractValueandGrowthRatefrom2014to2023

Source:NationalBureauofStatistics.

(3)Continuousimprovementoftheregionaldistributionofinnovation

Thenationalframeworkfordevelopingscienceandtechnologyinnovationbaseshasbecomeincreasinglyrobust,andthedevelopmentofregionalinnovationhubshasshownremarkableresults.Beijing,Shanghai,andtheGuangdong-HongKong-MacaoGreaterBayAreahaveemergedasleadinginternationalcentersofinnovation.AccordingtotheWorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization'sGlobalInnovationIndex2023,theHongKong-Shenzhen-Guangzhoucluster,Beijing,andtheShanghai-Suzhouclusterrankedsecond,fourth,andfifth,respective-ly,amongglobaltechnologyclusters.TheserankingshighlightthesignificantroletheseregionsplayindrivingtheinnovationcapacityofthePan-PearlRiver

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Delta,theBeijing-Tianjin-Hebeiregion,andtheYangtzeRiverDelta.Aseriesofmajornationalscienceandtechnologyprojectswithstrategic,overarching,andforward-lookingsignificancehavebeenimplemented,enhancingChina'sinde-pendentinnovationcapacity.Sustainedprogresshasbeenmadeinbuildingfoun-dationalscientificcapacityandadvancinginternationalcooperationinscienceandtechnology,furtherenhancingthevitalityof