《材料科学与工程专业英语第4版》全套教学课件

材料科学与工程专业英语

EnvironmentalScienceandEngineering全套可编辑PPT课件PartⅠINTRODUCTIONTOMATERIALSSCIENCEANDENGINEERINGPartⅡMETALLICMATERIALSANDALLOYSPartⅢCERAMICSPartⅣPOLYMERSPartⅤCOMPOSITESPartⅥNANOSTRUCTUREDMATERIALSPartⅦBIOMATERIALS.PartIINTRODUCTIONTOMATERIALSSCIENCEANDENGINEERINGUnit1MaterialsScienceandEngineeringUnit2ClassificationofMaterialsandModernMaterials'NeedsUnit3AtomicStructureofMaterialsUnit4PhysicalandChemicalPropertiesofMaterialsUnit5MechanicalPropertiesofMaterials...Unit1MaterialsScienceandEngineeringHistoricalPerspectivestonewoodclayskinpotteryvariousmetalsmetalsplasticsglassesfiberssteelautomobilessemiconductingmaterialsnaturally→propertiesimprovement→advancedmaterialsModernEraEarliesttimedevelopmentandadvancementofsocietiesMaterialsScienceandEngineeringMaterialsSciencestructurespropertiesMaterialsEngineeringSubatomicstructureAtomicstructureNanostructureMicrostructureMacrostructureMechanicalpropertiesElectricalpropertiesThermalpropertiesMagneticpropertiesOpticalpropertiesrelationshipProcessing→Structure→Properties→PerformanceDiscloseDetermineDesignProduceWhyStudyMaterialsScienceandEngineering?Becausethingsengineersdesignaremadeofmaterials.Manyanappliedscientistorengineer(e.g.,mechanical,civil,chemical,electrical),isatonetimeoranotherexposedtoadesignprobleminvolvingmaterials.Thein-serviceconditionsmustbecharacterized.Anypotentialdeteriorationofmaterialpropertiesduringserviceoperationmustbeconsidered.Whatwillbethefinalcostofthefinishedproduct?DevelopmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineeringmaterialsparadigm:understandingtheprocessing-structure-propertiesrelationships.Recentdecades:activeusageofcomputersimulationstofindnewmaterials,predictpropertiesandunderstandphenomena1960sordecadesafter:everyclassofmaterials,includingceramics,polymers,semiconductors,magneticmaterials,biomaterials,andnanomaterials.19thandearly20th-century:metallurgyorceramicsengineering,reflectingemphasisonmetalsandceramics.MainClassesMetalsSemiconductorsCeramicspolymersNew/advancedmaterialsNanomaterialsBiomaterialsenergymaterials……MaterialsScience:aninterdisciplinaryfieldofresearchinganddiscoveringnewmaterials.MaterialsEngineering:anengineeringfieldoffindingusesformaterialsinvariousfieldsandindustries.DevelopmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineeringMaterialsApplications

inIndustrymaterialsdesigncost-benefittradeoffsprocessingmethodscasting/rolling/weldingionimplantationcrystalgrowththin-filmdepositionsinteringglassblowingAnalytic/CharacterizationMethodsProgresselectronmicroscopyX-raydiffractioncalorimetrynuclearmicroscopy(HEFIB)Rutherfordbackscatteringneutrondiffractionsmall-angleX-rayscattering(SAXS)RelationwithOtherFields:chemistry,solidmechanics,solidstatephysics,electronic,optical,andmagnetic,……Unit2ClassificationofMaterialsandModernMaterials’NeedsClassificationofMaterialssolidmaterialsmetallicmaterialspolymericmaterialsceramicmaterialschemicalcompositionandatomicstructureOthers:composites,advancedmaterialsClassificationofMaterialsMetallicmaterialsComposition:metallicelementsandnonmetallicelementsCharacteristics:stiff,strong,ductile,resistanttofracture,magneticpropertiesCeramicmaterialsComposition:metallicandnonmetallicelementsCharacteristics:highstiff,strongmechanicalbehavior,brittleness,lowelectricalconductivitiesPolymericmaterialsComposition:familiarplasticandrubbermaterials,organiccompoundsCharacteristics:lowdensities,lowsofteningordecompositiontemperatures,extremelyductileandpliable,lowelectricalconductivities,nonmagneticCompositematerialsComposition:two(ormore)individualmaterials,includingmetals,ceramics,andpolymersCategory:naturallyoccurringmaterials,fiberglass,fiber–reinforcedpolymer(CFRP)compositeModernMaterials’NeedsdevelopmentofmoresophisticatedandspecializedmaterialsTransportation:high-strength,low-density,higher-temperatureresistenceHydrogenfuelcell:moreefficientfuelcellsandalsoforbettercatalystsNuclearenergy:fuels,containmentstructures,solvingresidues……additionalreservesnewmaterialshavingcomparablepropertieswithlessadverseenvironmentalimpactincreasedrecyclingeffortsandnewrecyclingtechnologies……lesspollutionandlessdespoilageofthelandscapeAdvancedMaterialsSemiconductorDefinition:solidsubstancesthathavecrystallinestructureandcontainveryfewfreeelectronsatroomtemperature,suchassilicon,germanium,carbonetc.Application:modernelectronics,includingtransistors,solarcells,light-emittingdiodes(LEDs),anddigitalandanalogintegratedcircuitsAdvancedmaterials:Materialsutilizedinhigh-technology(orhigh-tech)applications.Characteristics:typicallytraditionalmaterialswhosepropertieshavebeenenhancedandalsonewlydeveloped,high-performancematerials.BiomaterialsDefinition:employedincomponentsimplantedintothehumancomposedofmetalliccomponents,polymers,ceramicsetc.Application:usedinmedicalimplantmethodstopromotethehealingofhumantissues,nanoparticlebiosensors,anddrugdeliverysystemsetc.AdvancedMaterialsNanomaterialsDefinition:materialsthatatleastonedimensioninthenanoscalerange,possessoutstandingelectrical,optical,andcatalyticproperties.Application:electronics,medicinalindustries,catalysis,energyharvesting,foodprocessing,environmentalremediation,biosensors,biologicalagentsSmartmaterialsDefinition:materialsareabletosensechangesintheirenvironmentandthenrespondtothesechangesinpredeterminedmannersApplication:employedassensorsincludeopticalfibers,piezoelectricmaterials(includingsomepolymers),andmicroelectromechanicalsystems(MEM)Unit3AtomicStructureofMaterialsPeriodicTableofElementsTheperiodictable118kindsofatomstensofmillionsofdifferentsubstancesMetalsCeramicsPolymers……MainreasonwhichatomsareusedhowatomsarebondedtogetherTheworldisrichandcolorful.ClassificationsofstructuralAtomicstructureincludesfeaturesthatcannotbeseen,suchasthetypesofbondingbetweentheatoms,andthewaytheatomsarearrangedaffectsthechemical,physical,thermal,electrical,magnetic,andopticalpropertiesMicro-structureincludesfeaturesthatcannotbeseenwiththenakedeye,butcanbeobservedusingamicroscopeaffectsnotonlythesepropertiesbutalsomechanicalpropertiesandrateofchemicalreactionMacro-structureincludingfeaturesthatcanbeseenwiththenakedeyeaffectsnotonlythesepropertiesbutalsomechanicalpropertiesandrateofchemicalreactionAtomicstructureTheatomicstructureproton(positivecharge)neutron(electricneutrality)electron(negativecharge)nucleusatomicnumber=thenumberofprotons=thenumberofelectronsatomicmass=thenumberofprotons+thenumberofneutronselectronssurroundingthenucleusinenergy"shells"ForexampleAllchemicalbondsinvolveelectrons.Metallic,CovalentandIonicBondsinMaterialsAtomhasafewelectronsinashell→tendtoloseelectrons→metal→positiveionAtomhasanearlyfullelectronsshell→tendtoobtainelectrons→nonmetal→negativeionionicbond:formbetweenmetalandnonmetalatomsForexamplecovalentbond:formbetweennonmetalandnonmetalatomsmetallicbond:formbetweenmetalandmetalatomsMetallic,CovalentandIonicBondsinMaterialsCharacteristics:

Ionicbondisnon-directionalIonicbondisnotsaturatedIonicBondSomecommonfeaturesofmaterialswithionicbonds:

HardGoodinsulators(Excludingsolutionandmoltenstate)TransparentBrittleorcleaveratherthandeformCharacteristics:

CovalentbondisdirectionalCovalentbondissaturatedCovalentBondSomecommonfeaturesofmaterialswithcovalentbonds:

HardGoodinsulatorsTransparentBrittleorcleaveratherthandeformMetallic,CovalentandIonicBondsinMaterialsCharacteristics:

Metallicbondisnon-directionalOuterelectronsleaveindividualatomstobecomepartofcommon“electroncloud”AtomscanslidepasteachotherMetallicbondSomecommonfeaturesofmaterialswithmetallicbonds: GoodelectricalandthermalconductorsOpaqueRelativelyductileCharacteristics:

ElectricalattractionbetweenthemoleculesarerelativelyweakCovalentbondswithinthemoleculesareverystrongvanderWaalsBondSomecommonfeaturesofmaterialswithvanderWaalsBond:

LowmeltingandboilingpointsMeltingandboilingpointsincreaseasmoleculesbecomelargerUnit4PhysicalandChemicalPropertiesofMaterialsIntroductiontoMaterialPropertiesPhysicalProperties:Measurablecharacteristicswithoutchangingcomposition(e.g.,mass,color,volume).ChemicalProperties:Describereactivityandcompositionchanges(e.g.,flammability,corrosionresistance).Allpuresubstancesexhibitconsistentphysicalandchemicalproperties.PhysicalPropertiesIntensivePropertiesDensityColorLusterConductivityExtensivePropertiesMassVolumeLengthindependentofsamplesizedependentonsamplesizePropertiesobservablewithoutaffectingcompositionPropertiesthatbecomeevidentduringachemicalreaction.Examples:Reactivitywithotherchemicals;Toxicity;Flammability;OxidationStatesKeyDifference:ChemicalPropertiescanonlybeobservedwhenthesubstanceundergoesachemicalchangeChemicalPropertiesIntroductiontoPhaseChangeMaterials(PCMs)EnergyChallenges:Traditionalenergyshortagesandenvironmentalpollutionnecessitatesustainableenergysolutions.Renewableenergysourcesfaceintermittencyandspatiotemporalinstability.RoleofThermalEnergyStorage(TES):TESsystemsenhanceenergyconversionefficiency.PackedBedLatentHeatStorage(PBLHS):HighenergydensityWidetemperatureapplicationrangeCost-effectiveapproachforenergysupply-demandbalance

TypesandCharacteristicsofPCMsThermalPerformanceEnhancementMethods:Additivesforimprovedthermalconductivity(e.g.,carbon-basedmaterials,metalfoams).Finned-tubetechnologytoincreaseheattransfersurfacearea.CascadePCMcellsforuniformheattransferinPBLHS.PCMEutecticsSaltHydratesOrganicMaterialsPCMCategories:High-PerformanceCompositePhaseChangeMaterials(CPCMs):Combineporousceramics(e.g.,diatomite,MgO)withmoltensaltsforbetterthermalpropertiesandcyclelife.Challenges:Preparingacost-effective,highthermalstabilityprocess.Solutionsbelow0°C,e.g.,saltsolutions.Long-chaincarbon-basedpolymers,highcrystallinity,e.g.,waxes,fattyacids.Crystallizeabove0°C,incorporatingwater.Unit5MechanicalPropertiesofMaterialsMechanicalPropertiesofMaterialsReflectsresponseordeformationofmetalmaterialsinrelationtoanappliedloadorforceStrengthDuctilityHardnessImpactresistanceFracturetoughnessMechanicalPropertiesMechanicalPropertiesofMaterialsLoadingConcept:TheapplicationofaforcetoanobjectStressConcept:toexpresstheloadingintermsofforceappliedtoacertaincross-sectionalareaofanobjectStrainConcept:theresponseofasystemtoanappliedstressFundamentalloadingconditionsTensionCompressionBendingShearTorsionVectorMagnitudeDirectionStressSmall:elasticdeformationLowerthanyieldstrength:elasticdeformationBeyondelasticlimit:plasticdeformationMechanicalPropertiesofMaterialsTensilepropertiesConcept:indicatehowthematerialwillreacttoforcesbeingappliedintensionHardnessConcept:theresistanceofamaterialtolocalizeddeformationToughnessConcept:Theabilityofametaltodeformplasticallyandtoabsorbenergyintheprocessbeforefracture.TensiletestselasticlimitelongationproportionallimitreductioninareatensilestrengthTestmethodMohsHardnessTestBrinellHardnessTestRockwellHardnessTestDurometerHardnessTestBarcolHardnessTestInfluencefactorStrainrateTemperatureNotcheffectCompressiontestCompression,Bearing,andShearPropertiesofMaterialsCompressiveyieldstressCompressiveultimatestressCompressivemodulusofelasticityMetals:0.002in./in.plasticstrainPlastics:atthepointofpermanentyieldonthestress-straincurveThestressrequiredtoruptureaspecimenCompressivestrengthataspecificdeformationTheslopeofitsstress-straincurveintheelasticdeformationregion.Compression,Bearing,andShearPropertiesofMaterialsBearingPropertiesShearPropertiesPurpose:todeterminethedeformationofaholeasafunctionoftheappliedbearingstressPurpose:usedinthedesignofmechanicallyfastenedcomponents,webs,andtorsionmembers,andothercomponentssubjecttoparallel,opposingloadsPartIIMETALLICMATERIALSANDALLOYSUnit6IntroductiontoMetalsandAlloysUnit7SuperalloyUnit8ImportantCharactersofMetallicMaterialUnit6IntroductiontoMetalsandAlloysMetalsConcept:anelementthatreadilyloseselectronstoformpositiveions(cations)andformsmetallicbondsbetweenothermetalatoms(formingionicbondswithnon-metals).Chemicalproperties:inclinedtoformcationsthroughelectronloss,reactingwithoxygenintheairtoformoxidesoverchangingtimescalesCorrosion:transferofelectronsfromonechemicalspeciestoanotherM→Mn++ne-Lithium,Beryllium,Sodium,Magnesium,Aluminium,Potassium,Calcium,Scandium,Titanium,Vanadium,Chromium,Iron,Zinc,Manganese,Cobalt,Nickel,Copper,etc.MetalsMetalsPhysicalpropertiesDensityDuctilityMalleabilityConductivityElectricchargeMetalshavehigherdensitiesthanthemajorityofnonmetals,andwidevariationinthedensitiesofmetalsTheabilityofamaterialtodeformeasilyupontheapplicationofatensileforce.AbilityofmetaltoexhibitlargedeformationorplasticresponsewhenbeingsubjectedtocompressiveforceMetallicmaterialstendtobegoodelectricalconductorsbecausethefreelymovementoffreeelectronsMetallichasgoodelectricalconductorsbecausethefreeelectronscanmovearoundwithinthemetalsofreelyAlloysConcept:Analloyisamixtureoftwoormoreelementsinsolidsolutioninwhichthemajorcomponentisametal.Purpose:Tomakethemlessbrittle,harder,resistanttocorrosion,orhaveamoredesirablecolorandluster.AlloysSubstitutionalInterstitialHomogeneous(consistingofasinglephase)Heterogeneous(consistingoftwoormorephases)Intermetallic(nodistinctboundarybetweenphases)EmergingLiquidMetalBiomaterials:FromDesigntoApplicationDrugdelivery,hyperthermiatherapy(inducedbylight,magneticfield,etc.),bioimaging,biosensors,andtissuerepairLiquidmetal(LM)isanemergingbiomaterial.LMsusedinbiomedicinegenerallyincludegallium(Ga),indium(In),tin(Sn),bismuth(Bi),andtheiralloysLowtoxicity,goodbiocompatibility,excellentelectricalandthermalconductivities,andhighfluidityWhatisliquidmetal?AdvantagesApplicationEmergingLiquidMetalBiomaterials:FromDesigntoApplicationDesignMorphologyControlIntrinsicMorphologyControlStimulus-Response-InducedMorphologyControlApplicationinBiomedicineUnit7SuperalloyIntroductionSuperalloyDefinitionAsuperalloy,orhigh-performancealloy,isanalloywiththeabilitytooperateatahighfractionofitsmeltingpoint.KeycharacteristicsexcellentmechanicalstrengthresistancetothermalcreepdeformationgoodsurfacestabilityresistancetocorrosionoroxidationAircraftengineSuperalloysChemicalDevelopmentCreepandoxidationresistanceareofprimaryimportanceNickel(Ni)-basedsuperalloyshaveemergedasthematerialsofchoicefortheseapplicationsbecauseoftheiruniqueγ'precipitatesThepropertiesoftheseNi-basedsuperalloyscanbetailoredtoacertainextentthroughtheadditionofmanyotherelements,suchaschromium,iron,cobalt,etc.ProcessDevelopmentSuperalloyswereoriginallyironbasedandcoldwroughtpriortothe1940sInthe1940s,investmentcastingofcobaltbasealloyssignificantlyraisedoperatingtemperaturesThedevelopmentofvacuummeltinginthe1950sallowedforveryfinecontrolofthechemicalcompositionofsuperalloysandreductionincontaminationSuperalloysApplicationsaircraftturbinecomponentsnuclearreactorsrocketenginesspacevehiclesSubmarinesmilitaryelectricmotorschemicalprocessingvesselsheatexchangertubingpetrochemicalequipmentMetallurgyofSuperalloysThefirstgenerationsuperalloyswereintendedforoperationattemperaturesupto700℃(973K)Up-to-date,thefourthgenerationsuperalloyscannowwithstandoperatingtemperaturesofupto1100℃(1373K)Theyieldstrengthofγ'-phaseNi3Alincreaseswithtemperatureuptoabout1,000℃,givingsuperalloystheircurrentlyunrivalledhigh-temperaturestrengthSuperalloysPackcementationprocessGasphasecoatingThermalsprayingPlasmasprayingCoatingofSuperalloysfocusonmassreductionandimprovingoxidationandcorrosionresistancemaintainingthestrengthofthealloyreducethecostofsuperalloysSuperalloysintheFutureMetallurgyMetallurgyDefinitionMetallurgyisadomainofmaterialsscienceandengineeringthatstudiesthephysicalandchemicalbehaviorofmetallicelements,aswellastheirinter-metalliccompoundsandtheirmixtures,whichareknownasalloys.IncludingExtractiveMetallurgyProductionEngineeringofMetalsMetalWorkingProcessesHeatTreatmentPlatingThermalSprayShotPeeningExtractiveMetallurgyThermalSprayUnit8ImportantCharactersofMetallicMaterials—Malleability,Ductility&CorrosionMalleabilityMalleabilityreferstometalswhichcanbehammeredintodifferentshapes.thenon-directionalnatureofmetallicbondingPlanesofatomsinametalareabletoslideacrossoneanotherunderstress,accountingfortheabilityofacrystaltodeformwithoutshattering.Theprimaryreasonforthemalleability：DuctilityDuctilityreferstometalswhichcanbedrawnintowires.Mostmetalsaremalleableorductilebecauseofthewayinwhichatomsarearranged.The"sea"ofelectronsmodelofmetals:Inmetals,thevalence(outermost)electronsofthemetalatomsareinfactnotboundtotheirparentatoms,butroamrelativelyfreelybetweenatoms,ina“sea”ofsorts.Thisallowsthemtotravelaround,carryingelectricalcurrentwithminimalresistance.This"sea"ofelectronsmodelalsohelpstoexplainmalleabilityandductility.CorrosionCorrosionisanaturalprocessthatconvertsarefinedmetalintoamorechemicallystableoxide.Itisthegradualdestructionofmaterials(usuallyametal)bychemicalorelectrochemicalreactionswiththeirenvironment.innatureThecorrosionprocesshastheessentialfeaturesofabattery.Twochemicalprocessesofcorrosion:OxidationReductionElectrochemicalCorrosionwillproceedattheanodicsiteaccordingtoareactionsuchas:M→M2++2e－CorrosionTypesofCorrosionPitting—corrosionthatisconfinedtosmallareasandtakestheformofcavitiesonasurface.Crevice—corrosionthatoccursatlocationswhereeasyaccesstothebulkenvironmentisprevented,suchasthematingsurfacesoftwocomponents.Filiform—Corrosionthatoccursundersomecoatingsintheformofrandomlydistributedthreadlikefilaments.Exfoliation—aspecificformofcorrosionthattravelsalonggrainboundariesparalleltothesurfaceofthepart

causingliftingandflakingatthesurface.Galvanic—corrosionassociatedprimarilywiththeelectricalcouplingofmaterialswithsignificantlydifferentelectrochemicalpotentials.

Environmental

cracking—brittlefractureofanormallyductilematerialthatoccurspartiallyduetothecorrosiveeffectoftheenvironment.……TheEffectofNanostructuringonPhysicalandMechanicalPropertiesofMetallicMaterialsThenanostructuringcaninfluencethespecificstrength,wearresistance,corrosionresistanceandthermaldiffusivityofbulkmetallic.Photosofthebronzestructure.(a)SEMimages(ZEISSCrossBeamAURIGAmicroscope),(b)segmentedimageofthestructure(atomicforcemicroscopeNEXT)TheEffectofNanostructuringonPhysicalandMechanicalPropertiesofMetallicMaterialsTheinfluenceofnanostructuringonthepropertiesofmetallicmaterialsMetal/alloyNanostructuredSpecificstrengthσ/(m2/s2)Durabilityε/(g/m2)CorrosionrateV/(g/(m2·h))Cu-25.5×103242.00.2023Cu+30.4×103213.10.1819Bronze-55.0×103323.40.0758Bronze+72.3×103277.80.0677Al-Mgalloy-107×1031405.50.8213Al-Mgalloy+134×1031065.90.7303Ti-Alalloy-203×103128.70.0183Ti-Alalloy+264×10387.50.0163Al-29.3×103840.20.1355Al+35.2×103602.90.1230Conclusions:

Thenanocrystallinestructureformedinthestudiedmetallicmaterialshasasignificantimpactontheirproperties.PartIIICERAMICSUnit9IntroductiontoCeramicMaterialsUnit10High-EntropyCeramic-AtomicStructuresUnit11BioceramicsUnit9IntroductiontoCeramicMaterialsIntroductiontoCeramicsHeat-resistant,nonmetallic,inorganicsolidsmadefrommetallicandnonmetalliccompoundsDefinitionCorrosion-resistanthardbrittlegoodinsulatorswithstandhightemperaturesGeneralPropertiesTraditional

e.g.,clay,cementAdvanced

e.g.,carbides,oxides,nitrides,superconductorsCategories

Dishes,crockery,tiles,medicalandengineeringadvancementsApplicationsAdvanced

ceramicsTraditionalceramicsTangSancaiCeramicCookwareCeramicBrakeDiscCeramicStructuralComponentsStructureandCompositionofCeramicsCovalent,ionic,orpolarcovalentdependingontheelementsinvolvedUnitcellsrepeatedinathree-dimensionalpatterne.g.,rocksaltstructureinMgOBondingTypesCrystallineStructureSimple：BinarycompoundslikeAl2O3(alumina),ZrO2(zirconia),SiO2(quartz)Complex：VariableformulaslikeKAlSi3O8(feldspar)ApplicationsandTypesofCeramicsComplexionicoxidesthatconductelectricitywithoutresistancewhencoolede.g.,YBa2Cu3O7−xSuperconductorsProvidestronger,lighter,andcheaperalternativestometalmagnetse.g.,bariumferriteMagneticMaterialsChangepropertiesundervoltage,usedinsensorsandroboticse.g.,leadzirconiumtitanatePiezoelectricCeramicsTransparenttospecificfrequencies,usedinsensorsandradare.g.,leadlanthanumzirconatetitanateOpticalCeramicsArtificialbones,dentalcrowns,andbiosensorsduetosterilizationandinertnessMedicalApplicationsElectro-ceramicMaterialsLimitationsinhighvoltageapplicationsDielectricstrengthlimitedto30kV/mmNaturalmicainsulatorsprovidehighervaluesBreakdownrelatedtochargetrappingandscatteringBand-gapof3.2eV,threetimeswiderthansiliconCorrosionandoxidationresistanceathightemperaturesExcellentmechanicalpropertiesforpowerelectronicsLowintrinsiccarrierconcentrationandhighelectronvelocityDielectricStrengthandBreakdowninCeramicsEmergingCeramicSemiconductors-SiCElectro-ceramicMaterialsFunctionalmaterialsinmillimeter-wavefrequencyregionGrowthduetointernet,mobilecommunication,anddefenseapplicationsMedium-permittivityandtemperature-stableceramicsusedasresonatorsExamples:(Mg,Ca)TiO3,ZrTiO4,BaTi4O9SiCOusedinMEMSpreparationwithpolysiloxanepolymersSilicon-carbon-oxynitridemicro-igniterandmicro-geardevelopmentChemicalsensingutilizingelectronicorionicconductivityOxygensensorsinvehiclesusingY-TZPforcombustionandemissioncontrolCeramicsinMicrowaveApplicationsMEMSandChemicalSensingwithCeramicsUnit10High-entropyCeramic—AtomicStructuresOverviewofHigh-EntropyCeramics(HECs)ConceptderivedfromHigh-EntropyAlloys(HEAs)Keyideasintroducedin2004:Configurationalentropystabilizedsingle-phasesolidsolutionTheunexploredcentralregionofmulticomponentalloyphasespaceFirstnotableHECcompositionreportedin2015:(Mg,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn)OPredominantlyexhibitsrock-salttypestructure,includingnitrides,carbides,andoxidesStructuraldiversityincludesdiborides,chalcogenides,silicides,andfluoridesLong-RangeOrderandElementDistributionAnidealHECshouldbeasingle-phasesolidsolutionwithlong-rangeperiodicityandcompositionaldisorderHomogeneousdistributionofcationsobservedin(Mg,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn)OKeycharacterizationtechniques：Findings：X-rayDiffraction(XRD)fordetermininglong-rangeperiodicityScanningElectronMicroscopywithEnergy-DispersiveX-raySpectroscopy(SEM-EDS)formicroscalecompositionalanalysisScanningTransmissionElectronMicroscopy(STEM)andAtomicProbeTomography(APT)fornanoscaleelementdistributionstudiesLocalLatticeDistortionandShort-RangeOrderVariationsinmetal-oxygenbondlengths,significantdistortionaroundCu-OpolyhedraTechniquesforcharacterizinglocallatticedistortion:Findings:ExtendedX-rayAbsorptionFineStructure(EXAFS)TotalScattering/PairDistributionFunction(PDF)techniquesSROreferstoorderoverdistancescomparabletointeratomicdistancesMoleculardynamicssimulationsrevealspecificlow-energyconfigurationsin(Mg,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn)OSquare-likediffusescatteringpatternsfromTEMelectrondiffractionindicatethatincreasingtransitionmetalspeciessuppressesSROShort-RangeOrder(SRO):High-entropyCeramics-PropertiesPropertiesEnhancedbyEntropyStabilizationEnergyStorage:Reversiblelithium-ionstorageinHECoxides

e.g.,(Mg,Co,Cu,Ni,Zn)OSpecificcapacitiesupto590mAhg-1overhundredsofcyclesThermochemicalWaterSplitting:Two-phaseHECoxides(e.g.,(Fe,Mg,Co,Ni)Ox)canproducehydrogenatlowertemperaturesH₂yields:10.1mL-H₂/gat1300°CHigh-entropyCeramics-PropertiesPropertiesEnhancedbyConfigurationalDisorder&OtherPropertiesMechanicalProperties:Higherindentationmodulusandhardnesscomparedtomonocarbides.Yieldstresssignificantlyincreasedduetolocallatticedistortions.MagneticProperties:Long-rangeorderedantiferromagneticgroundstatein(Mg,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn)OThermalConductivity:Amorphous-likethermalconductivitieswithreducedvaluesduetoionicchargedisorder.OtherProperties:CatalyticAct