中国发展报告 2024 CHINA DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2024-部分5

integrationofadvancedmanufacturing,lifesciences,quantumcomputers,andwithembodiedintelliForexample,in2024,OpenAIparticipatedinthecofahumanoidrobotcalledFtoperformactivitiessuchasvisualinformationdescriptioeightcompaniesaroundtheworldwofhumanoidrobots.ThecostofahumanoidrobotinthelogisticsandmatehandlingindustryisestimatedtobeaboutUS$12.5perworkinghour,mmodelsaremainlyclosed-source.Therearealsomanypromisingopen-sourceinstitutionsandunicorncompanieshavapproachestopromotetechnologyiterationandcatch-up.Therearecountry-specifconsensushasbeenformed.Incountries,however,differintheirregulatory“HumanoidRobotsAreGettingtoWork”,IEEESpectrum,December2023,apublicationoftheThematicReport3MajorTrendsanForexample,theEUformallyadoptedtheworld’sfirstcompreulatoryframework,theArtprohibitedbehaviors,transparencyanryenforcementrequirementsforrelevantentitiesundertheprincandhierarchicalriskregulation.TheUS,ontheotherhand,emphasizestheminimumrequirementslaidoutmainlythrough“rmakeitnotonlyaproductiontoolthatreplaceslaborwithMankindhasbecomethemasteroftheearthbyvirrationalthinkinginevolutitenlocherpointedoutintheirbookTheAgeofAIandOurHumanFuture,theCombinedwithhardwaresystemssuchagionsanddeepoceanswithsupra-humanperceIftheopaquenessofAIcannotbechanged,humanitymayfac"newspecies"goingoutofcontrol.Thecross-bodiedintelligence,brain-computerinterfaces,andothertechnologiesJeffreyHinton,winneroftheTuringAwmayhaveindependentintelligenceandthenreproduceitselfintoamorepowerfulorevencatastrophicharm,eitingaglobalcommunityofsharedfuturethatactsinunisoncantheriThematicReport3MajorTrendsanduseofmassiveinformationandknowledge,enhancceleratingtheprogressofscientificresearchoinabroadermacrosc“AIforScience”hasbeenappliedinlifesciences,materialsandenergy,2023,thefirstnon-humanentitytomakeihaspredictedthestructuresofover200DemisHassabisandTuringAwardwinnerYannLeCunboththinkthatAIwillAIapplicationscenariosaregetttechnologiesinfinance,healthcare,manufacturing,transportation,educationandsecuritydrivingthedigitvingproductfAIintherealeconomywillsignificantlyinformation,acceleratingtherened,asindustrieswithhigherprofacceleratetheirmigraThepatternofemploymentandincomedistrianceindustrieswillbereducedby20percenfifthofthejobsintheworldwillbereplacedbyAI.AccordingtotheIntertiveAIwillhaveagreaterimpactonclericincreasetheemploymeplementthedevelopmentofmostindustriesandcreatemorenewoccupations.ThematicReport3MajorTrendsanlyreducetheproportionoflaborinprimatributiontoplayabetterregulatiprovethequalityandefficiencyofteaching.Thereplacementofmiddle-skilllaborbyAIwillputmoreemphasisonskilledandresearch-orientedtalcationresourcesandimproveeduShapingtheFutureofLearning:TheRoleofAIinEducation4.0,publishedbytheWorldEconomicForum(WEF)inApril2024dren'sEmergencyFundandtheMinistryofEducationoftheRepublicofKonessontheonehand,andpreparelearnAImaybecomethemostpowerfultoolordisruptorofinformationgenerationanddissemination.Thepowerfulcontentgenerationwillsignificantlyimprovetheeffofinformationproduction.beensignificantlyreduced,andinteFakeAI-generatedvideoshavealreadyappeared.Theemebigdatacompaniestoprovidefalseinformationtovoterselection,whilethevotRisksReport2024,theimpactofAIonelectionouAIwillposeunprecedetroversialincidentshasincreasedgapsinthehuman-machinerelationship.ThebehavioralnormsationallyusedtoregulateiTheResearchReportonEthicalGovpublishedbytheChinaAcademyofIndiscussionstorealrisks.GettingtheFutureRight-ArtificialIntelligenceandFundamentalRightsbytheEUAgencyforFundamentalRightsalsonotesthatAIfThematicReport3MajorTrendsanAIshouldbeassessedbeforeanddChinaisintheworld'stopflightofAIdeveloChinahasuniqueadvantagesandstrongdemalionportswithgigabitnetworkservicecapabilofThings(IoT)terminalusersreacheChineseconsumersarehighlyreceptivetoinnovativeproduAccordingtoasurveyconductedbyStanfordUniversity,78percentoftheChi-nesepublicareopentoAI,whichismuchhigherthaninEurope,theUS,Japan,plicationscenarios.Withtheworld'smostcompletemanufacturingsystemlargestmanufacturingingandleadingtheverticalapplicationofAIinmanufacturing.AninstituterelatedtotheMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnologyfollowupontechnolnumberofAIpaperspublishedandcitedandthatofpatentapplications.ffscaleinthecultivationofmiddle-andhigh-levelskilledtalent.InMarch2024,areportreleasedbsonInstitute,showedthatChineseuniversitiesproducealmosthalfoftheworld'stopAItalent(intermsofundergraduateinstitutions),buttalentgraduatingfromChineseuniversChinaishometoalargenumberoftnterprisesftheworld'stop2,500companiesinR&DThescaleofChina'scoreAIThematicReport3MajorTrendsandtokeeppacewiththeR&Dprogressofglobaltechnologygiants.toupgradeitsintelligenteconomy.Itscomputingfscale.Bytheendof2023,thetotalcomputingscaleofChina'sactivecomputingChinaleadstheworldintelecommunicationsinfrastructure,with3.377mi5Gbasestations.ThesNationalDataResourceSurveyReport2023,China'scumulatireached1.73zettabytes(ZB)in2023.Inparticucountingforabout60percentoftheoperatingcostsofintelligentcenters.WiththetransitionofglobalegreenpowerwillbecomeakeyfactorinthedevelopmentofAI.1.516billionkW,accountingforneatialelementsacrossthewholesocietyincludingtalentbutalsoeffortstomakebreakthroughsincoretechnologies,thusfoScienceandtechnologyarethefoundatItisfthemarket,coordinatekeyresources,andvigorouslycarryoutreformsChinashouldcontinuetostrengthentheresearchfoundaticomputingpower,datation.Itshouldpromotein-dofnewqualityproductiveforces.izeddevelopmentofAI;strengtheninterregulationofdataauthenticity,privacyandfaircompetition;imsupportsystem,andenhancelivelihooItshouldgraduallymainstreamthnismtopreventharmtolaborrightsandinterestsfromexcessiveuseofAI.fInrecentyears,thedigitaltransformationoftgrowthofdatavolumeshighlightingtheincreasingvalueofdata.Giventheemergenceofdataasanewphenomenon,thereaferingviewsonitseconomiccharacteristics-someacountry'sresourcefundamentalresource.However,someconfuseconcesearchonvariousenterprisesengagedindatacointerrelationshipsofthings,whichcanbefurtfThematicReport4CapturingtheEcrecordingmediaandtechnologicaldevelopmentcapabiliThis,combinedwithbreakthroughsinnew-generationdigitaltechnologiesliketheInternetofThings(IoT),cloudcomputing,bigdathasledtoasignificantreBysummarizingtheundeandrepeatedvalidation,knowledgewithbroaderapplicabilitycanbederived.Overall,dataitselfisonlyaquantitativerecordwithlimitedsignificance;wheninformationandknowledgeareextFromtheperspectiveofeconomicgrowth,ngrowth;endogenousgrowthtdependsoncreativityInrecentyears,academiahascomefundergoextensivetrialanderrorinlaboratoriesbeforetheyareprodutilization,andismostlyprotectedthrougtherapiddevelopmentofdigitaltechnologies,makestheroleofdatainthedis-coveryofnewknowledgeandthecreationofnewvaluedataasanemergingfundamentalresourcThematicReport4CapturingtheEcsuchaslandandlabor,theuniquenessofdataismaniFirst,itisreusable,withnobewidelycirculatedandexploiabledataontheinternetarenon-exclty,commercialsecretsandpersonalprivacyisoftenrestrictedinitsscoFourth,somedatadepreciatesquickly.DataisTheusevalueofdataisenhancedafterithoflegalownershiporcontrol,potentiabetransformedintointangibleasinnineEuropeancountriescanbecategorizedasdtraditionalintangibleassets(e.g.,braandrecord,theownershipcontroversialduetotherightsandinterestsofmultiplesubjectssuchMoreover,thevalueofdataiscloselyrelatedtoitsusers,applicaresult,theboundariesofdataassetsareunclear,andtheunderlyingdataremainssomelistedcompaniesrecognizedataresourcesization,financing,orevenfundinginthecapitalmarket,buttheexplorationhbegun.AsthecostsofdatacollectFirst,ithascatalyzedtheemergenceofdataprocessing,trading,andotherThematicReport4CapturingtheEcservices.Alargenumberofserviceprovidersspecializingindatcleaning,labeling,desensitization,trading,andsecurity,amongothers,haveessarytoprocesstherawdatainordertoimprspecialized,structuredandhigh-added-valuedThird,itsupportslargemodelsandintelligentproducts.Builtdatasetsandenhancedbyhigh-performancecomputinglinedataquerying,verification,creditassessment,andriskevaluprovided.Fourth,itaidsintheinnovationofapplicationscenarios.Datacanbereuserithms,datahasinjectednewvitalidigitaltrade,whilealsopromotingthetransformationandupgradingoftraditiindustriesandchangesingovernancemodels(seeTableZ4-tionYiyan,TongyiQianwen,mapnavigation,foodrobotsanalysis,collaborattradeedlearningbaseture.Comparedwithtraditionalproductsandservices,dataFirst,dependency.Providedindigitalform,theyarehighlrateforward-lookingdeploymefThematicReport4CapturingtheEcoSecond,hyper-personalterprisescanbettercaptureuserpreferencesameetthepersonalizedneedsofdifferentusers.However,thisalsofacilitatesprdiscriminationagainstlong-termusersofdata.datesandshortiterationcycles,whichreFourth,flexiblemonetization.Dependcanbepricedanddeliveredinavarietyofways,suchassubscription,one-timeDataempowersmicro-entitiesandthhelpingimproveservicestandardsandgovernanceexpandoutputandimprovecompetitiveneproportionofenterprisesadoptingbigdatatechnologyinmemberstatesincreasedproductivityofUSmanufacturingsectorbigdata,whilethemarketvalueofdomesticlistepercentafterapplyingbiFirst,improvingtheaccuracyofe-commerceplatformsismuchshorterthanthatofphysicalstores.Atttationandpersonalizedpricing,andexplorenewmarketopportunities.Second,optimizinginternatraditionalqualitatoption,andreducingdecision-makingbias.Iinventorycostsbyanalyzicosts.Internetenterpriseswidelyuseonline,multiple,small-samplecotiveexperimentstovalidateinnovativeideas,optimizealgorithms,andimproOECD:“BusinessesHavingPerformedBigDataAnalysis(%)”,/Index.fThematicReport4CapturingtheEcConstantlygeneratedandreusable,datahasamultiplyingand2019,dataenteringtheproductionprocesscontributedanavepercenttoChina'sGDPgrowthoverthesameperiod.ThemainmechFirst,reducinginformationasymmetryandimprovingtheefficiencyofresourceallocation.FefficientlyallocatecrSecond,drivingtechnologicacceleratestheformationanddiffusionofknowledge,andreshapesoftechnologicalprogressfromtheoriginalS-shapebasedonexperience-sharingtotheJ-shapedcurveofandupgrading,hencesignificachangedtheproductionmethodsofcontentcreation,softwaThird,empoweringtradiofenterprisedataacrosstheenproduction,predictivemaintenanceandotherstodarkandfuturefactorieswithimprovedproproductiontoexploitation,theoutputofChina's“dataeconomy”grewby22.5dimensionsofdatawilloffergreaterpossibilitiesforthedevelopmentofData-drivennewmodelsandbusinessprofoundlyaffectingFirst,promotinglifestyletransformation.Cyberspacebringstogedata,informationanddirectionalandmulti-dimensionalcommunicationofinformThematicReport4CapturingtheEcservicemakesknowledgereadilyaccessibldelivery,andmapsandnaviAccordingtotheChinaInternetNetworkInforSecond,satisfyingpeople'sneedsforquadigitalculturerepresentedbyonlineaudiholography,theycancreatemorerealisticandimmersiveculthusgreatlychangingthewayculAccordingtotheNationalDataAdministration,bytherespectively.Chinaaccumulativelyreleasedonlinemodelsofgovernmentservicesuchas“unifiedonlinegovernthenetwork,acceleratingtheexpancialsecurityserviceshavemedicalandpensionservices.Accordtionin2023,receivingmorethan10billionviresponseanddailysupervision.Regulatoryauthoritiescanmineheterogedatafrommultiplesourcesusinglarge-scaledigitalplatforothertechnologicaltooimprovingregulatoryData-drivennewbusinessandmodelssuchase-commercetureinwhich“therichgetricher”.AsmallnumberoflargeplatformenterprisesThematicReport4CapturingtheEcharmpotentialcompetitionby,forexampleandtargetedexclusionorrestrictionofpotentialrivaLargeplatformsmayalsousedatatoengageineasimposingachoiceonsmallandmediumofchoice,restrictsmarketcompetitionandfurtherstrengthenstheformer'sItisalsoimportanttonotethattheseplatformusersandplaytheroleofpublicinfrastructure.Soiftherelikelytobejeopardizedwithinashortspaceoftime.leakageofpersonaldata,lossofbusinessinterests,security.Giventhehighcommercialvalueofpersonaldata,anyirregularitiemaycausegeospatialdatasecurityrisksifnotdataandAItechnologiestocollect,includingtext,video,socialmediaandgeospatialdata,isbecominganininglyimportantchannelforacquiringopen-sourcederivearound40percentoftheirinData-driveninnovationhasasignificantdoublehand,itcreatesnewjobssuchasdataprocessors,datastructure,especiallywhenithastriggeredthedigitaltransformationprocessthathasbeenongoingforhalfacenturyandacceleratedtofmiddle-skilljobsthatarerepetitive,regular,andprogrammablebymachines.nologicalpremium.Thetrendofjobdifferentiationandincomepolarizationhascrets,personalprivacyandevennationalsecurity,makingthedeterminationofThematicReport4CapturingtheEcdataownershiparounddatausemorecontIninternationalpractice,improvingdatamutualconstraintsamongrightholders,whichisnotconducivetotheuseofdata.Indomesticpractice,therightsandliabilitiesrelatedtotheuseofnon-personalnetwork"undertheCopyrightLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,provisionsagainstinfringementof“commercialsecrets"undertheLawofpublicofChinaAgainstUnfairCompetition,andsafeguardsagainstthe“crimeofLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,withminimalcontroversyintheseareas.However,thereremainsambiguityregardinghavingbeenenactedtoestablishthegeneralframeworkofdataprotection."serviceagreement"fortheirconsentandautofdata.DomesticdiscussionsonperUtilizingtheRoleofDataFactorin2022.Thismayleadtoanoveremphasisonpersonalrights,whichcouldhinderbusinessinvestmentincentivesandobstruct ischaracterizedbytheharneutralitywhilesteeringcomprehensivegreentransformationoftheeconomyandsociety.UnderthecoordinateddeploymentoftheCPCtiontomeettherequirementsoflow-carbondevelopmhighcompliancerate,increasinglytransformation.AcarbonpricmarketplayingtheprincipalrolehasinitiallyforacceleratingthebuildingofaunThematicReport5ImprovingtheCarbonMarketTradingReachingpeakcarbonemissionsandcarandneutralityhasbeenestablished.Inthisframework,"1"standsfortheovetralityinFullandFaithfulImplemenandtheActionPlanforReachingPeakCarbonEmissionsby2030;“N”denotesSecond,prioritizingcarbonemissionstatistics,monitoring,accoemissionsbyenterprisesinkeyindfactors.Relevantdepartmentsalcountability,greeninvestment2022,thepromulgationoftheMeasuresforRectificationoftheCentralEcologicalandEnvironmentalProtectionInspectionincorpologicalandenvironmentalprotectioninspectiBuildingofaDualControlSystemforCarbonEmissions,wfabudgetmanagementsystemforcarbonemisAnationalgreendeThematicReport5ImprovingtheCarbonMarketTradingutilizationofcoalhavebeencreated,focusingoncaThecarbonpricingmechanismcontinuestobeimproveketwiththelargestcoverageofgreenhousegasemissionsinthewoperationonclimatechange,cChinahasdoneitsutmosttohelpotherdevelopinpacitytocopewithclimatechange.WiththeUnitedStatesithasjointlyipromotingcooperationinareassucThankstotheconcertedeffortsofall,theintensienergyintensitydroppedbyabout7.3percentcomparedto2020,showiofenergy.In2023,itsinstalledcapacityofsolarandwindpowerreached610mil-lionkilowattsand440millionkilincreaseof55.2percentand20.7percent.Theproportionofnon-finprimaryenergyconsumpointsfrom2020.Still,efficientcoal-firedpowergeneThreeIndustries”.In2023,thetotaloutputofChina'sphotovoltaicindustrmorethan60percentoftheworld'stotal,andthetotaloutputofthelithiumbat-1.8percentyearonyear,andthecomprehensiveenergyconsumptionpertonneofsteeldownby0.16percentyearonyear.CO2eenergyconsumptionperunitofelectrolyThematicReport5ImprovingtheCarbonMarketTradingMechtheGoalsofPeakCarbonEmitechnologicalinnovaforthewholeindustrialchainsofwindpowerandphotovoltaicpowercontinuetoTheconversionefficiencyofhigphotovoltaiccellshassetnewworldrecords,withtheconversionefofmass-producedadvancedcrystallinesiliconphotoandoffshorewindturbineswithaunitcapacityof18megawatvelopmentinnewenergystorageandtheconstructionofdemonstrationof2023,naturereservesaccountedftheredlineareaforecologicalprotectionmbeltpacedup,andthecapacityofwetlandsandmarinecarbonsinksincreased.Sixth,Chinawitnessedtherisingputhat95percentoftherespondemissionsandcarf5.5percentagepointsfromtbuyapplianceswiththeChinaEnergyEfficproportionofrespondentswho“savecentagepointsfromthepreviousyear.Finally,75percentthattheimplementationofthetieredtariffshad“increasedtheirawarenessofandattentiontosavingelectricity”oftimeinglobalhistory,managingthehistoricleapfrompeamentsfordeepeningthereformofThematicReport5ImprovingtheCarbonMarketTradingIthasbecomeanimportanttaskfobonpricingmechanismwiththenationalcarbonmarketplayingtheprincipalrolefortheinnovationofthefaceofthelong-termtaskofgreenandlow-carbofurtherdeepeningreformacroThecarbonpricingmechantoolforcarbonemissionreduction,isaneconomternalcostofcarbonemissions,mainlybasedonthetheoriesofPigouviantaxesandtheCoaseTheorem,thusincentivizingtheemissionreductionbehavior.ThecarbontaxisthemainpolicytoolbasedonthetheoryofPigouviantaxeswhilehousegases,accountingforabout2carbontaxandcarbontradingmechanismsunderconstructionoInaddition,asArticle6oftheParisAgreementoninternationalcarbontradiestablishingorplanningvoluntarytradingmechanismsbasedoTheCarbonOffsettingandReductionSchemeforISIA)enteredthefirstphaseofformaltrading(voluntarytradingphase)in2024,ThedevelopmentofChina'scarbonmarkethasgonethroughagradualpro-totheofficiallaunchofthetationoftheNewDevelopmentPhilosophy,reachingpeakcaforusingmarketmechanismstoreduceemissions.Thenationalmandatorycarbonmarkethasnowoperatedsmoothlyfortwocomplianceperiodsthelaunchofthenationalvoluntarygreenhousegasemissiontradingmarket.highlyanticipatedbothatsistentpushing.However,itisimportanttorebonmarketisnotsomethingthatcanbeachievedovernight;itrequadjustmentandimprovementthrouThematicReport5ImprovingtheCarbonMarketTradingMechtheGoalsofPeakCarbonEmiFurtherdeepeningreformacrosstheboardrequiresacceleratedformulatiandimprovementofacarbonpricingmechanism.TheThirdPlenarySessionofAtpresent,China'sdrivetobuildaneco-civilizatiostageforsynergizingpollutionandcarbonreduction,fosteringcompandenvironmentalqualitywithcarbonreducInordertoachievegressarytodeeplyintegratethedualcarbongoalsintonatureco-existinhargreentransition,andgrowth,paymoreattentiontothedevelopmentofmarketcarbonpricingmechanishouldplaytheleadingrole.Inparticular,developingacarbontradirulesintermsofcoverage,allowancemanaThecarbonpriceisthebarometerofthemarket,andmarketplayerscansyn-ThematicReport5ImprovingtheCarbonMarketTradingIntermsofthescopeofcoverage,thenationalcarbonmthepowerindustryasastartingpoint,avoidinthecarbonmarket,thebiggerthedifferentiationofemissionredexperienceofmarketestablishment,entitycoveragedependsontwoconditions:first,whetherthecarbonewhetherthepotentialemissionreductionbenefitsofenterprisesparticipatinginbonaccounting,reportinBasedonthesetwoconditions,developedcountriesmainpetrochemical,chemical,buildingmaterials,andpaperindustries.withotherrules.Thenationaonthebaselineofcarbonintensityoftheindustry.Theaccountingrequirementsfortheemissioncontrolentitiesarebasednotoftheirproducts.Themitistoaccountforcarbonintensity,whichlimitstheitwouldcovereightmajorindustries:power,ironandsteel,buinonferrousmetals,petrochemicals,chemicals,paper,andaviation,butonlypowerpletedsofar.Animportantfactorforthatisthatpowergetheircarbonintensityaccountingperunitofelectricity.intensityoftheindustry,takingintoaccountthedomesticconditionthatChina'scarbonemissionsareyettopeak,andwinningthesupportofmarketplayersforamountofallowancesbeforeallocatingtheallowanceatthebeginningoftheirestablishment.Thentheprudentpracticeadoptedwasthatallowanceswouldbetheirpeak,intensity-basedruleshavebeenadoptedforsettinganallowancesbasedonlocalpilots,i.e.,settingabaselinevaluefortheintensityofthecomplianceperiod,anftivelyrelievedenterprises'hesitatketforthefirsttimeaThematicReport5ImprovingtheCarbonMarketTrtheGoalsofPeakCarbonEmissionsandCarbonNeutrWhenitcomestotradingmanagement,thecarbonmarkethassetuptradiAtpresent,allowancetradinginthecarbonmarkeupaseparatetradingorganizationandregistrationorganizatiexperiencesintradingtradinginstitutionandtheHubeiCarbtheoperatorofthenationalcarbonemissmumuseoftheworkfoundationlaiddownbythelocalpilots.EmissionRightTradi