IEAPVPS2026海岛可再生能源微电网成功要素报告

TechnologyCollaborationProgrammebylea

InternationalEnergyAgency

PhotovoltaicPowerSystemsProgramme

dΛd

SuccessFactorsforRenewableIsland

Mini-Grids

2026

ReportIEA-PVPST18-06:2026

Task18Off-GridandEdge-of-GridPhotovoltaicSystems–SuccessFactorsforRenewableIslandMini-Grids

WhatisIEAPVPSTCP?

TheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA),foundedin1974,isanautonomousbodywithintheframeworkoftheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD).TheTechnologyCollaborationProgramme(TCP)wascreatedwithabeliefthatthefutureofenergysecurityandsustainabilitystartswithglobalcollaboration.Theprogrammeismadeupof6000expertsacrossgovernment,academia,andindustrydedicatedtoadvancingcommonresearchandtheapplicationofspecificenergytechnologies.

TheIEAPhotovoltaicPowerSystemsProgramme(IEAPVPS)isoneoftheTCPswithintheIEAandwasestablishedin

1993.Themissionoftheprogrammeisto“enhancetheinternationalcollaborativeeffortswhichfacilitatetheroleofphotovoltaicsolarenergyasacornerstoneinthetransitiontosustainableenergysystems.”Inordertoachievethis,theProgramme’sparticipantshaveundertakenavarietyofjointresearchprojectsinPVpowersystemsapplications.TheoverallprogrammeisheadedbyanExecutiveCommittee,comprisedofonedelegatefromeachcountryororganisationmember,whichdesignatesdistinct‘Tasks,’thatmayberesearchprojectsoractivityareas.

The28IEAPVPSparticipatingcountriesareAustralia,Austria,Belgium,Canada,China,Denmark,Finland,France,Germany,India,Israel,Italy,Japan,Korea,Lithuania,Malaysia,Morocco,theNetherlands,Norway,Portugal,SouthAfrica,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,Thailand,Turkiye,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStatesofAmerica.TheEuropeanCommission,SolarPowerEuropeandtheSolarEnergyResearchInstituteofSingaporearealsomembers.

Visitusat:

WhatisIEAPVPSTask18?

TheobjectiveofTask18istoidentifytheinnovationsthatdrivePVoff-gridtechnologyandimpactthemarket.Thescopecoversthewholesupply-andvaluechainincludingplanning,financing,design,construction,operations,andmaintenanceofoff-gridandedge-of-gridsystems.Themostimportantareasofinnovationareaddressed,includingthetechnologychangecomingfromlithium-ionbatterysystems,LEDlighting,pricereductionofsolarmodulesandthewholeareaofdigitalisation.TheTaskfocusesespeciallyonchallengesthatarecommonacrossnations,markets,andsystemscales.Itaimstoprovidesolutions,tools,guidelines,andtechnicalreportsforfreedisseminationtothosewhomightbenefitfromthem.

DISCLAIMER

TheIEAPVPSTCPisorganisedundertheauspicesoftheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)butisfunctionallyandlegallyautonomous.Views,findingsandpublicationsoftheIEAPVPSTCPdonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsorpoliciesoftheIEASecretariatoritsindividualmembercountries

COPYRIGHTSTATEMENT

Thiscontentmaybefreelyused,copiedandredistributed,providedappropriatecreditisgiven(pleaserefertothe‘SuggestedCitation’).Theexceptionisthatsomelicensedimagesmaynotbecopied,asspecifiedintheindividualimagecaptions.

SUGGESTEDCITATION

Blechinger,P.,Hecker,H.,Linke,A.(2026).Müller,M.(Ed.),SuccessFactorsforRenewableIslandMini-Grids(ReportNo.T18-06:2026).IEAPVPSTask18.DOI:10.69766/AIHW9830

COVERPICTURE

BlockIsland,RhodeIslandaerialviewfromthesouthwithRhodeIslandcoastlineinthedistance.Credit:TimothyJ.Quill,CCBY-SA4.0<

/licenses/by-sa/4.0>,viaWikimediaCommons

INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCY

PHOTOVOLTAICPOWERSYSTEMSPROGRAMME

SuccessFactorsforRenewableIslandMini-Grids

IEAPVPSTask18

Off-GridandEdge-of-GridPhotovoltaicSystems

ReportIEA-PVPST18-06:2026September2026

ISBN978-1-923734-14-2

DOI10.69766/AIHW9830

Task18Off-GridandEdge-of-GridPhotovoltaicSystems–SuccessFactorsforRenewableIslandMini-Grids

AUTHORS

MainAuthors

PhilippBlechinger,ReinerLemoineInstitute,GermanyHenryHecker,K&O,Germany

AviaLinke,ReinerLemoineInstitute,Germany

Editor

MichaelMüller,OFRES,Germany

5

Task18Of-GridandEdge-0f-GridPhotovoltaicSystems-SuccessFactorsforRenewableIslandMini-Grids

TABLEOFCONTENTS

Acknowledgements 6

Listofabbreviation 7

Executivesummary 8

1Introduction 9

2Background 10

2.1IsolatedIslandSystems 10

2.2Technology 10

2.3BusinessModel 11

3Methodology&Framework 12

3.1Researchsteps 12

3.2Interviewees 13

3.3Framework 13

3.4Output 15

CaseStud ie………………………16

4.1GeneralObservation 17

4.2DetailedResults 18

4.3SuccessFactorsforIslands 20

5Discussion&Conclusion 26

5.1KeySuccessFactorsforIslands 26

5.2Limitations 27

5.3Outlook 28

5.4Conclusion 28

6REFERENCES 29

7ANNEX

Task18Off-GridandEdge-of-GridPhotovoltaicSystems–SuccessFactorsforRenewableIslandMini-Grids

6

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ThispaperreceivedvaluablecontributionsfromseveralIEA-PVPSTask18membersandotherinternationalexpertsduringworkshopsandfeedbacksessions.

WealsothankthemembersoftheExCofortheirreviewandsuggestionsforimprovementofthereport,namelyFlemmingVejbyKristensen,KlausPrume,YvesPoissant,andOttoBernsen.

7

LISTOFABBREVIATIONS

AC

Alternatingcurrent

DC

Directcurrent

FC

FredCuvalay

GHG

Greenhousegas

IEA

InternationalEnergyAgency

JJ

JesperJensen

JK

JenniferKing

KEA

KodiakElectricAssociation

kWp

Kilowattpeak

LC

LeoChristensen

LCOE

LevelizedCostofElectricity

M&E

Monitoringandevaluation

MW

Megawatt

MWh

Megawatt-hour

O&M

Operationandmaintenance

PV

Photovoltaic

RE

Renewableenergy

SH

SørenHermansen

VRE

Variablerenewableenergy

8

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

Smallislandscontinuetofaceprofoundenergy-relatedvulnerabilities.Theirelectricitysystemsaretypicallyisolated,diesel-dependent,andexposedtohighlyvolatileinternationalfuelmarkets.Thisdependencyresultsinelevatedelectricitycosts,recurringsupplyrisks,andsignificantcarbonemissions.Atthesametime,islandsaredisproportionatelyaffectedbyclimateimpactssuchasstorms,sea-levelrise,andsaltwaterintrusion,makingthetransitiontoresilientrenewableelectricitysystemsbothaneconomicandenvironmentalimperative.

Thisreportexamineshowislandscansuccessfullyshifttowardhighsharesofrenewableelectricitybyanalyzingelevenreal-worldcasestudies,mostofwhichalreadyoperatebetween80%and100%penetrationofrenewableenergygeneratedelectricity,asdocumentedinHecker[25].Thegoalisnotmerelytocataloguebarriersbuttoextractactionablesuccessfactorsthatexplainwhycertainislandtransitionssucceedandhowtheselessonscanbereplicatedelsewhere.Theanalysisrestsonthreecomponents.First,anextensiveliteraturereview.Second,fiveexpertinterviewswithislandpractitioners.Third,astructuredassessmentusingasuccess-factormatrixspanningfourprojectphases(Preparation,Design,Implementation,Monitoring&Evaluation)andfivefactorcategories(Social,Political,Technical,Economic,Environmental).Thismixed-methodsapproachenablesasystematiccomparisonacrossdiversecontextswhileretainingthenuancenecessaryforsmall-scale,community-orientedsystems.Acrossthecasestudies,theresearchidentified111individualsuccessfactors,ofwhich13keyfactorsweredistilledbasedontheirrecurrenceacrossmultipleinterviews.Twosocialandpoliticalenablersstandoutasthemostuniversalacrossallislands,alongsidestrongtechnicaluniversalssuchaslong-termplanningandgridstrengtheningforvariablerenewableenergyintegration:

1.Strongstakeholderengagementthroughoutallprojectphases,requiringtransparency,trust-building,andcontinuouscommunication.

2.Localchampionsorleadershipfigureswhomobilizesupport,maintainmomentum,andbridgecommunity,political,andtechnicalactors.

OneoftheclearestfindingsisthedecisiveimportanceofthePreparationphase,whichaccountsfornearlyhalfofallidentifiedsuccessfactors.Early-stageactions,suchascommunityengagement,resourceandgridassessments,politicalalignment,financingstrategies,andtechnicalfeasibilitystudies,providethefoundationforsuccessfulsystemdesignandimplementation.Islandsthatinvestheavilyinpreparationtendtoexperiencesmootherdeploymentprocesses,higheracceptance,andmorereliablelong-termoperations.Theimplicationsarestraightforwardbutpowerful.Policymakers,utilities,developmentagencies,andislandcommunitiescanacceleraterenewableenergytransitionsbysystematicallyaddressingthesesuccessfactorsacrossallfivedimensions.Successonislandsisneitheraccidentalnorpurelytechnical,itresultsfromsustainedalignmentofsociallegitimacy,politicalsupport,technicalrobustness,economicviability,andenvironmentalstewardship.Overall,thereportoffersastructured,evidence-basedroadmapforislandsaimingtoachieveresilient,affordable,andsustainableelectricitysystems,whilecontributingvaluableinsightsforoff-gridandedge-of-gridapplicationsworldwide.

9

1INTRODUCTION

Islandenergysystemsoccupyauniquepositionintheglobaltransitiontowardsustainableandresilientelectricitysupply.Around20millionpeopleworldwideliveonislandsthatrelyonsmall,isolatedgrids,typicallyservingfewerthan100,000inhabitants,whicharestilllargelypoweredbydieselfuel.Thesesystemscollectivelyhostanestimated15GWofdieselgenerationcapacity,representingsignificantpotentialforrenewableenergysubstitutionanddecarbonizationefforts.Theirstructuralcharacteristics,geographicalisolation,containedsystemboundaries,andclearstakeholderconstellations,makeislandsnaturalfront-runnersfordemonstratinghigh-renewable-penetrationenergysystems.

Despitetheirpioneeringroles,islandsfacepersistentandoftenintensifyingchallenges.Thedependenceonfossilfuelsexposesislandutilitiesandcommunitiestohighandvolatileenergycosts,logisticaluncertainties,andvulnerabilitytoglobalmarketfluctuations.Atthesametime,islandsareamongtheregionsmostaffectedbyclimate-relatedrisks,includingsea-levelrise,strongerstorms,andsaltwaterintrusion,allofwhichthreatenlocalinfrastructureandenergysecurity.Thesepressureselevatetheurgencyoftransitionpathwaysthatimproveresilience,stabilizeenergyexpenditure,andenhanceself-sufficiency.

Againsttheserisksstandsubstantialopportunities.Mostislandspossessrichrenewableenergyresourceendowments,notablysolarirradiation,coastalwindregimes,andinsomecaseshydroorbiomass.Combinedwithadvancesinbatterystorage,hybridpowersystems,andmicrogridcontrol,theseresourcesallowislandstoachievehighsharesofrenewableelectricitywithoutcompromisingreliability.Thistechnologicalpotentialpositionsislandsastestbedsforinnovation,wherelessonsgeneratedfromreal-worldprojectscaninformbothoff-gridandedge-of-gridapplicationsmorebroadly.WithintheIEAPVPSTask18context,theseexperiencesareespeciallyvaluableforunderstandingtheenablingconditionsthatallowdecentralizedsystemstooperatereliably,economically,andsustainably.

Theobjectiveofthisreportisthereforetwofold.First,itaimstoidentifysuccessfactors,ratherthansimplybarriers,thathaveenabledislandstoprogresstowardhighrenewableelectricityshares.Focusingonsuccessfactorsallowsforaconstructive,solution-orientedviewthathighlightswhatworks,whyitworks,andunderwhichconditionsitcanbereplicated.Second,thereportprovidesstructuredguidanceconsistentwiththeanalyticalapproachofIEAPVPSTask18,applyingamulti-dimensionalframeworkthatspansthefivefactorcategoriesacrossfourprojectphases:Preparation,Design,Implementation,andMonitoring&Evaluation.Thisapproachenablescomparabilityacrossdiverseislandcontextsandyieldsactionableinsightsforpractitioners,policymakers,utilities,donors,andcommunityorganizations.

Thereportbuildsonacombinationofliteraturereview,expertinterviews,casestudyanalysis,andsitevisits,synthesizingqualitativeandquantitativeevidencefromelevenislandsthathavealreadyachieved,orareclosetoachieving,veryhighrenewableelectricityshares.Byorganizingtheseinsightsintoatransparentandreplicablesuccess-factormatrix,thereportcontributestothegrowingbodyofinternationalknowledgeondecentralizedrenewableenergysystems.Ultimately,thefindingsareintendedtosupportislandstakeholdersindesigning,implementing,andsustainingresilientrenewablemini-grids,andtoprovideguidanceforbroaderapplicationswithinremote,off-grid,andedge-of-gridenvironmentsworldwide.

Task18Off-GridandEdge-of-GridPhotovoltaicSystems–SuccessFactorsforRenewableIslandMini-Grids

10

2BACKGROUND

2.1IsolatedIslandSystems

Islandsprovideaparticularlyrelevantcontextfordecentralizedelectricitysupplybecauseconventionalgridextensionsareoftentechnicallychallengingoreconomicallyprohibitive.Insuchsettings,microgridsfunctionasthebackboneofsupplybyintegratinglocalgeneration,storage,anddistributionwithinacontrollablesystemboundary.Theycanoperateingrid-connectedmode—interconnectedwithawidergridwhereoneisavailable—orinfullyislandedmode,switchingbetweenthetwoasconditionsrequiretomaintainsupplyadequacyandpowerquality.Forisolatedislandgrids,microgridsreducedependenceonimportedfuelsbyleveragingnaturalrenewableresources,mostcommonlysolarPV,windandsmallhydro,therebyimprovingresilienceandenergyaccessandsecuritywhileloweringexposuretofuelpricevolatility.Ininterconnectedislandcontexts,thesamearchitecturesenhancesystemstabilitythroughlocalbalancingandblackstartcapabilityandcanexportsurplusenergywhereintertiesareproperlydimensionedandregulatoryframeworksallowit.

Thebenefitsofsuchsystemsarewelldocumented.Locatinggenerationclosetodemandreducestransmissionanddistributionlossesandtransmissionrelatedcapitalcostscomparedwithcentralizedsupply,whilesmartcontrolsandstorageenablehighsharesofvariablerenewableenergywithoutcompromisingreliability.Microgridsalsostimulatelocaleconomicactivitythroughinstallation,operationandmaintenancejobsandbyenablingproductiveusesofelectricityincommerceandservices.Atthesametime,barrierspersist.Capitalexpenditureisconcentratedupfrontacrossgeneration,storageandbalance-of-plant;sustainedperformancedependsontheavailabilityofskilledO&Mpersonnel;andreconnectiontoamaingrid,whererelevant,introducestechnicalcoordinationchallengesthatmustbeaddressedthroughappropriatestandardsandprotectionschemes.Theseconsiderationsunderscoretheimportanceofrobustplanning,training,andclearoperatingprocedurestoensurelong-termsustainability.

2.2Technology

Islandmicrogridstypicallycombinenon-dispatchableanddispatchableresourceswithstorageandadvancedcontrols.Non-dispatchableresources,principallysolarPV,windandsmallhydro,providelow-marginal-costenergybutaregovernedbylocalirradiance,windregimesandhydrology.Dispatchableresources,dieselgenerators(increasinglyasbackuporpeaking),firmhydroandbiomass,offercontrollabilitytocoverresidualdemandandprovidesystemstrengthwhererequired[1],[2].Storageplaysacentralrole.Lithium-ionbatteriesdominatenewdeploymentsandhavebenefitedfromsteepcostdeclinesthatimproveoveralleconomicsforhigh-renewableconfigurations;pumped-hydrostorageisviableinsuitablegeographiesandcandeliverlonger-durationshiftingandsystemservices.Anoverviewofmaincomponentsformicro-gridsisgivenin

Table1.

Threeprincipalelectricaltopologiesareusedtoorganizethesecomponents.InACmicrogrids,distributedenergyresourcessynchronizetoanACbusthroughinterfacesthatconditionfrequencyandvoltage.InDCmicrogrids,DCsourcesandloadsconnectdirectlytoaDCbusviaDC/DCconverters,withACdevicesinterfacingthroughAC/DCconversion.InhybridAC–DCmicrogrids,ACandDCbusesarebridgedbybidirectionalconverterstooptimizeefficiencyandintegrationflexibilityacrossmixedresourceportfolios[1].CouplingtoupstreamnetworksrangesfromdirectlycoupledAClinkstofullydecoupledarchitecturesthatrelyonpower-

Task18Off-GridandEdge-of-GridPhotovoltaicSystems–SuccessFactorsforRenewableIslandMini-Grids

11

electronicconversion,selectedaccordingtoisolationneeds,power-qualityrequirementsandprotectionphilosophy[1].

Table1.Descriptionofthemaincomponentsofhybridmicrogrids[3]

TypeComponentDescription

Non-dispatchableresources

Solar

suitableformanylocations

Wind

verysitespecific

Smallhydro

needsariverwithasufficientflowrate

Dispatchableresources

Dieselgenerator

mostlyusedasbackuporasbaseload

Hydro

geographicalrequirements

Biomass

derivedfromorganicmaterial,carefullyexamineconflictsofuse

Storage

Battery

Charginganddischargingofelectricity

Loads

Grids

Electricalandthermalloadsintegratedingrid

Balance-of-plantitems

Converters

Transformpowerfromoneformtoanother

Inverters

ConvertDCtoAC

Busbarsandlocaldistributionnetworks

AC/DC

Dependantontheusedtechnology

Distributionnetworks

Lines,transformersandinfrastructure

Advancedcontrolsystemsformacriticalelementofallmicrogrids.Inislandedoperation,theymuststabilizefrequencyandvoltagewithinmilliseconds,aswellasoptimizingdispatch,storagecycling,andloadmanagement.Modernenergymanagementsystemsintegratethesefunctionswithforecastinganddemand-sidemeasures,allowinghighsharesofvariablerenewableenergywithoutcompromisingreliability[2].

Theadvantagesofsuchsystemsarewellestablished:theycanreducefuelcosts,lowercarbonemissions,andimproveresilience.Yettheyrequiresophisticateddesignandongoingmaintenance.Hightechnicalstandardsandtheavailabilityoftrainedstaffarethereforedecisiveforlong-termperformance[4].

2.3BusinessModels

Experienceonislandsshowsthatmultipleownershipandgovernancearrangementscandeliversuccessfulmini-grids,providedrolesandrisksarewellaligned.Fourarchetypesdominatetheliterature.Community-basedmodelsrelyoncooperativeownershipandlocalmanagement,oftensupportedbyNGOsordevelopmentpartners;theycanbuildstrongsocialacceptanceandstewardshipbutrequiresustainedcapacitydevelopmentintechnicalandfinancialmanagementtoremainviableovertime[3],[5].Utility-basedmodelsplaceownershipandoperationwithstate-ownedorprivateutilities,frequentlybackedbypublicfinancing;theybenefitfromintegrationintonationalplanningandestablishedtechnicalstandards,thoughflexibilitytotailorsolutionstolocalconditionscanbelimited[3].Private-sectormodelsinvolveindependentcompaniesthatdevelop,ownandoperatesystemsunderclearlicensingandtariffarrangements;theirstrengthslieinprofessionalO&Mandefficiency,buttheydependcriticallyonpredictableregulationandbankablerevenueframeworks[3].Hybridorsharedmodels

12

distributeresponsibilities,suchaspublicownershipofdistributionandprivateoperationofgenerationandretail,allowingriskallocationthatcanunlockinvestment,whilealsoincreasingtheneedforrobustcontractingandcoordinationatinterfaces[3],[5].

Acrossthesemodels,recurringsuccessfactorsincludetransparentandenforceableregulation(licensing,interconnectionandservicequality),credibletariffandsubsidymechanismsthatensurecostrecoverywhileprotectingaffordability,andlong-termO&Mplansthatincludelocaltrainingandassetreplacementstrategies.Wheretheseelementsareinplace,islandmini-gridshaveachievedhighrenewableshareswithreliableservice;wheretheyareweak,projectsfaceoperationalandfinancialstressregardlessoftechnicaldesignquality[3].

3METHODOLOGY&FRAMEWORK

Thischapteroutlinesthemethodologicalapproachusedtoidentify,structure,andanalyzesuccessfactorsforrenewableislandmini-grids.Theapproachcombinesastructuredliteraturereview,casestudyanalysis,stakeholderinterviews,andsitevisits.Adedicatedanalyticalframeworkwasdevelopedtoensuresystematiccategorizationandcomparabilityofresultsacrossdifferentislandcontexts.

3.1Researchsteps

Themethodologicaldesignbuildsonestablishedapproachesforidentifyingbarriersandsuccessfactorsinelectricitysystemswithhighrenewableenergypenetration.Painuly’shierarchicalconceptfororganizingenergytransitionfactorsprovidestheconceptualfoundation[6].Consistentwithpriorstudiesondecentralizedandislandenergysystems,theappliedresearchmethodscombineliteraturereview,casestudyanalysis,andstakeholderengagement[2],[7],[8],[9],[10],[11].

Thefirststepconsistedofanextensiveliteraturereviewtoidentifybothsuccessfulislandenergytransitionsandpreviouslyreportedsuccessfactors.Morethan60academicpublicationsandapproximatelytenpublicreportsanddatabasesweresystematicallyscreenedusingcombinationsofkeywordssuchasisland,renewable,microgrid,transition,andsuccessfactor.Thisstepresultedintheidentificationofelevenislandcasestudiesthathaveeitherachievedorareclosetoachievingveryhighrenewableelectricityshares.Inparallel,thesameliteraturecorpuswasanalyzedtoextractaninitiallistofgenericsuccessfactorssupportingrenewableislandtransitions[2],[7],[8],[9].

Inthesecondstep,casestudyanalysiswasconductedfortheselectedislands.Theobjectivewastovalidateliterature-basedsuccessfactorswithreal-worldexperienceandtoidentifyadditionalcontext-specificdrivers.Casestudieswereassessedacrosstechnical,social,political,economic,andenvironmentaldimensions,followingthemulti-dimensionalapproachproposedinearliercomparativeenergytransitionstudies[2],[10],[11].

Thethirdstepinvolvedstakeholderinterviews.Atotalof40stakeholdersassociatedwiththeselectedislandprojectswerecontacted,ofwhichfivein-depthinterviewswereconducted.Semi-structured,open-endedinterviewswereusedtocaptureexperientialknowledgewhileensuringcomparabilityacrosscases.Thisapproachisconsistentwithestablishedqualitativeresearchmethodologiesandallowsforthetriangulationofliteraturefindingswithpractitionerinsights[12],[13].Theinterviewguidelinefollowedafour-partstructure:personalbackground,projectexperience,successfactorsandbarriers,andlessonslearned.Toensuredatavalidity,

13

Task18Off-GnidandEdge-of-GridPhotovoltaicSystems-SuccessFactorsforRenewableIslandMini-Grids

allidentifiedsuccessfactorsfromtheinterviewsweresubsequentlyvalidatedwiththerespectiveinterviewees[12].

Inadditiontodesk-basedresearchandinterviews,sitevisitswereconductedonLolland(Denmark)andFeldheim(Germany).Thesevisitsenableddirectobservationoflocalenergyinfrastructure,governancemodels,andcommunityparticipationmechanisms,andsupportedthecontextualinterpretationofinterviewresults.Thecombinationofliteraturereview,interviews,andsitevisitsensuredmethodologicaltriangulationandstrengthenedtherobustnessofthefindings[2],[10],[11].Anoverviewoftheappliedmethodologyisdepicted

inFigure1.

3.2Interviewees

Thestakeholderinterviewsformacentralempiricalpillarofthisstudy.Thefollowingexpertscontributeddirectlythroughinterviewsandvalidationofresults:

·SørenHermansen-Communityenergypioneer,Samsø(Denmark)

·LeoChristensen-Renewabletransitionlead,Lolland(Denmark)

·FredCuvalay-Energyutility,Bonaire(CaribbeanNetherlands)

·JenniferKing-Islandenergysystemsexpert

·JesperKroghJensen-Practitionerinrenewableislandsystems

Literature

survey

·Currentsituationonbarriersandsuccessfactors

·Islandand

energy

communitycasestudies

Casestudyanalysis

·Usedtechnologiesandbusinessmodels

·Knowledgeaboutthedevelopmentof

renewableenergy

(RE)intherespectivecasestudy

Stakeholderinterviews

·Storiesofsuccess

·Empirical

identificationof

successfactorsfortherespective

casestudy

Comparativeanalysis

·Identifyingpatternsandkeysuccess

factors

·Analyzing

underlyingreasonsforsimilaritiesanddifferences

Figure1.Methodologicalapproach

Theseintervieweesrepresentabalancedmixofcommunityleadership,utilityoperation,projectdevelopment,andtechnicalimplementationexpertise.Theircontributionsprovidedbothstrategicandoperationalperspectivesonrenewableislandmini-gridsuccess.AllIinterview-derivedsuccessfactorswerecross-checkedwithliterature-basedfindingstoensureconsistencyandreproducibilityofresults.

3.3Framework

Thissubsectionintroducestheanalyticalframeworkdevelopedtosystematicallystructureandcomparesuccessfactorsforrenewableislandmini-grids.Theframeworkisdesignedtotranslatequalitativeinsightsfromliteratureandstakeholderinterviewsintoaconsistentandcomparablestructureacrossallcasestudies.Itfollowsatwo-dimensionallogicthatcombinesacontent-basedclassificationofsuccessfactorswithatime-basedprojectlifecycleperspective.

14

Task18Off-GnidandEdge-of-GridPhotovoltaicSystems-SuccessFactorsforRenewableIslandMini-Grids

TheinternalstructureofsuccessfactorsisbasedonthehierarchicalmodelproposedbyPainuly[6],whichdefi