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implementedtheNationalExcellenceProgram¹,whichsupportshighereducationfacilitiesaimingtobecomefirst-rateuniversitiesordevelopfirst-classdisciplinesintrainingoutstandinggraduatesasprimaryandsecondaryschoolteachers,andhasrefinedthemechanismforadjustingthesalariesofcompulsoryeducationteachersinaccordancewiththoseoflocalcivilservants.Thecountryhasalsofur-thereditsreformoftheprofessionaltitleassessmentsystemforteachersandbol-steredoversightofacademictitleevaluationsinuniversities.Topromoteamoreequitabledistributionofeducationalresources,ithasconductedorderlyexchangesandrotationsofteachersandheadteachers,andamplifiedthesupportandincen-tivesavailableforthoseinvolved.Additionally,ithasensuredthatallteachersworkinginpubliccompulsoryeducationincounty-levelregionsareregulatedbycountyauthoritiesandemployedbyschools.

(3)Promotingdigitalizationineducation

Chinacloselyfollowsnewglobaltrendsinthedigitaltransformationofedu-cationandhasenhancedthedigitalandscientificliteracyofstudentsinresponsetotheevolvingdemandsofthedigitaleconomyanddigitaldevelopment.In2023,thecountryreleasedtheindustrystandard“DigitalLiteracyofTeachers”,alongwithanactionplanfordigitalempowermentofteachers'development.Itestab-lishedadigitaleducationadvisoryboard,andformedaspecialtaskforcefortheadoptionoftheSmartEducationofChinaplatform.Additionally,itorganizedthe2024WorldDigitalEducationConference,withaviewtoincreasingtheinfluenceofChina'sdigitaleducationendeavors.

TheNationalExcellenceProgram,ortheNationalProgramforTrainingPrimaryandSecondarySchoolTeachersofExcellenceinfull,waslaunchedinSeptember2023.Underthisprogram,Chinasupportshigh-qualityinstitutionsofhighereducation,particularlythoseaimingtobecomefirst-rateuniversitiesorde-velopfirst-classdisciplines,toselectandenrollstudentsofdistinctionwhoareinterestedinandfitforteach-ingasgraduatesoftheNationalExcellenceProgram,whichpreparesthemforprimaryandsecondaryschools.

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(4)Refiningeducation-relatedlaws,regulationsandpolicies

ThesixthsessionoftheStandingCommitteeofthe14thNationalPeople'sCongressreviewedandapprovedthePatrioticEducationLawofthePeople’sRe-publicofChina,whichintegratespatrioticeducationintothenationaleducationsystem.TheGeneralOfficeoftheCPCCentralCommitteeandtheGeneralOfficeoftheStateCounciljointlyissuedtheGuidelinesonBuildingaHigh-QualityandBalancedBasicPublicEducationServiceSystem,settingoutrequirementstoen-surethecomprehensive,high-quality,andbalanceddevelopmentofcompulsoryeducation,significantlyenhancesupportforstudentsfromeconomicallydisadvan-tagedbackgrounds,andcoordinateeffortstoaddressstudenthealth,publiccultur-alandsportsactivities,andemploymentandentrepreneurshipsupportforcollegegraduates.The15thexecutivemeetingoftheStateCounciladoptedtheRegu-lationsontheProtectionofMinorsinCyberspace,whichfocusesonfosteringhealthycyberspaceforminorswithstrongprotectionbyenhancinginternetlitera-cy,regulatingonlineinformationandcontent,strengtheningtheprotectionofper-sonalinformationonline,andpreventinginternetaddiction.Relevantdepartments,includingtheMinistryofEducation,madeinstitutionalarrangementstostrengthenscienceeducationinprimaryandsecondaryschoolsforthenewera,improvethe

mechanismwhereschools,families,andthewholesocietyworktogethertoad-vanceeducationandimplementtheactionplanforupgradingbasiceducationforthenewera.

2.Pursuingequal,high-qualityeducation

In2023,Chinaranked21stintheStrongEducationCountryIndex,risingby

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28placessince2012-fasterthananyothercountry¹.

(1)Moreinclusivebasiceducation

ThecoverageofbasiceducationstagesinChinahasreachedorsurpassedthelevelsfoundinupper-andmiddle-incomecountriesbelongingtotheOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment,withthelevelofcoverageofpre-schoolandcompulsoryeducationnowonaparwiththeaveragelevelsofhigh-incomenations².In2023,China'sgrossenrollmentrateforpreschooleducationreached91.1percent,markinga1.4-percentagepointincreasefromthepreviousyearandexceedingthe14thFive-yearPlantargetaheadofschedule.Thecomple-tionratefornine-yearcompulsoryeducationstoodat95.7percent,a0.2-percentagepointincreasefromthepreviousyear.Nationally,18.78millionstudentswereenrolledinprimaryeducationin2023,a10.37-percentincreaseoverthepreviousyear;juniorsecondaryeducationenrolled17.55millionstudents,a1.34-percentincreasefromthepreviousyear;andthegrossenrollmentrateforseniorsecondaryeducationwas91.8percent,a0.2-percentagepointincreasefromthepreviousyear³.TheNutritionImprovementProgramforRuralCompulsoryEducationStudentsbenefitsover37millionruralstudentsannually,andanaverageheightincreaseof4.2cmforboysand4.1cmforgirlshasbeenseeninregionscoveredbytheprogramsince2012⁴.

GaoYizhe:“LatestStrongEducationCountryIndexReleased”,Chin.ed.,EducationDaily,May30,2024,p.3.

2“PressConferenceonPeople'sLivelihoodforSecondSessionof14thNationalPeople'sCongress”,Chin.ed.,XinhuaNewsAgency,March9,2024.

3“MinistryofEducationPressConferencePresentsChina'sEducationalAchievementsin2023”,Minis-tryofEducationwebsite,March1,2024.

4“StateCouncilInformationOfficeBriefingonSpeedingUpWorktoBuildaStrongEducationalSys-tem,DevelopingEducationThatMeetsthePeople'sExpectations”,Chin.ed.,StateCouncilwebsite,July6,2023.

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(2)Improvinghighereducation

In2023,250millionChinesepeoplereceivedhighereducation,andtheav-eragelengthofschoolingfornewentrantstotheworkforcerosefrom13.5yearsto14years,reflectingasteadyenhancementinhumancapital.Chinabecametheworld'slargestproviderofhighereducation,withthegrossenrollmentrategrow-ingby0.6percentagepointsfrom2022to60.2percent,meetingthe14thFive-yearPlantargetaheadofschedule.Nationally,therewere3,074highereducationinstitutions,anincreaseof61fromthepreviousyear.Thetotalenrollmentinhigh-ereducationofallformsreached47.63millionstudents,climbingby2.32percentfromthepreviousyear.Totalenrollmentinundergraduateprogramsinregularandvocationalhighereducationinstituteswas10.42millionstudents,a2.73-percentincreasefromthepreviousyear.Graduateinstitutesenrolled1.30millionstudents,a4.76-percentincreasefromthepreviousyear.Amongthem,therewere153,300doctoralstudents,a10.29-percentincreasefromthepreviousyear,and1.15mil-lionmaster'sstudents,a4.07-percentincrease¹(seeFigure6-1).Atotalof75,200studentsgraduatedfromdoctoralprograms,andthenumberofacademicdoctoralprogramsdoubledinthelastdecade.Theshareofprofessionaldegreeprogramsinalldegreeprogramsrosefrom37.6percenttenyearsagoto44.2percentin2023,withthenumberofdoctoralprogramsincreasingbythreetimesoverthesameperiod².

"MinistryofEducationPressConferencePresentsChina'sEducationalAchievementsin2023",Chin.

ed.,MinistryofEducationwebsite,March1,2024.

²MinistryofEducation:"BriefingontheGuidelinesoftheMinistryofEducationonCategorizedDevel-opmentofAcademicandProfessionalDegreePrograms”,Chin.ed.,MinistryofEducationwebsite,Decem-ber19,2023.

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(10,000people)450

400350300250200150

100

50

20192020202120222023Year

NewenrollmentinundergraduateprogramsinregularandvocationalhighereducationinstitutesTotalenrollmentinundergraduateprogramsinregularandvocationalhighereducationinstitutesGraduatesinundergraduateprogramsinregularandvocationalhighereducationinstitutes

○leennrlllmltitiitti((rttii))

Graduatesingraduateinstitutes(rightaxis)

(10,000people)

4,000

3,500

3,000

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

Figure6-1NumberofStudentsReceivingHigherEducation

inChinafrom2019to2023

Source:“StatisticalCommuniquésofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaontheNationalEconomicandSocialDevelop-ment”.

(3)Strengthenedvocationaleducation

In2023,the7,085secondaryvocationaleducation'schoolsacrossthecountryenrolledatotalof12.98millionstudents,with4.54millionnewentrants.Therewere33undergraduate-levelvocationalschoolsand1,547highervocationalcolleges.Undergraduate-levelvocationalschoolsenrolled89,900students,a

17.82-percentincreasefromthepreviousyear,andhighervocationalcollegesen-rolled5.55millionstudents,a2.99-percentincreasefromthepreviousyear.The

Thisdoesnotincludetechnicianschoolsmanagedbyhumanresourceandsocialsecuritydepartments.

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proportionofteachersqualifiedbothindeliveringtheoreticalknowledgeandguid-ingpracticeinsecondaryvocationaleducationreached56.71percent,anincreaseof0.53percentagepointsfromthepreviousyear.OverseasvocationaleducationcooperationprojectslikeLubanWorkshops,ZhengHeColleges,andSilkRoadSchoolssawnewadvancements.Secondaryandhighervocationalschoolsnowproducearound10millionhigh-calibertechniciansannually.

(4)Expandingopeningupofeducation

In2023,the42ndsessionoftheUNESCOGeneralConferenceadoptedtheresolutiontoestablishtheUNESCOInternationalInstituteforSTEMEducation(IISTEM)asaUNESCOCategory-1InstituteinShanghai,China.ItisthetenthCategory-1InstituteestablishedbyUNESCOglobally.InFebruary,ChinahostedtheinauguralWorldDigitalEducationConferenceinBeijing,whereanumberofkeydocumentswereunveiled,includingtheChinaSmartEducationBluebook2022andthe2022SmartEducationDevelopmentIndexReport.SmartEducationofChinawasawardedtheUNESCOICTPrize¹.

Todate,Chinahassignedmutualrecognitionagreementsonacademicqualifi-cationsanddegreeswith58countriesandregions.Chineselanguageinstructionisofferedinover180countriesandregions,withnearly200millionpeoplehavinglearnedandusedChinese,whilemorethan1.3millionChinesestudentsarepursu-ingtheirstudiesabroadinover100countries².

TheUNESCOKingHamadBinIsaAl-KhalifaPrizefortheUseofInformationandCommunicationTechnologies(ICTs)inEducationisthetopUnitedNationsprizefortheuseofICTineducation.

2“StateCouncilInformationOfficeBriefingonSpeedingUpWorktoBuildaStrongEducationalSys-tem,DevelopingEducationThatMeetsthePeople'sExpectations”,Chin.ed.,StateCouncilwebsite,July6,2023.

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II.EmploymentRemainedStableinGeneral

Asthecornerstoneofpeople'slivelihood,employmenthasadirectbearingonthepeople'simmediateinterests,soundsocialandeconomicprogress,andChina'sstabilityandsecurityoverthelongterm.Chinaprioritizeshigh-qualityandfullemployment,withstepstakentostabilizeandimproveemployment.

1.Steppingupeffortstostabilizeemployment

(1)Adoptingpoliciestosupportenterprisesinstabilizingandex-pandingemployment

Inresponsetoemploymentpressure,Chinaintroducedpoliciestosupportenterprisesinmaintainingandexpandingtheirworkforce.Thesemeasuresbothalleviatethefinancialburdenonbusinessesandensurejobstabilityandcreationthroughearmarkedfundsandemploymentstabilizationsubsidies.

Acomprehensivepolicypackagewasadoptedtoeasetheburdenonbusiness-es.Thecomplexanduncertainmarketdynamicsintheglobalanddomesticcon-textsposesignificantchallengesforbusinessesinthepost-Covid-19era,andtoalleviatethepressureandinvigoratebusinessactivities,theStateCouncilextend-edtheprovisionalpolicyofloweringtheratioofcontributionstounemploymentinsuranceto1percentandreducingtheratioofcontributionstoworkinjuryinsur-ance.Thescopeofcompanieseligibleforjobcreationsubsidieswasbroadened,andthepoliciesonunemploymentinsurancepremiumrefundswereimproved.

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Financialinstitutionswereencouragedtoofferservicesthatstabilizeandincreaseemployment,andtoofferloanstoentitiesintherealeconomy-includingsmallandmicroenterprises-thatcomplywithlaborstandardsandaregoodjobstabi-lizersandcreators,thussupportingthemintheseendeavors.Thepolicyofone-offwagesubsidieswasreinstated,andthehandlingprocesswasstreamlined,withtheswiftadoptionofonlineprocessingandenhancedefficiencyviabigdata-basedcomparisonandrecognition,resultinginagreatersenseoffulfillmentandsatis-factionamongenterprises.Throughouttheyear,unemploymentandworkinjuryinsuranceschemesforemploymentstabilitysavedbusinessesmorethanRMB200billion,whilethespendingonemploymentsubsidiessurpassedRMB100billion¹.

Chinaisfosteringthegrowthofmicro,small,andmedium-sizedenterprises(MSMEs)andprivateenterprisestoharnesstheroleofinnovationandentrepre-neurshipinstimulatingemployment.Innovationandentrepreneurshipinjectnewdynamismintoeconomicdevelopment,providingworkerswithemploymentop-portunitiesandbroaderprospectsforcareeradvancement.MSMEsandprivatebusinesses,asthebackboneofjobcreation,contributesignificantlytostable,well-structuredemploymentandhigh-qualityeconomicdevelopment.TheCen-tralEconomicWorkConference,convenedattheendof2022,underscoredtheneedtodevotesignificanteffortstodevelopingthedigitaleconomy,strengthen-ingregularoversight,andsupportingplatformenterprisestofullyharnesstheirpotentialtodrivedevelopment,createemployment,andincreaseinternationalcompetitiveness.In2023,afullpro-businesspackagecombiningfiscalsubsidies,taxincentives,andemploymentandentrepreneurshippolicieswasemployedtostrengtheninnovativesectors,MSMEs,andprivateenterprises.Supportfor

“PressBriefingoftheMinistryofHumanResourcesandSocialSecurityonHumanResourcesandSo-cialSecurityWorkin2023”,Chin.ed.,StateCouncilwebsite,January25,2024.

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businessincubationprogramswasalsoenhanced,andservicestoaddressenter-priserecruitmentissueswereimproved.Initiativessuchasdeepeningtheintegra-tionbetweenvocationaleducationandindustryandestablishing"fast-track"and“throughtrain”schemesforprofessionaltitleevaluationshavehelpedprivateen-terpriseshireaskilledworkforce.

(2)Boostingemploymentforkeygroups

Toaccommodatekeygroupssuchascollegegraduates,migrantworkers,andindividualsfacingemploymentdifficulties,severalinitiativesforpolicypromo-tion,careerintroduction,vocationalguidance,andemploymenttrainingwerelaunchedin2023.Theseinitiativesincludedthe“SpringBreezeAction”,whichfocusesonruralworkersandemployerswithlabordemands,andthe“EmploymentAssistanceMonth”,forthosewithemploymentchallengesandunemployedindi-vidualswithdisabilities.

Promotingyouthemploymentisatoppriorityforstabilizingthejobmarket.

In2023,11.58millionpeoplegraduatedfromcolleges,an8-percentincreasecomparedtothepreviousyear¹.Thisincreasehascreatedsignificantpressureonemploymentopportunities.Tocounteractthis,effortsweremadetoexpandthecapacityofemployerstorecruityoungpeople.Employmentsubsidiesandotherincentiveswereprovidedtoencourageenterprisestohirecollegegraduates,andadditionalstaffingandfundingwereprovidedforstate-ownedenterprisestoin-creaserecruitment.Partyandgovernmentagenciesandpublicinstitutionstappedtheirstaffingmarginstomaintainthenumberofcollegegraduaterecruits,andprimary-levelserviceprograms,suchasthe“ThreeSupportsandOneAssistance”

LiuBochao:“MoveFastertoBuildChinaintoaLeadingCountryinEducationandDevelopaStrongEducationalSectorThatSatisfiesthePeople”,Chin.ed.,GuangmingDaily,July7,2023,p.4.

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initiative¹,thevolunteerserviceprograminwesternChinaforcollegestudents,andthespecialprogramrecruitingmedicalschoolgraduatesasruraldoctors,providedmorejobopportunities.Alltypesofenterprises,publicinstitutions,andsocialorganizationswereencouragedtoprovideover1millionnewinternshipopportunitiesforyoungpeople.Meanwhile,employmentserviceswereimproved,andemploymentinformationdistributionchannelswereenhanced,alongsidespe-cialemploymentpromotionassistanceforgraduatesfacingdifficulties,andreal-name-basedfollow-upsupportforthosewhoremainunemployedafterleavingschool.Educationonemploymentknowledgeandcareeroutlookwasstrength-ened,andstudentswereprovidedwithmorepersonalized,precise,andaccessiblecareerguidance.

Formigrantworkers,particularlythosewhohaveescapedpoverty,regionalla-borcollaborationalliancesandconferencesonbrandbuildingonthelabormarketwereorganizedtohelpthemfindjobseitherintheirhometownsorfurtherafield.Bytheendof2023,33.97millionpeoplewhohadbeenliftedoutofpovertyjoinedtheworkforce².

(3)Steppingupvocationaltraining

Strengtheningskillstrainingisacriticalpathwaytoenhancingemploymentfortheaforementionedkeygroups.In2023,over18millionsubsidizedvoca-tionaltrainingopportunitieswereprovided,andmorethan12millionvocationalqualificationcertificatesandskilllevelcertificationsweregranted³.Atotalof

Thisreferstotheserviceprogramselectingcollegegraduatesforcommunity-levelpostsinsupportingeducation,agricultureandhealthcare,andprovidingassistancetoruralrevitalization.-Tr:

2“PressBriefingoftheMinistryofHumanResourcesandSocialSecurityonHumanResourcesandSo-cialSecurityWorkin2023",Chin.ed.,StateCouncilwebsite,January25,2024.

3“PressBriefingoftheMinistryofHumanResourcesandSocialSecurityonHumanResourcesandSo-cialSecurityWorkin2023”,Chin.ed.,StateCouncilwebsite,January25,2024.

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115nationalbasesfortraininghighly-skilledpersonneland139mastercraftsmanstudioswereopened,focusingonadvancedmanufacturing,modernservices,anddigitalskills.Increasedeffortsweremadetoprovidevocationalskillstrainingtokeygroupssuchasmigrantworkers,veterans,andpeoplewithdisabilities,aidingtheminenhancingtheiremployabilityandsecuringstablejobs.

Vocationalskillstrainingformigrantworkerswassignificantlyexpanded.In2023,thenumberofmigrantworkersreached297.53million,markinganincreaseof1.91million,or0.6percent,comparedtothepreviousyear¹.TheCentralDoc-umentNo.1of2023clearlyoutlinedrequirementsforstabilizingemploymentfortheseworkers,improvingtheirvocationalskills,protectingtheemploymentrightsofolderindividuals,andgrantingpermanenturbanresidencytomigrantworkersworkingincounties.Throughvariousformsoffreevocationalskillstrainingandentrepreneurshiptrainingopportunities,migrantworkersweregiventheopportu-nitytoimprovetheirskills.

Effortswerealsomadetofacilitateveterans'accesstoeducationandtrain-ing.Followingtheprincipleofparticipationforalldischargedmilitarypersonnel,adaptivetrainingandvocationalskillstrainingwereconductedthroughpoliticaleducation,mentalcounseling,careerplanning,preferencesurveys,andpolicypromotiontomakesurethattrainingalignedwithlabordemand.Pilotprogramsforinter-provincialtrainingwerelaunched,includingtheestablishmentofasys-temforself-employedveteransintheYangtzeRiverDeltaregionthataddressedthechallengeofinter-provincialtrainingandenhancedtrainingeffectiveness.Throughouttheyear,267,000veteransparticipatedinacademiceducation,

NationalBureauofStatistics:"ReportontheMonitoringandSurveyofRuralMigrantWorkersin2023",Chin.ed.,NationalBureauofStatisticswebsite,April30,2024.

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275,000underwentadaptivetraining,and148,000receivedskillstraining'.

TheThree-YearActionPlanforPromotingEmploymentofPeoplewithDis-abilities(2022-2024)wasfurtherimplementedthroughout2023,withpoliciessupportingemploymentandentrepreneurship,vocationalskillstrainingoppor-tunities,andgreateremploymentassistanceinruralareas.ThenumberofpeoplewithdisabilitiesholdingadisabilitycertificateemployedinurbanandruralareasinChinain2023stoodat9.06million,and461,000peoplewithdisabilitiesre-ceivedreal-name-basedtraining.Practicalskillstrainingempowered259,000ruralpeoplewithdisabilities.Healthmassagetrainingwasgivento11,393blindindi-viduals,andmedicalmassageto9,970.Ofthosetrained,558individualsobtainedjunior-levelprofessionaltechnicalqualificationsformedicalmassage,and148acquiredmid-levelqualifications².

2.Ensuringoverallstabilityofemployment

(1)Balanceddemandandsupplyinthelabormarket

Overall,employmentremainedstable.In2023,atotalof12.44millionurbanjobswereadded,andtheaveragesurveyedurbanunemploymentratestoodat5.2percent,showingadownwardtrendandnotablylowerthanthe2022averageof5.6percent.Thesurveyedunemploymentratefortheemployedpopulationwithnon-localhouseholdregistrationdecreasedfrom5.6percentatthebeginningoftheyearto4.7percentbytheendoftheyear.Thesurveyedunemploymentrate

DepartmentofEmploymentandEntrepreneurship,MinistryofVeteranAffairs:"SpecialFeatureNo.4ofVeteranAffairsin2023:MultipleMeasuresEnsuringHigh-Quality,AdequateEmploymentofVeterans”,Chin.ed.,MinistryofVeteranAffairswebsite,January18,2024.

²ChinaDisabledPersons'Federation:“2023StatisticalBulletinontheDevelopmentofDisabledPer-sons”,Chin.ed.,ChinaDisabledPersons'Federationwebsite,April17,2024.

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fortheemployedpopulationwithlocalhouseholdregistrationexperiencedminorfluctuationsaround5.2percent(seeFigure6-2).

2023-01

2023-02

2023-03

2023-04

2023-05

2023-06

2023-07

2023-08

2023-06

2023-10

2023-11

2023-12

(%)6.15.95.75.55.3

5.14.94.7

4.5

Time

Surveyedurbanunemploymentrate

Surveyedunemploymentratefornon-localemployedpopulation

Surveyedunemploymentrateforlocalemployedpopulation

Figure6-2SurveyedUrbanUnemploymentRateinChinain2023

Source:NationalBureauofStatistics.

(2)Betterprotectionofworkers'rightsandinterests

Thelevelofsocialinsuranceparticipationamongworkerscontinuestorise.

Bytheendof2023,atotalof521.21millionpeoplehadparticipatedinthebasicold-agepensionschemeforurbanemployees,anincreaseof17.66millionoverthatbytheendof2022.Atotalof243.73millionpeopleparticipatedintheun-employmentinsuranceprogram,anincreaseof5.66million,and301.74millionhadparticipatedinwork-relatedinjuryinsurance,anincreaseof10.57million¹.Steadyprogresswasmadeinbringingbasicold-agepensionfundsforenterprise

'NationalBureauofStatistics:2024ChinaStatisticalYearbook,Chin.ed.,ChinaStatisticsPress,2024.

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employeesunderunifiednationalmanagement,withover50millionpeopleopen-ingpersonalpensionaccounts'.

Thesystemfortheprotectionoftherightsandinterestsofworkersinnewformsofemploymentwasimproved.Guidelineswereissuedregardingthees-tablishmentoflaborcontractsandwrittenagreements,protectionofrightstorestandlaborremuneration,andpublicdisclosureoflaborrules,effectivelyassistingbusinessesinbettercomplyingwithlegalandregulatorystandards.Thehumanresourcesandsocialsecurity,courts,andjudicialdepartmentscollectivelydevel-opedaone-stop,multi-agencymediationmodelforlabordisputesinnewformsofemployment,whichleveragestheuniqueadvantagesoflabordisputemediation,people'smediation,andjudicialmediationtoprovidehigh-quality,low-cost,di-versifiedservicestoworkersinnewformsofemployment.Thepilotprogramforoccupationalinjuryprotectionforpersonnelinnewformsofemploymentmadesteadyprogress,covering73.1millionpeoplebytheendof2023².

Administrationonthepaymentofwagestoruralmigrantworkerswasen-hanced.Timelypaymentformigrantworkersisnowensuredthroughexpeditedadjudicationofwagedisputes,andoversightandenforcementhavebeenstrength-enedviaanoptimizedmonitoringandearlywarningplatformandanupgradednationalplatformforreportingarrearsofwages.Majorcasesofwagearrearswerepubliclydisclosed,andthemanagementoflistsofentitiesinbreachofwagepaymentobligationsbecamemorestandardized.Localauthoritiesandcompetentdepartmentswereheldmoreaccountableinregardtothepaymentofwagestomi-grantworkersthroughregularperformanceevaluations.

"PersonalPensionSchemetoBeFullyImplemented",Chin.ed.,XinhuaNewsAgency,January24,2024.

2“PressBriefingoftheMinistryofHumanResourcesandSocialSecurityonHumanResourcesandSo-cialSecurityWorkin2023”,Chin.ed.,StateCouncilwebsite,January25,2024.

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III.ChinaMadeFurtherRefinements

toIncomeDistribution

Thesystemofincomedistributionisthefoundationalsystemforpromotingcommonprosperity.Chinaprimarilyfollowsadistributionsystembasedonwork,withotherformsofdistributionexistingalongsideit.In2023,thecountrytookfurtherstepstoimprovethesystemandstructureofitsincomedistribution.

1.Buildingawell-coordinatedandmutuallycomplementaryinstitutionalframework

(1)Improvingprimarydistribution

Improvingthemechanismsfordeterminingwages-ensuringthattheyareincreasedatareasonablerateandpaidinfull-iskeytoleveragingthemotiva-tion,dedication,andcreativityofworkers.In2023,minimumwagestandardswereraisedin15provinces,autonomousregions,andmunicipalities.TheincomedistributionsystemforpublicinstitutionswasstandardizedfollowingthereleaseoftheGuidelinesonthePilotProgramsforReformofRemunerationS