英语词汇学课件 chapter 4 new wors

EnglishLexicologyChapter4TheGrowthoftheEnglishVocabulary–NewWordsEnglishLexicologyEnglishLexicology1.Whydoweneedtostudynewwords?2.WhatarethemaincausesforthegrowthoftheEnglishvocabulary?3.HowhastheEnglishvocabularybeenaffectedbyChinese?Giveexamples.4.HowhastheInternetchangedtheEnglishvocabulary?5.HowistheEnglishvocabularygoingtodevelop?PiontsforThinking01NeologismsEnglishLexicologyEnglishLexicologyNeologismInlinguistics,aneologismisarecentlycoinedword,phraseorusage.Itcanalsobeanexistingwordorphrasewhichhasbeenassignedanewmeaning.Thetermitselfwascoinedaround1800.ThegrowthoftheEnglishvocabularyisactuallyaresultofthesocialandhistoricalchangesthatthelanguagehasgonethrough.Neologisms,ornewwords,areoftenfoundinassociationwiththosenewthingsoroldideastakingonanewconnotation.EnglishLexicologySomeofthenewwordsthatTheConciseOxfordEnglishDictionary(12thEdition,2011):abdominoplastyn.asurgicaloperationinvolvingtheremovalofexcessfleshfromtheabdomen;aerobicizedoraerobicisedadj.(ofaperson'sbody)tonedbyaerobicexercise:aerobicizedHollywoodwomen;agroterrorismn.terroristactsintendedtodisruptordamageacountry'sagriculture;blowbackn.(chieflyUS)theunintendedadverseresultsofapoliticalactionorsituation;crunkn.(chieflyUSblackslang)atypeofhip-hoporrapmusiccharacterizedbyrepeatedshoutedcatchphrasesandelementstypicalofelectronicdancemusic,suchasprominentbass;theelephantintheroom:amajorproblemorcontroversialissuewhichisobviouslypresentbutavoidedasasubjectfordiscussionbecauseitismorecomfortabletodoso.Neologism02TheStudyofNewWordsEnglishLexicologyEnglishLexicologyThestudyofnewwordsinEnglishdidnotreallystartuntilthelate20thcentury.Thestudyismainlyassociatedwithlexicography.TheOxfordEnglishDictionary:oneofthemostcompleteinventoriesofnewwordsinEnglishBarnhartDictionaryofNewEnglish,withthreeeditionspublishedsuccessivelyin1973,1980and1990,hadatimelycollectionofnewwordsusedineverydaylife.TheStudyofNewWordsEnglishLexicologyThestudyofnewwordsinEnglishdidnotreallystartuntilthelate20thcentury.Thestudyismainlyassociatedwithlexicography.SusanButler'sTheMacquarieDictionaryofNewWords(1990)SarahTulloch'sTheOxfordDictionaryofNewWords(1991)JohnAyto'sTwentiethCenturyWords(1999).“RandomHouseWebster's”isconsideredthequickesttoabsorbnewwords.RandomHouseWebster'sCollegeDictionary,isthefirstgeneraldictionarytotakeinInternetandWorldWideWeb.TheStudyofNewWordsWhytostudynewwords?EnglishLexicologynewwordsisthereflectionoftheculturethelanguageisspokenin.McFedries(2004):Newwordsbothreflectandilluminatenotonlythesubculturesthatcointhem,butalsoourcultureasawhole.Newwordsgiveusinsightintothewaythingsareevenastheyactaslinguisticharbingers(orcanariesintheculturalcoalmine),givingusaglimpseof(orawarningabout)what'stocome.(p.4)TheStudyofNewWordsEnglishLexicologyWhenwereadTwentiethCenturyWords,wefeellikesurfinginreviewoftheentirehistoryofthe20thcentury,encodedinwordssuchasaccelerator(1900),airbus(1910),Balkanize(1920),electricblanket(1930),pool(1940),summit(1950),bunny(1960),BigMac(1970),boot(1980),Java(1990).TheAmericanDialectSociety,hasselectedwebasits“Wordofthe1990s”,jazz

“Wordofthe20thCentury”andshe“WordofthePastMillennium”.NewWords:MirroroftheirTimesEnglishLexicologyE.g.,staycationAstaycation(stay-cationorstacation)isaneologismforaperiodoftimeinwhichanindividualorfamilystaysathomeandrelaxesathomeortakesdaytripsfromtheirhometoareaattractions.Staycationshaveachievedhighpopularityinthefinancialcrisisof2007-2009inwhichunemploymentlevelsandgaspricesarehigh.NewWords:MirroroftheirTimesEnglishLexicologyEnglishfamouslylacksagender-neutralsingularpronountocorrespondneatlywithsingularpronounslikeeveryoneorsomeone，andasaconsequencetheyhasbeenusedforthispurposeforover600years.NewWords:MirroroftheirTimesTHEYThemostlooked-upwordsintheonlineMerriam-WebsterDictionaryin2019is“they”.EnglishLexicologyNewwordssuggestatrendofthedevelopmentofalanguageandapreviewofthesocialreality.E.g.,BRICs,cameupbyGoldmanSachs,whichreferstothefastgrowingdevelopingeconomiesofBrazil,Russia,IndiaandChina.Lateranewerterm,BRIICS,wascreatedbyOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment,addingtwomorecountries,IndonesiaandSouthAfrica,toBRICs.Inbothcases,thenewwordspresentaneconomicfuture..NewWordsandPredictionEnglishLexicologyR.Gozzi(1990:2)hasgivenhissupportforthestudyofnewwordsasfollows:“Andsoastudyofnewwordsbecomesastudyinprediction.Usingthisviewoflanguageasareality-constructor,wecanaskourselvesjustwhatlabelsandwhatinterpretationsourvocabularyprovidesuswithtofacethenewnessofthefuture.Whatistherealitygoingtobelikethatweareconstructingwithourlanguage,andwithinwhichwewillalllive?”NewWordsandPrediction03ReasonsoftheGrowthEnglishLexicologyEnglishLexicology3.1InfluenceofotherlanguagesloanwordsAmericanIndianlanguages:raccoon,totem,caribou,opossum.TheadoptionofChinesewords:China'ssuccessinitsfirstmannedspacetravelwentpopular→manyChineseloanwordcameintoEnglishE.G.,taikonaut(astronaut),taikonauticsandtaikonausea.

ManyborrowingsinEnglishfinallysettledintodictionariesoflocalEnglishvarieties:e.g.,thefirsteditionofDictionaryofSouthAfricanEnglishcollected3,000localEnglishentries;DictionaryofNewZealandEnglishhas6,000andTheConciseAustralianNationalDictionaryhas10,000,tomentiononlyafew.EnglishLexicology3.2SocialandCulturalReasonsScienceandtechnology:themoststrikingforceforthecreationofnewEnglishwordsThegrowthinelectronicsanddigitaltechniques:moletronics,mechatronicsandphotonics;instantcamera,instantphoto,CDwriter,camcorder,flatscreentelevision,cordlesstelephonewithcallerID,liquidcrystaldisplay(LCD),ande-editionofbooksinsteadofdeadtreeedition.Biology:gene,genome,geneticfingerprinting,clone,DNA,RNA,artificialinsemination,test-tubebaby,transgene,geneticcode,codon,transferRNA,messengerRNAandtranscription.EnglishLexicology3.2SocialandCulturalReasonsScienceandtechnologyPsychology:affectivecomputing,affectiveforecasting,

Emotionalcorrectness,soulproprietor,emotionallabor,hoplophobia,schoolrefusal,lotterymentality,

bibliotherapy,therapythroughreading,cinematherapy,therapy.Theexpansionofmedicalsectors:HIV,karoshi,dioxin,anthraxandnewdiseases:AIDS,MadCowDiseaseorBSE,SARS,avianfluorbirdflu,swinefluorA(H1N1)flu.Some“diseases”arerelatedtotheexcessiveuse,forexample,ofemails:directmailfatigueorjunkmailfatigue;ofphonecalls:telephonitisorphoneneck,ofthemouseofacomputer:mousewrist;ofSMSofcellphones:textmessageinjury(TMI);orofelectronicgames:RepetitiveStrainInjuries(RSI).EnglishLexicology3.2SocialandCulturalReasonsScienceandtechnologyEnvironment:biodiversity,bio-gas,bio-sphere;ecoclimate,eco-labelling,ecosphere,ecosystemgreenconsumer,greenequities,greenideas,greenissues,greenlobbyists,greenmanagement,greenpolicies,greenproducts,greenprotein,greenregulation,greenreputation,greenrevolution.greenhouseeffect,globalwarming,greenhousegases(carbondioxide,methane,nitrousoxide,troposphericozone,andchlorofluorocarbons).fossilfuels,alternativeenergy,renewableenergy,Windfarms,photovoltaic,solarcells,solarpanels,hydroelectricplantsenvironmentallyconscious,pedestrianizedareas,gasguzzlers,gassippers,intensivefarming,pesticides,insecticides,fungicidesandherbicides.EnglishLexicology3.2SocialandCulturalReasonsPoliticsandFinanceologyChicanismo,sexism,male-chauvinistsociety,sisterhood;counterculture,anti-authoritarian,anti-nuke,anti-war,anti-human,neoconservatives,anti-radical,anti-feministandanti-obscenity.

Americanadministration:hawks,hardliners,doves,peaceniks,dawks.-gate(impplyingscandal):Watergate(1972),Debategate(1983),Iraqgate(1992),Whitewatergate(1994),torturegate(2003)andhuntgate(2006).Clintonism,Bushism,Blairism,KerryismandMajorism.9/11orSeptember11,GroundZero,“Let'sRoll”,EvilDoers,theTerribleTuesday,Post-September11US.EnglishLexicology3.2SocialandCulturalReasonsPoliticsandFinanceologyFinance:Clintonomics,EnronomicsandKatrinanomics;plungeintothecommercialsea,laid-offworkers,courtyardeconomy.CEO(ChiefExecutiveOfficer),CFO(ChiefFinanceOfficer),CBO(ChiefBrandOfficer),CCO(ChiefCulturalOfficer),CDO(ChiefDevelopmentOfficer),CHO(ChiefHumanResourceOfficer),CIO(ChiefInformationOfficer),CKO(ChiefKnowledgeOfficer),CMO(ChiefMarketingOfficer),CNO(ChiefNegotiationOfficer),COO(ChiefOperationOfficer),CPO(ChiefPublicRelationOfficer),CQO(ChiefQualityOfficer),CSO(ChiefSalesOfficer),CTO(ChiefTechnologyOfficer)andCVO(ChiefValuationOfficer).EnglishLexicology3.2SocialandCulturalReasonsEducationOpenUniversity,openclassroom,alternativeschool,coedismandmegaversity,car-schooling,dormcest,educationmortgage,equityeducation,freshman15,noveltydegree,paraeducator,studentification,textliteracyandyeardisc.SportsYoga,taekwondo,skateboarding,skydive,landyacht,sandyacht,hangglider,surfriding,cyclo-cross,rollerhockey,demolitionderby,slimnastics,isometrics,parkour,dancesport,blackwaterrafting,zorbingandsky-riding.Eveninthetraditionalareaofsoccer,newwordsarecreatedtonamenewthingsorphenomena:goldengoal,silvergoal,clogger,onionbag,chocolatewrists,smash-mouth,tonk,socks-around-the-anklesandham-and-egging.EnglishLexicology3.2SocialandCulturalReasonsMediaandtheInternetaudiencerating,hotline,call-in,talkshow,sitcom,soapopera;hardwareofcomputer:mouse,monitor,keyboard,CPU(CentralProcessingUnit),ROM(Read-OnlyMemory)andRAM(RandomAccessMemory).software:Windows,COBOL,ALGOLandBASIC.digitalrevolution,PC,digitized,wired,digitaldivide.netizens,browse,surf,netfriends,MSN,QQ,WeChat,blogs(warblog,journalblog,knowledgeblogork-blog,newsblog,videoblog,techblog,groupblog,mobloganddigestblog),podcastiPod,iPeople,virtualbank,e-retail,onlinepublishing,e-customer,cybereconomy,onlineloveaffair.04SourcesofNewWordsEnglishLexicologyEnglishLexicology4.1WordFormationDerivation,aprocessofaddingaffixesandsuffixestoexistingwords.anti-,asinantivirus,antinuclear;cyber-,asincyberspace,cyberpunk,cybernaut;info-,asininfodump,infocentres,infosystem,infosphere,infotainment,infomercial,infotech;hyper-,asinhypertension,hypersensitive,hypersuspicious,hyperactive,hypersonic,hyperslowandhyperverbal;EnglishLexicology4.1WordFormationDerivation,aprocessofaddingaffixesandsuffixestoexistingwords.-ee,asinabscondee,affectee,vendee,evacuee,goatee;-teria,asinchocolateria,restauranteria,candyteria,fruiteriaandwashateria.Othercommonprefixesandsuffixesforthispurposeareun-,pre-,dis-,re-,non-,con-,mini-,ex-,de-,step-,proto-,counter-,-ness,-ful,-ity,-less,-ly,-al,-ian,-esque,-eseand-ize.EnglishLexicology4.1WordFormationconversion:changingthelexicalcategoryofaword.leafletinganeighborhood;networkingacomputer;andtohavealongcommutetowork.adjective→verb:

brownthemeat;adjectives→nouns:faithfuls,abnormals,affluents,antisocials,blinds,deadsandabsolutes;nouns→verbs:toaircraft,toairline,toarson,tocharge,tosheet,etc.EnglishLexicology4.1WordFormationCompounding:combiningtwoormorewordstocreateanewword.Examples:go-cart,sailboat,dietpill,harddisk,topgun,dustproof,fat-free,flyingsquad,chewinggum,glowworm,tugboat,frostbite,brain-dead,knee-jerk,motormouth,meltdown,red-eye,stargaze,underhanded.

EnglishLexicology4.1WordFormationClipping:shorteningalongerwordwithoutchangingitsmeaning.Examples:flu(influenza),shrink(head-shrinker),showbiz(showbusiness),ciggy(cigarette),nightie(nightgown),ammo(ammunition),rep(reputation),ult(ultimate),incog(incognito),hyper(hypercritic),extra(extraordinary),mob(mobilecrowd).EnglishLexicology4.1WordFormationBlending:combiningpartsoftwowordstoformanewone.Examples:motel(motor+hotel)brunch(breakfast+lunch)Oxbridge(Oxford+Cambridge)heliport(helicopter+airport)Eurovision(Europe+television)breathalyser(breath+analyser)Chunnel(Channel+tunnel)camcorder(camera+recorder)psywar(psychological+warfare)sexploiter(sex+exploiter)autocide(automobile+suicide)airtel(airplane+hotel)botel(boat+hotel)medevac(medical+evacuation)comsat(communication+satellite)telex(teletype+exchange).EnglishLexicology4.1WordFormationReanalysis:creatingnewmorphemesthroughfalseinterpretationofwordformation.Example:bikini

→mistakenasbi-+-kini→ledtomonokini(mono-meaning“one”).Back-formation:removingactualorsupposedaffixestocreateanewword,oftenchangingpartofspeech.Examples:resurrect(fromresurrection),self-destruct(fromself-destruction),peddle(frompedlar),edit(fromeditor),sculpt(fromsculptor),burgle(fromburglar),lech(fromlecher).EnglishLexicology4.1WordFormationReduplication:repeatingarootorpartofittoformanewword.Fullreduplication:go-go,slow-slow.Partialreduplication:fuddy-duddy,walkie-lookie,dillydally,niddle-noddle.Basedonsoundimitation:pooh-pooh,dingdong.Productnames:Coca-Cola,ping-pong.Acronyms:hi-fi,huff-duff.EnglishLexicology4.1WordFormationInitialismandAcronym:reducingalongphrasetokeyletters.Initialism(pronouncedletterbyletter):BBQ,CEO,CPU,DJ,DVI,DVD.Acronym(pronouncedasaword):DINK,DOS,AIDS,laser.E