机器人能胜任哪些工作？+What+Work+Can+Robots+Do

ANTHROP)C

Whatwork

canrobotsdo?

PublishedAuthors

September30,2026RussellLegate-Yang

MaximMassenkoff

Acknowledgments

JamesAkl,TessCotter,SholtoDouglas,AdamFarina,MeganGiacobetti,RyanHeller,JohannesHermle,ZoëHitzig,

BenJones,ChadJones,AntonKorinek,JanLeike,EvaLyubich,PeterMcCrory,KerryPersen,SarahPollack,Santi

Ruiz,SzymonSacher,MonikaTuchowska,ZhengdongWang,HeatherWhitney,NathanWilmers,KimWithee.

Keyfindings

•Wepresentarobotexposureindexbasedonhowwellrobotscanperformjobtaskstoday.

•Robots,whichwedefineasautonomousphysicalmachinesthatsenseand

act,canperformthree-quartersofphysicaltasksintheUS,makingup34%ofworkinghours,butmostlyinlimitedsettings.Workersexposedtorobotsaremorelikelytobemale,lesseducated,andlowerpaid.Forexample,driving

andwarehousejobsarehighlyexposedtocurrentlyavailablerobots;nursingandgeneralrepairjobsarenot,sincepresent-dayrobotscandolittleoftheirworkeveninhighlycontrolledenvironments.

•Overall,about80%ofjobtasksbyworkingtimeareexposedtoeitherrobotsorLLMs.RobotsdoworkwhereLLMscannot.Theremainingunexposedworkishighlyinterpersonalorrequiresphysicalskillsthatrobotstodaydon’thave.

•Whilerobotscandomostphysicalworktaskstoday,theyaremuchmore

expensivethanhumanlabor.Robotsarecost-competitiveforjust0.3%ofjobtasks.Ifrobotpricedeclinesfollowpasttrends,itwilltake40yearsforthatsharetoreach10%.Beyondprice,factorsincludingcapabilities,preferences,andregulationsposefurtherbarrierstorobotautomation.

•Overthepast50years,jobsmoreexposedtorobotsexperiencedgreater

declinesinwagesandemploymentthanothers.Atthesametime,job

exposurehasgrown:eachyear,robotshavebecomeabletodoabout2%ofthephysicalworktheypreviouslycouldn’t.

Introduction

Advancesinlargelanguagemodelshaveraisedthepossibilityofautomatinglargeswathsofwork.Butmanyjobsarephysical.AI’simpactontheeconomywillinpartdependonrobotics.1

Predictingthepaceofrobotadvancesisdifficult,butenumeratingcapabilitiestoday,weargue,cangiveinsightintothecomingyears.Wedevelopameasureofjobexposuretorobots,usingClaudetoassesshowwellpresent-dayrobotscanperformworktasks.Ajobismoreexposedwhenrobotscandomoreofitstasksinlesscontrolledenvironments.Arobotiscost-competitivewhenitcandothesametaskforcheaperthanahumanworker.

Wefindthatrobotscanalreadyperform74%ofphysicaltasksintheUS,

makingup34%ofworkinghours.RobotsandLLMstogetherexposeallbutone-fifthofemployment.

Whatworkcanrobotsdo?2

Whatworkcanrobotsdo?3

Butwealsofindsignificantbarrierstoadoption:mostrobotsrequirehighly

structuredenvironments,andarecost-competitivewithpeopleforjust0.3%ofwork.Ifrobotpricedeclinesfollowpasttrends,itwilltake40yearsforthat

sharetoreachjust10%.Aftercost,themainbarrieriscapability,suchasthedexterityneededtountanglewires.Humanpreferencesandregulations

furtherlimitrobotadoptionforasignificantshareoftasks.

Ourcorepremiseisthatjobsaremorelikelytobeimpactedwhenrobotscanalreadydotheirworktoday.Abacktestacross50yearsvalidatesthisapproach:from1977totoday,jobsthatweremoreexposedtoexistingrobotsexperiencedwageandemploymentdeclinesinlaterdecades.

Ifthepastisanyguide,taxidriversandwarehousepackerswillseechangessoonerthannursesandmechanics.Weexpectthatphysicalworkwillfirstbeautomatedwhererobotshaveafootholdtoday.

Robotstodayandtomorrow

Mostrobotstodayoperateincontrolledenvironmentslikefactories.Robotsusuallyneedtobeprogrammedtointeractwiththephysicalworld,whereashumanscanadapttotheirworkenvironments.Thishasbeenamajorhurdleforcommerciallyviablerobots.2ButAIhelpsrobotsinterpretandrespondtotheirsurroundings,allowingwarehouserobotsandautonomousvehiclestooperatealongsidehumans.3

ManyobserversexpectAItoimproverobotcapabilitiesquickly.4Although

spendingonrobotsremainsabout1%oftotalUSequipmentinvestment,

businesssurveyssuggestUSrobotadoptioncouldnearlydoublewithinthreeyears.5AndfirmsareinvestingbillionstodevelopAI-poweredrobotsthat

matchhumanphysicalabilities.6

It’sdifficulttopredictexactlyhowtheseeffortswillaffectjobsand

productivity.Arankingofoccupationsbycurrentrobottaskcoveragesuggestswheretheimpactswillappearfirst.Robotsshouldaffectjobsthattheycan

alreadydobeforejobstheycoulddoonlywithnewtechnologyand,insomecases,accommodatingregulations.Currentcapabilitiesarealsoconcreteandmeasurable,whileforecastsoffuturecapabilitiesmustbetonwhich

technologieswillsucceed.7Robotsstillindevelopmentsupportourfocuson

Whatworkcanrobotsdo?4

currentexposure:firmsaretestinghumanoidsincarfactoriesandwarehouses,structuredenvironmentswhererobotsarealreadycommon.8

Measuringexposure

OuranalysesusedatafromO*NET,adatabaseofaround900occupations

linkedwithdescriptionsofaround19,000jobtasks.Weidentifyasetof

physicaljobtasksthatwethinkcouldnotbeautomatedwithoutrobots.Todoso,wehaveClaudescoretaskdescriptionsonarubricmeasuringphysical,

cognitive,andinterpersonalworkrequirements.9Thetask“Digtrenches”is

physical;sois“Teachdancestudents,”thoughthisalsorequirescognitiveandinterpersonalskills.Whiletypistsusetheirhandsto“Computeandverifytotalsonreportforms,requisitions,orbills,usingaddingmachineorcalculator,”thistaskdoesn’tcount.AppendixAgivesdetails,andAppendixFlistsourprompts.

Ourtask-levelmeasureofrobotexposureasks:canarobottodayperformthistask,andifsounderwhatcircumstances?Wetakerobotstomeanautonomousphysicalmachinesthatsenseandact,whichincludescarwashesthatscancarstoadjustsprayersandexcludesteleoperatedsurgicalmachinesfullycontrolledbyasurgeon.10Wemeasuredegreesofexposurebythekindofwork

environmentarobotneedstoperformatask.11

Specifically,wesorttasksintofourtiersofincreasingexposurebywherearobotcanperformeachtask:

•E0:Robotcannotperformtask.

•E1:Robotcanperformtaskinapurpose-builtroboticworkenvironment,likeafactoryassemblyline.

•E2:Robotcanperformtaskinastructuredhumanworkfacility,likealogisticswarehouse.

•E3:Robotcanperformtaskinanunstructuredenvironment,likeacityroad.

Figure1alsodisplaysthisrubric.

Wethinkenvironmentalcontrolisagoodmeasureofnear-termautomationrisk.Becauseit’shardforrobotstoadapttounpredictableenvironments,

mostdeployedrobotsworkinengineeredenvironments,likethosethatspraypaintcarsonassemblylines.Whilethesedifficultiesarethoughttohave

Whatworkcanrobotsdo?5

Figure1:Taskrobotexposurerubric

Notes:Jobtasksidentifiedasphysicalareratedonthisrobotexposurerubric.Forexample,thejobtaskofunloadingboxesfromatruckatawarehouseisratedE2ifthere’sawarehouserobotthatcandothattask.

slowedphysicalautomationinthepast,AI-poweredrobotscouldbetteradapttotheirenvironments.12

Todetermineexposure,weinstructClaudetosearchforspecificrobots

relevanttoeachtaskandassesstheircapabilitiesandoperatingenvironments,quotingsourcesdirectly.Weaskwhetherarobotcouldperformataskin

versionsofthattask’stypicalworkenvironmentthataremoreorless

structured.Gettingrobotstodoseeminglysimpletaskslikeloadinga

dishwasherrequiresmanycomplexphysicalskills,soonlydemonstratedrobotcapabilitiescount.13Robotsmustalsodoatasksimilarlywelltohumans,

factoringinreliability,errorrates,andspeed.

Forinstance,self-drivingcarscouldn’t“Drivetaxicabsorprivatelyowned

vehiclestotransportpassengers”onrealroadsintheearly2010s.Buttheydiddrivearoundmocktownsbuiltfortesting,asteptowardtoday’sautonomous

vehicles.14OurrubricwouldratedrivingpassengersatexposurelevelE1atthattime(robotcanperformtaskinapurpose-builtroboticworkenvironment)andE3today(inanunstructuredenvironment).15

Thisrubricrequiresmanyjudgmentcalls.TheO*NETtaskstatementsare

oftenterse,andomitdetailsthatmaybeeasyforhumansbuthardforrobots.16Todescribeworkmoreconcretely,weelicitdetailedexamplesofhowtasksareperformedtoday,andhowoftentheseoccur.Claudethenscoresexposurefortheseexamplesusingwebsearchtogaugerobotcapabilities.Citedsources

Whatworkcanrobotsdo?6

mustshowrobotdeployments,commercialsales,ordemonstrations,and

resultsaresimilarifweomitratingsrelyingondemonstrations.Taskexposureissetbymajorityrule:theleaststructuredenvironmentinwhichrobotscandoatleasthalfofatask’sexamples,weightedbytime.17

Considerthetask“Digtrenches”WefirstaskClaudetoprovideexamples

describinghowworkersperformthistasktodayandhowoften.Forexample,Claudeestimatesthat25%ofthetime,thistaskrequires“cuttingalinear

trenchinopenground”Another20%ofthetime,itrequires“carefuldiggingbyhandaroundexistingburiedpipes,flowlines,cablesandconduit”These

activitiesrequiredifferentsortsofphysicalabilities,likenavigationand

strength(lineartrenches)comparedtofinemotordexterityandperception(diggingbyhandaroundpipes).

ClauderatesthefirstexampleatexposureE3,citingacontrolsystemthat

retrofitshydraulicexcavatorstoautonomouslydigtrenches.18Robotstodaycan’tcarefullydigaroundburiedpipes,sothelatterexampleisunexposedatE0.Moreexamplesfor“Digtrenches”resemblecarefuldiggingthanlineartrenching,sooverallthistaskisunexposedinourratings.

Figure2givesexamplesoftaskratings,alongwithfullerdescriptionsofeachexposuretierfromourexposurepromptandarobotcitedtosupporteach

rating.Wealsocalculatetheshareofphysicaltasksineachtier:hereand

throughout,eachtaskisweightedbythenumberofworkerswhodoit,andbythefractionofworkingtimetheyspendonit,whichweestimatewithClaude.19

Tasksthatrobotscan’tdo(E0)makeupaboutaquarterofphysicaltasksby

estimatedworkingtime.Thesetasksrequirephysicalskillsthatarehardfor

robots,likefinemotordexterityfor“Bleach,dye,ortinthair,usingapplicatororbrush”andstrength,balance,andmobilityfor“Erectscaffoldingorladdersforassemblingstructuresabovegroundlevel”

Robotscandohalfofphysicaltasksinpurpose-builtenvironmentsbutnotinwidersettings(E1).Foodpreprobotspackready-to-eatmealsonconveyor

belts,andnewmodelswithAIcanadjusttodifferentingredients,portions,andtrays,sothetask“Assemblemealtrayswithfoodsinaccordancewithpatients’diets”isratedE1.

Whatworkcanrobotsdo?7

Figure2:Exampletaskexposureratings

Notes:LevelsofrobotexposureareasdescribedinthepromptweusetorateexposurewithClaude.Exposureisratedfor7,594job

tasksclassifiedasphysical.Physicaltasksharesincolumn2weighttasksbythefractionoftimespentoneachtaskinanoccupation(estimatedwithClaude)andthatoccupation’semployment(BLS,2025).Forexample,theRelayRxrobotdeliversdrugsinhospitals.

Hospitalsarestructuredhumanworkplaces,sothetask“Delivermedicationsorpharmaceuticalsuppliestopatients,nursingstations,orsurgery”isratedE2.TasksratedE2makeup22%ofphysicaltasksbyworkingtime.

Another22%ofphysicaltaskscanbedonebyrobotsinstructuredhuman

workplaces(E2).Hospitaldeliveryrobots,forexample,“Delivermedicationsorpharmaceuticalsuppliestopatients,nursingstations,orsurgery”Today’s

robotsdoonly2%ofphysicaltasksinunstructuredenvironments(E3).Theseofteninvolvedriving,donebyautonomouscars,tractors,andothervehicles.20

Whatworkcanrobotsdo?8

OuraccompanyingdatareleasecontainsClaude’sreasoningandcitedsourcesforallratedtasks.Forexample,Clauderatesthetask“Weldcomponentsinflat,vertical,oroverheadpositions”E1,andquotesanarticleaboutAI-poweredrobotwelders:“PathRoboticssaidbothofitsweldingcellscanautonomouslyweld

steelpartsandaredeployedinfabricationshopsacrosstheU.S.andCanada”21

Wedefinearobotexposureindexforjobsthataveragesajob’staskexposureratingsona0–3scale.Thisindexriseswiththeshareofexposedtasksand

robotcapabilitiesonthosetasks,weightingtasksbyestimatedworkingtime.

Anidealexposureindexwouldperfectlypredictrobotautomationinthe

comingyears.Sincewecan’tlookforwardintime,weinsteadtrytovalidateourmeasureusinghistoricaldataonjobsandtaskdescriptions.Weraterobot

exposureinseveralyearssince1977,andlinkexposuretochangesinwages

andemployment.Whenajobwasmoreexposedtorobots,itswagesand

employmentfellinlaterdecades,evenafteraccountingforindustrytrendsandotherpotentialconfounders.Theseresults,detailedinAppendixB,giveus

someconfidencethatourmeasurecanpredictfuturejobdisruption.

Whatworkcanrobotsdo?

Figure3summarizesrobotexposureacrossalljobtasksintheUSeconomy,

weightingtasksbytheestimatedfractionoftimespentpertaskforan

occupationandthatoccupation’semployment.Cognitiveandinterpersonal

workmakesup54%oftasksbyworkingtime.Theremaining46%oftasksarephysical.Asashareofalltasks,around12%cannotbedonebyanyrobottoday(E0),23%canbedonebyrobotsinspeciallybuiltenvironments(E1),10%instructuredhumanworkplaces(E2),and1%inunstructuredenvironments

(E3).Countinganyexposurelevel,74%ofphysicalwork,or34%ofallwork,canbedonebyrobotsinsomecircumstances.

Robotscandophysicaltasksinmanypartsoftheeconomy.Autonomous

mobilewarehouserobotsdrivetoloadingdocksandinsidetrailers.Theyuse

suctioncupstograbpackagesandloadthemontomobileconveyorbelts.22Sincetheserobotsnavigatestructuredhumanworkplaces,manywarehousingtasksareratedE2,like“Movefreight,stock,orothermaterialstoandfromstorageorproductionareas,loadingdocks,deliveryvehicles,ships,orcontainers,byhand

Whatworkcanrobotsdo?9

Figure3:Jobtasksbyrobotexposure

Notes:Alljobtasksareincluded.Tasksareweightedbythefractionoftimeanoccupationspendsoneachtaskaswellasthat

occupation’semployment.Robotexposureisratedfortasksidentifiedasphysical.Forexample,23%ofworkertimeisspentontasks

thatrobotscandoinapurpose-builtenvironment.Exampletasksbycategory:teachingclasses,designingsystems(Cognitiveand

interpersonal);takingpeopleintocustody,providingfirstaid(E0);dispensingmedications,assemblingelectronics(E1);cleaningfloors,movingwarehousegoods(E2);regulatingfieldirrigation,inspectingpropertyfromtheair,anddriving,whichrobotsperformin

unstructuredenvironments(E3).EmploymentdatacomefromtheBLS(2025),andweuseClaudetoestimateoccupationtimeontasks.

orusingtrucks,tractors,orotherequipment”Advancesinnavigationand

handlinghavemaderobotslikethesecommoninlogisticsandtransportation.23

Figure4showsthe10mostexposedoccupationsbyourrobotexposureindex.

Ofthese10occupations,9arevehicleoperators.Robotscitedfordrivingjobsincludeautonomouscars,tractors,trucks,andpavers.Taxidriverslead

exposurewithanindexof2.2.24Sincedrivingismostofthejob,theirmedian

taskbyworkingtimeisexposedatE3,whileauxiliarytaskslike“Vacuumandcleaninteriorsandwashandpolishexteriorsofautomobiles”aredoableby

robotsbutinmorestructuredsettingsthanopenroads.Autonomousvehicleshaveyettoupenddrivingjobsatscale,buttheircapabilitiessuggestthatthesejobsareathigherriskofautomationthanothers.25

Anoccupationcancovermanyworksettings.IntheUS,robotsmayonly

operateinsomeofthesesettings,whilerobotsabroadsometimescoverallof

Whatworkcanrobotsdo?10

Figure4:Mostexposedoccupations

Notes:Exposurerangesfrom0(notaskcanbedonebyarobot)to3(everytaskcanbedonebyarobotinanunstructured

environment).Jobexposureaveragestaskexposure,weightingbytimespentoneachtask.Ahighlyexposedtaskislistedforeach

occupationalongwithacitedrobotthatcanperformthistask.The10mostexposedoccupationswithatleast20,000jobsaredisplayed.Forexample,averagingtaskexposureforshuttledriversandchauffeursgivesanindexof2.0outof3.ClaudecitesWaymoautonomousvehiclesasperformingsomeoftheirtasks.EmploymentdatafromBLS(2025)sometimescombineseveralO*NEToccupationtitles;wesplittheiremploymentequally,asforrecyclingandreclamationworkers.WeestimatetasktimerequirementswithClaude.

them.Forexample,stockersandorderfillersdothetask“Stockshelves,racks,cases,bins,andtableswithnewortransferredmerchandise”inretailstoresandinwarehouses.InUSwarehouses,AI-poweredrobotswithtouchsensors

Whatworkcanrobotsdo?11

pickandstowmerchandise.26InUSretail,mobilerobotsscanforemptyshelves,butmustalerthumanstorestockthem.27RobotsinJapaneseconvenience

storesrestockfridgesthemselves.28Sincestockerrobotsrequireitemstobe

broughtnearthem,thistaskisratedE1.Weestimatethatstockersspend70%oftheirtimeontasksratedE1likethisone,andanother16%ontasksratedE2.Intotal,theyscore1.0ontherobotexposureindex.

Jobscanbeexposedtorobotsifmanyoftheirtasksaremoderatelyexposed,orifsomeoftheirmosttime-intensivetasksarehighlyexposed.Comparetapers,whofinishdrywallandwhoseexposureindexis1.6,withrecyclingand

reclamationworkers,whosortrecyclingandwhoseexposureindexis1.7.

Tasksfortapersaresplitbetweenunexposedandhighlyexposed.Workers

buildinginteriorwallsusepapertapeandapastecalledmudtosmoothover

seams,joints,andscrewsindrywallsheets.Mudandtapearemessymaterials,sorobotscannotperformthetask“Presspapertapeoverjointstoembedtapeintosealingcompoundandtosealjoints”Afterthefirsttapecoatdries,

workers“Applyadditionalcoatstofillinholesandmakesurfacessmooth”ThistaskisratedE3:anautonomousdrywallrobotusesAItoscanwalls,spray

additionalcoatsofsealant,andsandwallsoncedry.29Overall,byworktime,41%oftapers’tasksareexposedatE3,whilerobotscannotdoanother26%.

Incontrast,forrecyclingandreclamationworkers,robotscanperformover

three-quartersoftasksbyworktimeatlevelE2.Only8%oftheirworktimeisunexposed.Forexample,robotswithcomputervisionandsuctiongripperscandothetask“Sortmaterials,suchasmetals,glass,wood,paperorplastics,intoappropriatecontainersforrecycling”30Theserobotsstandinforworkers

pickingrecyclingfromconveyorbelts,sothisandothertasksareratedE2.

Robotsarehighlycapableatspecifictasksfortapers,whileforrecycling

workersexposureisbroader,butrobotsarelessadaptable.Messytasksfor

tapersmaybottleneckautomation.It’salsopossiblethatthelargestrecyclingfacilitiesuserobotsearly,whilesmallerfacilitiesadoptthemlater.Eitherway,robotsseemlikelytochangebothjobsifwidelydeployed.

Whatworkcanrobotsdo?12

Characteristicsofexposedjobs

Havingestablishedourexposuremeasure,wenowconsiderwhatexposuremightimplyforthelabormarket.

Figure5comparesworkersinthetopquintileoftherobotexposureindexwithunexposedworkers,whomakeupanother20%orsoofjobs.Datafromthe

2020–2024AmericanCommunitySurveyshowthathighlyexposedworkersare20percentagepointslesslikelytobefemaleand16percentagepointsmorelikelytobeHispanic.Theseworkersarealso55percentagepointslesslikelytoholdabachelor’sdegreeorhigher,earnaround$30lessperhour,andfaceanunemploymentratemorethantwiceashigh.31

OccupationalrequirementstatisticscompiledbytheBureauofLaborStatistics

alsoshowthatrobot-exposedjobsaremuchmorelikelytorequirecarryingweightandworkinginextremeheatornearhazardouscontaminants.Thisexposure

patternisinmanywaystheoppositeofwhat’stypicallyfoundforLLMs.32

RobotandLLMexposure

WenextanalyzewhetherrobotsbroadenjobdisruptionrisksbeyondthosefromLLMsalone.DrawingonEloundouetal.(2024)andMassenkoffandMcCrory(2026),wecomparetwooccupationexposuremeasures:

•LLMexposure:theshareofjobtasksforwhichanLLMcouldhalverequiredtime(calledtheoreticalcapabilityin

ourpriorwor

k).

•LLMandrobotexposure:theshareofjobtasksexposedtoeitherLLMsor

robots,takingthehigherofLLMexposureandE1+robotexposureforeachtask.

RobotandLLMexposureratingsmeasuresomewhatdifferentconcepts,butbothindicatethattechnologycoulddomuchofagiventask.WhileintegratingLLMsandrobotsinactualjobsmaypresentnewchallengesorenablenew

capabilities,thesetwomeasuresprovideinitialinsightintojobexposurebasedontoday’scapabilities.

Figure6plotsjobexposuretoLLMsalone(inblue)andtoLLMsandrobots(inorange),groupedbybroadoccupationcategory.Robotsexposemoreand

differentkindsofjobsthanLLMsalone.Whilelessthan15%of

transportation&movingtasksareexposedtoLLMsalone,about90%ofthese

Whatworkcanrobotsdo?13

Figure5:Occupationcharacteristicsbyrobotexposure

Notes:Themostexposedworkersarethoseinthetopquintileoftherobotexposureindex;unexposedworkershavezeroexposureandmakeupaboutanother20%ofjobs.Demographics,education,andlabormarketdatacomefromthe2020–2024AmericanCommunitySurvey,saveforunionmembershipandlicensing.UnionmembershipcomesfromstatisticstabulatedbyHirschetal.(2026)forthe

2020–2024CurrentPopulationSurveys.Licensingcomesfromthe2025BLSOccupationalRequirementsSurvey,asdophysicaldemandandworkenvironmentvariables(forsomeoccupations,thesecomefromthe2023survey).Statisticsareemploymentweighted.

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Figure6:LLMandrobotexposurebyoccupationgroup

Notes:LLMexposureistheshareoftasksratedexposedinEloundouetal.(2024)(positiveβ).OccupationexposuretoLLMsand

robotsaddstasksratedatE1orhigherrobotexposure.Occupationgroupsare2-digitSOCcodes,andgroupaveragesweightbytasktimesharesandemployment.Inprotectiveserviceoccupations,forexample,31%ofjobtasksareexposedtoLLMs,and61%are

exposedtoLLMsorrobots.EmploymentdatacomefromBLS(2025).WeestimatetasktimeshareswithClaude.

tasksareexposedwithrobots.Similarly,robotsraiseexposureinoffice&

adminsupportjobs,whichlargelyinvolvecomputerworkandlightphysicaltasks,tonearly100%.Overall,aroundhalfofworkisexposedtoLLMsalone,butthatrisesto81%whenconsideringrobots.

Whatworkcan’tLLMsandrobotsdotoday?Considerpersonalcare&servicejobs,forwhicharound40%oftasksareexposed.In-personsocialinteractionandphysicalcontactwithhumans,whichbothLLMsandrobotsstrugglewith,areimportantforthesejobs.Thisexamplesuggeststhathighlyinterpersonalwork,orworkrequiringdelicatemanipulation,maybelesssusceptibleto

Whatworkcanrobotsdo?15

near-termautomation.33Occupationgroupslikeinstallation&repair,

healthcaresupport,andcommunity&socialservicefitthispatterntoo,withrelativelylowexposure.WhileLLMsandrobotscan’tperformthesetasks

today,nooccupationgroupoverallislessthan40%exposed.Andadvancesintechnologymaymakepossiblenewkindsofautomationovertime.

Unexposedtasksalsohelpdescribewhatcou