【《锂硫电池概述》5300字】

锂硫电池概述1.1锂硫电池结构及工作原理图1-5不同多硫化物在不同阶段的充放电曲线图，插图为穿梭效应示意图Figure1-5thecharge–dischargecurveswithdifferentsulfur-containingspeciesatdifferentstages,theinsetpresentsthepolysulfideshuttlingmechanismADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Liu</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>601</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[52]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>601</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ss2arezt1pzsecespsy5derurdtd2v00fxxs"timestamp="1601355460">601</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Liu,Min</author><author>Deng,Nanping</author><author>Ju,Jingge</author><author>Fan,Lanlan</author><author>Wang,Liyuan</author><author>Li,Zongjie</author><author>Zhao,Huijuan</author><author>Yang,Guang</author><author>Kang,Weimin</author><author>Yan,Jing</author><author>Cheng,Bowen</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>AReview:ElectrospunNanofiberMaterialsforLithium‐SulfurBatteries</title><secondary-title>AdvancedFunctionalMaterials</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AdvancedFunctionalMaterials</full-title></periodical><volume>29</volume><number>49</number><section>1905467</section><dates><year>2019</year></dates><isbn>1616-301X 1616-3028</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1002/adfm.201905467</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[52]锂硫电池通常是以硫或含硫复合物作为正极材料，金属锂作为负极材料，以及添加锂盐的醚类电解液，只允许锂离子通过的绝缘性隔膜组成。硫单质有多种同素异形体，锂硫电池中用的硫通常是室温下稳定存在的环状S8ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[53,54]。与锂离子电池的可逆脱嵌反应机理不同，锂硫电池主要以电化学反应机理为主。放电时，金属在负极被氧化生成锂离子和电子，锂离子从负极脱落通过电解液扩散穿过隔膜来到正极，同时电子通过外电路流向正极；则正极上S8中的S-S键首先发生断裂，接着与锂离子和电子反应，生成一系列可溶于电解液的中间多硫化物，最终被还原为Li2S和Li2S2ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Gu</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>593</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[55]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>593</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ss2arezt1pzsecespsy5derurdtd2v00fxxs"timestamp="1601355404">593</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gu,Xingxing</author><author>Lai,Chao</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>OnedimensionalnanostructurescontributebetterLi–SandLi–Sebatteries:Progress,challengesandperspectives</title><secondary-title>EnergyStorageMaterials</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>EnergyStorageMaterials</full-title></periodical><pages>190-224</pages><volume>23</volume><section>190</section><dates><year>2019</year></dates><isbn>24058297</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.ensm.2019.05.013</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Gu</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>593</RecNum><record><rec-number>593</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ss2arezt1pzsecespsy5derurdtd2v00fxxs"timestamp="1601355404">593</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gu,Xingxing</author><author>Lai,Chao</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>OnedimensionalnanostructurescontributebetterLi–SandLi–Sebatteries:Progress,challengesandperspectives</title><secondary-title>EnergyStorageMaterials</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>EnergyStorageMaterials</full-title></periodical><pages>190-224</pages><volume>23</volume><section>190</section><dates><year>2019</year></dates><isbn>24058297</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.ensm.2019.05.013</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[55]，总反应方程式如公式（3）所示。S8+16Li→8Li2S（3）实际上，放电时正极的化学反应较为复杂，如图1-5所示该过程大致可分为四个步骤，并伴随固/液相等多相变化。1）S8得电子被还原为长链多硫化物（Li2Sx，4＜x≤8），该过程为固-液相变区，且产生的容量为理论容量的25%（418mAhg-1）。所生成的多硫化物极易溶于有机醚类电解液，形成液态电极，且在放电曲线中的放电电压平台大约在2.3V左右ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zheng</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>714</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[56]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>714</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ss2arezt1pzsecespsy5derurdtd2v00fxxs"timestamp="1616413090">714</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zheng,Y.</author><author>Yao,Y.</author><author>Ou,J.</author><author>Li,M.</author><author>Luo,D.</author><author>Dou,H.</author><author>Li,Z.</author><author>Amine,K.</author><author>Yu,A.</author><author>Chen,Z.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,WaterlooInstituteforNanotechnology,WaterlooInstituteforSustainableEnergy,UniversityofWaterloo,200UniversityAvenueWest,Waterloo,OntarioN2L3G1,Canada.zhwchen@uwaterloo.ca.</auth-address><titles><title>Areviewofcompositesolid-stateelectrolytesforlithiumbatteries:fundamentals,keymaterialsandadvancedstructures</title><secondary-title>ChemSocRev</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ChemSocRev</full-title></periodical><pages>8790-8839</pages><volume>49</volume><number>23</number><edition>2020/10/28</edition><dates><year>2020</year><pub-dates><date>Dec7</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1460-4744(Electronic) 0306-0012(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>33107869</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/33107869</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/d0cs00305k</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[56]。反应式如公式（4）所示。2）该阶段为液-液相反应区，该过程中长链的多硫化物转变成短链多硫化物（Li2Sx，2＜x≤4）。该过程的放电电压平台在2.1V左右。由于多硫化物的可溶性，该阶段电解液浓度增大，粘度也随之增加ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Cui</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>715</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[57]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>715</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ss2arezt1pzsecespsy5derurdtd2v00fxxs"timestamp="1616413300">715</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cui,Junya</author><author>Li,Zhenhua</author><author>Wang,Guirong</author><author>Guo,Jian</author><author>Shao,Mingfei</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Layereddoublehydroxidesandtheirderivativesforlithium–sulfurbatteries</title><secondary-title>JournalofMaterialsChemistryA</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofMaterialsChemistryA</full-title></periodical><pages>23738-23755</pages><volume>8</volume><number>45</number><section>23738</section><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>2050-7488 2050-7496</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/d0ta08573a</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[57]。反应式如公式（4）所示。3）该阶段为可溶的短链多硫化物（Li2Sx，2＜x≤4）向难溶的固相Li2S2和Li2S转变的液-固相变反应区，对应的电压放电电压平台为1.9-2.1V，且其容量贡献量为理论容量的75%（1255mAhg-1），是放电过程容量贡献最多的阶段ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Liu</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>650</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[58]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>650</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ss2arezt1pzsecespsy5derurdtd2v00fxxs"timestamp="1609648203">650</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Liu,Y.T.</author><author>Liu,S.</author><author>Li,G.R.</author><author>Gao,X.P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>InstituteofNewEnergyMaterialChemistry,SchoolofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,RenewableEnergyConversionandStorageCenter,NankaiUniversity,Tianjin,300350,China.</auth-address><titles><title>StrategyofEnhancingtheVolumetricEnergyDensityforLithium-SulfurBatteries</title><secondary-title>AdvMater</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AdvMater</full-title></periodical><pages>e2003955</pages><edition>2020/12/29</edition><keywords><keyword>electrocatalyticactivity</keyword><keyword>hostmaterials</keyword><keyword>lithium-sulfurbatteries</keyword><keyword>sulfurcathodes</keyword><keyword>volumetricenergydensity</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2020</year><pub-dates><date>Dec28</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1521-4095(Electronic) 0935-9648(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>33368710</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/33368710</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1002/adma.202003955</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[58]。反应方程式如公式（5、6）所示。4）第四阶段为固-固相转变区，即固态Li2S2向固态Li2S的转变。由于Li2S2和Li2S的绝缘性，使其在发生电化学过程中会产生严重的极化现象ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Gao</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>716</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[59]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>716</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ss2arezt1pzsecespsy5derurdtd2v00fxxs"timestamp="1616413502">716</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gao,Yuan</author><author>Guo,Qianyi</author><author>Zhang,Qiang</author><author>Cui,Yi</author><author>Zheng,Zijian</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>FibrousMaterialsforFlexibleLi–SBattery</title><secondary-title>AdvancedEnergyMaterials</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AdvancedEnergyMaterials</full-title></periodical><section>2002580</section><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>1614-6832 1614-6840</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1002/aenm.202002580</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[59]。反应式如公式（7）所示。2Li+Li2S8→Li2Sx+Li2S8-x→Li2S4（4）（2x-4）Li+2Li2Sx→2Li2S2（5）（2x-2）Li+2Li2Sx→xLi2S（6）2Li+Li2S2→2Li2S（7）1.2锂硫电池发展存在的问题虽然锂硫电池因理论容量高、硫资源丰富等优势具有极大的应用前景，但是经过近年来的研究发展发现，对于锂硫电池的商业化还存在以下几个问题。首先，硫及硫化物的绝缘性严重影响了电化学反应的进行，降低了硫活性物质利用率；放电时绝缘多硫化物的析出导致正极表面钝化，使其实际可达到的放电容量远低于理论容量ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>He</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>717</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[60]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>717</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ss2arezt1pzsecespsy5derurdtd2v00fxxs"timestamp="1616466567">717</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>He,Jiarui</author><author>Bhargav,Amruth</author><author>YaghoobnejadAsl,Hooman</author><author>Chen,Yuanfu</author><author>Manthiram,Arumugam</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>1T′‐ReS 2 NanosheetsInSituGrownonCarbonNanotubesasaHighlyEfficientPolysulfideElectrocatalystforStableLi–SBatteries</title><secondary-title>AdvancedEnergyMaterials</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AdvancedEnergyMaterials</full-title></periodical><volume>10</volume><number>23</number><section>2001017</section><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>1614-6832 1614-6840</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1002/aenm.202001017</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[60]。其次，由于单质硫的密度（2.07gcm-3）较高于最终还原产物（Li2S:1.66gcm-3），因此硫完全锂化后会发生80%的体积膨胀，最终导致活性物质与导电基底材料分离，电极结构受到严重的破坏，从而严重影响了电池的循环性能ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Li</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>718</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[61]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>718</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ss2arezt1pzsecespsy5derurdtd2v00fxxs"timestamp="1616466621">718</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Li,Na</author><author>Xu,Zhenming</author><author>Wang,Peng</author><author>Zhang,Zhian</author><author>Hong,Bo</author><author>Li,Jie</author><author>Lai,Yanqing</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>High-ratelithium-sulfurbatteriesenabledviavanadiumnitridenanoparticle/3Dporousgraphenethroughregulatingthepolysulfidestransformation</title><secondary-title>ChemicalEngineeringJournal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ChemicalEngineeringJournal</full-title></periodical><volume>398</volume><section>125432</section><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>13858947</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.cej.2020.125432</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[61]。此外，锂硫电池商业化面临的最大的挑战就是多硫化物的“穿梭效应”。多硫化物的不断溶解和迁移会消耗大量的电解液和金属锂，导致有效活性物质失活，库伦效率降低，进而导致电池容量大幅度衰减ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Ahn</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>719</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[62]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>719</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ss2arezt1pzsecespsy5derurdtd2v00fxxs"timestamp="1616466663">719</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ahn,Hyunwoo</author><author>Kim,Yoongon</author><author>Bae,Jaejin</author><author>Kim,YeKyu</author><author>Kim,WonBae</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>AmultifunctionalSnO2-nanowires/carboncompositeinterlayerforhigh-performancelithium-sulfurbatteries</title><secondary-title>ChemicalEngineeringJournal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ChemicalEngineeringJournal</full-title></periodical><volume>401</volume><section>126042</section><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>13858947</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.cej.2020.126042</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[62]。最后，锂枝晶的生长导致SEI膜不断断裂和重组，生成高阻抗的SEI膜。断裂的枝晶将失去与锂金属负极的接触成为死锂，导致进一步的库仑效率损失ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Xin</Author><Year>2021</Year><RecNum>720</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[63]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>720</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ss2arezt1pzsecespsy5derurdtd2v00fxxs"timestamp="1616466706">720</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Xin,Shasha</author><author>Li,Jing</author><author>Cui,Hongtao</author><author>Liu,Yuanyuan</author><author>Wei,Huiying</author><author>Zhong,yunyan</author><author>Wang,Meiri</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Self-templatingsynthesisofprismatic-likeN-dopedcarbontubesembeddedwithFe3O4asahigh-efficiencypolysulfide-anchoring-conversionmediatorforhighperformancelithium-sulfurbatteries</title><secondary-title>ChemicalEngineeringJournal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ChemicalEngineeringJournal</full-title></periodical><volume>410</volume><section>128153</section><dates><year>2021</year></dates><isbn>13858947</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.cej.2020.128153</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[63]。此外，锂枝晶可能会穿透隔膜，导致内部短路，构成严重的安全隐患ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zhang</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>721</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[64]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>721</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ss2arezt1pzsecespsy5derurdtd2v00fxxs"timestamp="1616466996">721</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zhang,H.</author><author>Zhang,P.</author><author>Pan,L.</author><author>He,W.</author><author>Qi,Q.</author><author>Bao,Z.</author><author>Yang,L.</author><author>Zhang,W.</author><author>Barsoum,M.W.</author><author>Sun,Z.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>KeyLaboratoryofAdvancedMetallicMaterialsofJiangsuProvince,SchoolofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,SoutheastUniversity,Nanjing211189,China.zmsun@panlong@.</auth-address><titles><title>Ti3C2Txnanosheetwrappedcore-shellMnO2nanorods@hollowporouscarbonasamultifunctionalpolysulfidemediatorforimprovedLi-Sbatteries</title><secondary-title>Nanoscale</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nanoscale</full-title></periodical><pages>24196-24205</pages><volume>12</volume><number>47</number><edition>2020/12/09</edition><dates><year>2020</year><pub-dates><date>Dec21</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>2040-3372(Electronic) 2040-3364(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>33289739</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/33289739</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/d0nr06151d</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[64]。1.3锂硫电极材料概述硫单质作为锂硫电池的正极材料，是电池结构的关键组成部分，决定了电池的能量密度。然而，硫单质及硫化物固有的绝缘性质使其不宜直接作为正极材料使用，需要与导电材料复合，以此来提高电极材料的导电性，从而提高硫活性物质的利用率ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Huang</Author><Year>2021</Year><RecNum>722</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[65]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>722</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ss2arezt1pzsecespsy5derurdtd2v00fxxs"timestamp="1616467039">722</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Huang,Qinqin</author><author>Chen,Mingqi</author><author>Su,Zhe</author><author>Tian,Liying</author><author>Zhang,Yayun</author><author>Long,Donghui</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Rationalcooperativityofnanospaceconfinementandrapidcatalysisviahollowcarbonnanospheres@Nb-basedinorganicsforhigh-rateLi-Sbatteries</title><secondary-title>ChemicalEngineeringJournal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ChemicalEngineeringJournal</full-title></periodical><volume>411</volume><section>128504</section><dates><year>2021</year></dates><isbn>13858947</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.cej.2021.128504</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[65]。导电基底材料应具有多孔结构和较大的比表面积，以保证正极材料具有较高的载硫量，有利于提高电池的能量密度ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Yao</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>723</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[66]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>723</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ss2arezt1pzsecespsy5derurdtd2v00fxxs"timestamp="1616467074">723</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yao,Weiqi</author><author>Zheng,Weizhong</author><author>Han,Kun</author><author>Xiao,Shengxiong</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Ultrathindouble-shellnanotubesofnarrowbandgaptitaniumoxide@carbonasefficientpolysulfideinhibitorstowardsadvancedlithium–sulfurbatteries</title><secondary-title>JournalofMaterialsChemistryA</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofMaterialsChemistryA</full-title></periodical><pages>19028-19042</pages><volume>8</volume><number>36</number><section>19028</section><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>2050-7488 2050-7496</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/d0ta06636b</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[66]。此外，基底材料还应具有对多硫化物吸附的功能，以限制其扩散，缓解“穿梭效应”ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Gu</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>724</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[67]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>724</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ss2arezt1pzsecespsy5derurdtd2v00fxxs"timestamp="1616467112">724</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gu,Liang-Liang</author><author>Gao,Jian</author><author>Wang,Chuang</author><author>Qiu,Sheng-You</author><author>Wang,Ke-Xin</author><author>Gao,Xiao-Tian</author><author>Sun,Ke-Ning</author><author>Zuo,Peng-Jian</author><author>Zhu,Xiao-Dong</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Thin-carbon-layer-envelopedcobalt–ironoxidenanocagesasahigh-efficiencysulfurcontainerforLi–Sbatteries</title><secondary-title>JournalofMaterialsChemistryA</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofMaterialsChemistryA</full-title></periodical><pages>20604-20611</pages><volume>8</volume><number>39</number><section>20604</section><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>2050-7488 2050-7496</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/d0ta07579e</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[67]。另外，锂硫电池容量的贡献主要来自于S8与Li2S的可逆反应，因此改性的基底材料还应具有催化转化功能，以加快电化学反应速率，提高活性物质的利用率ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Ma</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>531</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[68]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>531</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ss2arezt1pzsecespsy5derurdtd2v00fxxs"timestamp="1601355020">531</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ma,Guangyao</author><author>Xu,Xiao</author><author>Feng,Zhenyu</author><author>Hu,Chenjing</author><author>Zhu,Yansong</author><author>Yang,Xianfeng</author><author>Yang,Jian</author><author>Qian,Yitai</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Carbon-coatedmesoporousCo9S8nanoparticlesonreducedgrapheneoxideasalong-lifeandhigh-rateanodematerialforpotassium-ionbatteries</title><secondary-title>NanoResearch</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>NanoResearch</full-title></periodical><pages>802-809</pages><volume>13</volume><number>3</number><section>802</section><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>1998-0124 1998-0000</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s12274-020-2699-7</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[68]。一、硫/碳复合正极材料。碳材料具有较好的导电性、良好的化学稳定性、可调的孔径分布等优势，是一种理想的硫基底材料。2009年，Nazar课题组报道了导电介孔碳(CMK-3)作为硫宿主材料，可获得优异的电化学性能，该研究成果使人们对碳材料作为硫宿主材料的研究有了新的认识ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Ji</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>534</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[69]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>534</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ss2arezt1pzsecespsy5derurdtd2v00fxxs"timestamp="1601355031">534</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ji,X.</author><author>Lee,K.T.</author><author>Nazar,L.F.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>UniversityofWaterloo,DepartmentofChemistry,Waterloo,OntarioN2L3G1,Canada.</auth-address><titles><title>Ahighlyorderednanostructuredcarbon-sulphurcathodeforlithium-sulphurbatteries</title><secondary-title>NatMater</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>NatMater</full-title></periodical><pages>500-6</pages><volume>8</volume><number>6</number><edition>2009/05/19</edition><dates><year>2009</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1476-1122(Print) 1476-1122(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>19448613</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/19448613</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1038/nmat2460</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[69]。此后，国内外研究者以设计、优化碳材料结构为提高锂硫电池电化学性能的主要突破口之一。经过近几年的研究发展，先后报道了大量利用多孔碳材料、碳纳米管、石墨烯（纳米片）作为硫宿主材料，均对锂硫电池的电化学性能有一定程度的提高ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zou</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>725</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[70]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>725</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ss2arezt1pzsecespsy5derurdtd2v00fxxs"timestamp="1616468547">725</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zou,Feng</author><author>Manthiram,Arumugam</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>AReviewoftheDesignofAdvancedBindersforHigh‐PerformanceBatteries</title><secondary-title>AdvancedEnergyMaterials</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AdvancedEnergyMaterials</full-title></periodical><volume>10</volume><number>45</number><section>2002508</section><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>1614-6832 1614-6840</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1002/aenm.202002508</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[70]。图1-6DHPCs的SEM图Figure1-6SEMimagesofDHPCsADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><RecNum>726</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[71]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>726</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ss2arezt1pzsecespsy5derurdtd2v00fxxs"timestamp="1616468671">726</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><81.pdf></title></titles><dates></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[71]硫/多孔碳复合材料。设计多孔结构的碳材料不仅可以缩短离子/电子的传输距离，提高化学反应速率，最重要的是硫及硫化物容易被滞留于孔结构中，防止其扩散，减缓“穿梭效应”，提高电极材料的放电容量。Liu等人通过碳化聚吡咯成功合成了多孔碳球，且孔径约为2-20nm。作为硫宿主材料，所得的氮掺杂碳/硫电极具有较高的比容量和良好的倍率性能（在0.05C的电流密度下，容量可高达1660mAhg-1）ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Liu</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>578</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[72]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>578</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ss2arezt1pzsecespsy5derurdtd2v00fxxs"timestamp="1601355288">578</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Liu,Chang</author><author>Yin,Zong-Jie</author><author>Deng,Heming</author><author>Liu,Cui</author><author>Zhao,Jinxing</author><author>Lan,Qian</author><author>Tang,Shun</author><author>Liang,Jiyuan</author><author>Cheng,Qi</author><author>Liu,Jiyan</author><author>Cao,Yuan-Cheng</author><author>Liu,Zhihong</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Nitrogen-DopedPorousCarbonasHigh-PerformanceCathodeMaterialforLithium-SulfurBattery</title><secondary-title>ChemistrySelect</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ChemistrySelect</full-title></periodical><pages>11030-11034</pages><volume>2</volume><number>34</number><section>11030</section><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>23656549</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1002/slct.201702228</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[72]。Lu等通过简单的模板法制备了缺陷丰富的多级孔碳材料（DHPCs），其形貌特征如图1-6所示。该结构中的大量大孔、中孔和微孔不仅可以确保正极材料中较高的载硫量，还可以增加活性位点，促进电化学反应速率，且该孔结构协同极性含氮官能团，有效地锚定了多硫化物，避免了其溶于电解液中，缓解了“穿梭效应”。因此，作为硫宿主材料，该电极材料在0.5C的电流密度下容量可达1182mAhg-1，且展现出优异的循环性能和倍率性能ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><RecNum>726</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[71]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>726</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ss2arezt1pzsecespsy5derurdtd2v00fxxs"timestamp="1616468671">726</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><81.pdf></title></titles><dates></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[71]。硫/碳一维复合材料。碳纳米管、碳纳米纤维因具有良好的导电性、大的比表面积和较好的机械强度等特性，在锂离子电池储能体系已得到广泛应用。此外，设计多孔的碳纳米管、碳纳米纤维不仅可以加快离子、电子转移速率，还可以有效地锚定硫及硫化物，缓解“穿梭效应”ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Wang</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>727</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[73]</style></DisplayTex