双语版财务会计 第二章.ppt

1、CashandReceivables,Chapter2,LearningObjects,UnderstandandgrasptheinternalcontrolsofCashandBankGrasphowtomakeBankReconciliations（银行调节表）MasterthemethodsofdealingwiththeDoubtfulAccounts（呆账，可疑账款）MasterhowtorecordassignmentofReceivables（应收账款转让）,CashandReceivables,Whatiscash?ManagementandcontrolofcashAcco

2、untingforcashReportingcashSummaryofcash-relateditems,Cash,Receivables,RecognitionofaccountsreceivableValuationofaccountsreceivableRecognitionofnotesreceivable（应收票据）ValuationofnotesreceivableDispositionofaccountsandnotesreceivable（处置）,Cash现金概念、特征、类型、使用范围现金的管理与内部控制现金及银行存款的核算现金的报告（报表）现金盘点与银行存款余额调节表Rece

3、ivables应收款项应收款项概念、分类应收款项的确认与计量应收款项的核算应收账款计提坏账准备应收款项的报告,CashandReceivables,Cashisthemostliquidassetownedbyafirm.Asaresultitismostsusceptibletotheft,andthusinternalcontrolovercashisimportant.它是企业流动性最强的一项资产。CharacteristicsThestandardmediumofexchange（支付中介）Basisformeasuringandaccountingforallitems（计量基础）C

4、urrentasset（流动资产）,Cash,Cashcontents,Cashinhand,cashinbank,othermonetaryfundsCoin硬币,currencyAvailablefundsondepositatthebank(可动用的银行存款)Negotiableinstruments（可流通的票据）Moneyorders(汇票，邮政汇票)、certifiedchecks(承兑支票，保付支票)、cashierschecks(银行本票)、personalchecks(个人支票）、bankdrafts(银行汇票)、Savingaccounts（定期存款）,Cashconten

5、ts,othermonetaryassets（我国的其他货币资金）外埠存款cashinothercities银行本票cashierscheck银行汇票bankdraft信用卡creditcards信用证保证金L/Cdeposit存出投资款cashforinvestment,Howtomanageandcontrolcash?,Internalcontrol.asdefinedinaccountingandauditing(审计),isaprocessforassuringachievementofanorganizationsobjectivesinoperationaleffectivene

6、ssandefficiency（经营效率和效果）,reliablefinancialreporting,andcompliancewithlaws,regulationsandpolicies.Abroadconcept,internalcontrolinvolveseverythingthatcontrolsriskstoanorganization.,Howtomanageandcontrolcash?,Itisameansbywhichanorganizationsresourcesaredirected,monitored,andmeasured.Itplaysanimportantr

7、oleindetectingandpreventingfraud（查错防弊）andprotectingtheorganizationsresources,bothphysical（实物）(e.g.,machineryandproperty)andintangible（无形）(e.g.,reputation声誉orintellectualproperty智力财产suchastrademarks商标权).,Internalcontrols,内部控制制度是企业重要的内部管理制度，是一个单位为了保护其资产的安全完整，保证其经营活动符合国家法律、法规和内部规章要求，提高经营管理效率，防止舞弊，控制风险等

8、目的，而在单位内部采取的一系列相互联系、相互制约的制度和方法。COSO委员会【1992年美国国会的“反对虚假财务报告委员会”（NCFR）下属的由AAA、AICPA、IIA、FEI和IMA等专业团体组织参与的“发起组织委员会（COSO）”】，1992年发布内部控制基本框架（简称COSO报告）。财政部证监会审计署银监会保监会2008年印发企业内部控制基本规范，2010年发布企业内部控制配套指引，包括18项应用指引、1项评价指引和1项审计指引。,Internalcontrols,COSOdefinesinternalcontrolashavingfivecomponents:ControlEnvir

9、onment控制环境RiskAssessment风险评估InformationandCommunication信息与沟通ControlActivities控制活动Monitoring监控，监督,Internalcontrolsforcash,货币资金的内部控制制度是企业最重要的内部控制制度。1.钱账分管制度。企业应配备专职的出纳员，办理库存现金收付和结算业务、登记库存现金和银行存款日记账、保管库存现金和各种有价证券、保管好有关印章、空白收据和空白支票;出纳员不得兼管稽核、会计档案保管和收入、费用、债权债务账目的登记工作。2.现金开支审批制度。(1)明确企业库存现金开支范围;(2)明确各种报销凭

10、证，规定各种库存现金支付业务的报销手续和办法;(3)确定各种现金支出的审批权限,Internalcontrolsforcash,3.库存现金日清月结制度。日清是指出纳员应对当日的库存现金收付业务全部登记库存现金日记账，结出账面余额，并与库存现金核对相符;月结是指出纳员必须对库存现金日记账按月结账;并定期进行库存现金清查。4.库存现金保管制度。(1)超过库存限额以外的库存现金应在下班前送存银行;(2)除工作时间需要的小量备用金可存在出纳员的抽屉内，其余应放入保险柜内，不得随意存放;(3)限额内的库存现金当日核对清楚后，一律放入保险柜内，不得放在办公桌内过夜;(4)单位的库存现金不准以个人名义存入

11、银行;(5)库存的纸币和铸币，应实行分类保管。,Accountingforcash,Cashinhand现金的核算现金增加：产品零售，取得现金收入200元借：现金234（debt)贷：主营业务收入200(credit)应缴税费增值税（销项税额）34从银行取现2000元。借：现金2000贷：银行存款2000,Accountingforcash,现金减少购买办公用品230元。借：管理费用230贷：现金230出差借款900元借：其他应收款900贷：现金900,Accountingforcash,银行存款增加投资者投入20万元，存入银行。借：银行存款200,000贷：实收资本200,000银行存款减少

12、缴纳税金5000元借：应缴税费5000贷：银行存款5000购入材料10000元，税金1700元，存款支付。借：原材料10000应缴税费增值税（进项税额）1700贷：银行存款11700,Accountingforcash,其他货币资金增加：借：其他货币资金贷：银行存款等其他货币资金减少：借：原材料、应付账款等贷：其他货币资金,ReportingCash,资产负债表：货币资金（现金、银行存款、其他货币资金）现金流量表：经营活动现金流量、投资活动现金流量、筹资活动现金流量（流入-流出）,ReportingCash,ReportingReportingas“cashandcashequivalents

13、（现金和现金等价物）”separatelyifitwillbedisbursed（支付）withinoneyearortheoperatingcycle,whicheverislonger.,ReportingCash,CashequivalentsShort-term,highlyliquidinvestmentsthatarebothreadilyconvertibletocash（易于转换为现金）,andsoneartheirmaturitythattheypresentinsignificantrisk（风险较小）ofchangesinvalue.Example:Treasurybil

14、ls(国库券),Commercialpaper（商业票据）,andMoneymarketfunds（货币基金）.,Cashcounting,现金的清查：通过“待处理财产损溢”账户核算。1.审批前调账盘盈：增加待处理溢余，调增账面记录盘亏：增加待处理亏损，调减账面记录2.审批后减少待处理盘盈：属于应付的，应增加一项负债(其他应付款);属于无法查明原因的，应作为营业外收入。盘亏：属于应收，应增加一项债权(其他应收款);属于定额内损耗和管理原因，应作为管理费用;属于无法查明原因的，应作为管理费用。,Cashcounting,库存现金清查中，发现实存数大于账面余额l00元。借：库存现金100贷：待处理

15、财产损溢100属于应支付给其他单位借：待处理财产损溢100贷：其他应付款单位100如果核查后原因不明，经批准作为营业外收入：借：待处理财产损溢100贷：营业外收入100,Cashcounting,库存现金清查中，发现现金短缺80元，借：待处理财产损溢80贷：库存现金80如果属于出纳人员的责任，应由出纳人员赔偿：借：其他应收款出纳员80贷：待处理财产损溢80当出纳人员交回赔款时：借：库存现金80贷：其他应收款出纳员80如果属于无法查明原因的，应作为管理费用处理：借：管理费用80贷：待处理财产损溢80,Cashbalancefrombankstatement$7,218,Cashbalancefr

16、omcompanyrecords$6,925,BankReconciliation,BankReconciliations,Bankreconciliations（银行存款余额调节表）arepreparedandreviewedonaregularbasistoensurethat:ErrorsinthecashaccountaredetectedAllcashtransactionsarerecorded(e.g.adjustmentssuchasbankservicecharges)Bankandbookbalancesagree（银行账户余额与实际保持一致）,BankReconcilia

17、tions,Thereconciliationofbankandbookbalancesistocorrectedcashbalance.Thecorrectedcashbalanceistheamountthatshouldbeshownonthebalancesheetatthereconciliationdate.,BankReconciliations,TwoaccountsbalancerarelyagreeatanyonepointintimeduetoDepositsintransit（在途资金）Outstandingcheque(未付支票，转账支票)Bankcharges（银行

18、手续费）BankCredits(往来账户)Collectionsordepositsinthecompanysaccountthatthecompanyisnotawareofuntilreceiptofthebankstatement.BankordepositorerrorsTheitemsinredwillrequireadjustment(forerrorsonlyiftheerroristhedepositorserror),BankReconciliations,Bankreconciliation银行对账单余额$加:企业已收银行未收减:企业已付银行未付调节后的余额$银行存款余额$

19、加:银行已收企业未收减:银行已付企业未付调节后余额$,BankReconciliation-Example,BankReconciliation-Solution,BankReconciliation-Solution,BankReconciliation-Solution,Slide6-32,Monthlyadjustingjournalentriesrequired:,Receivables,Writtenpromisestopayasumofmoneyonaspecifiedfuturedate.,Claimsheldagainstcustomersandothersformoney,g

20、oods,orservices.,Oralpromisesofthepurchasertopayforgoodsandservicessold.,AccountsReceivable,NotesReceivable,Tradereceivable,Receivables,ClassificationTradeReceivables在商品销售环节发生的赊销款项。Accountsreceivable应收账款,Notesreceivable应收票据、Prepayments预付账款NontradeReceivables：Otherreceivables其他应收款应收长期资产（投资）销售款预付给内部员工

21、或分支公司的款项其他单位存入公司的保证金或押金应收的股利或利息索取权,Recognitionofreceivables,应收款项的确认：应收款项泛指企业拥有的将来获取现款、商品或劳动的权利。它是企业在日常生产经营过程中发生的各种债权，是企业重要的流动资产。应收账款的确认重要是解决何时确认应收账款。应收账款是与商品的销售或劳务的提供直接相关的，因此确认应收账款的时间通常应与确认收入的时间相一致。也就是说，在商品的所有权已经转给购货方，或劳务已经提供、收入已经实现时，对未取的款项确认为应收账款。,MeasuringReceivables,Inmostreceivabletransactions,t

22、heamounttoberecognizedistheexchangepricebetweentwopartiestoasalestransaction.Exchangeprice：theamountduefromthedebtorItisgenerallyindictedonabusinessdocument(invoice)ConsideringtwofactorswhilemeasuringTheavailablediscountsTradediscounts（商业折扣）Cashorsalediscounts（现金折扣）Thelengthoftimebetweenthesaleandth

23、epaymentduedate(timevalue),MeasuringReceivables,Tradediscounts（商业折扣）Toquotedifferentpricesfordifferentquantitiespurchased.ForIncreasesales（增加销售）TreatmentReductionsfromthelistprice（在会计处理中直接从总价中扣减）Customersarebillednetofdiscounts,10%DiscountfornewRetailStoreCustomers,Cash(sales)discounts（现金折扣）Induceme

24、ntsforpromptpayment(敦促购货方早付款而给予的折扣)Increaselikelihoodofcollection（增加账款回收的可能性）MethodofrecordingGrossMethod（总价法）NetMethod（净价法）,Paymenttermsare2/10,n/30,MeasuringReceivables,CashDiscountsGrossmethod,Recordssaleatthefullamount;assumesnodiscountwillbetakenuntilitactuallyis.AccountsReceivable1,000Sales1,0

25、00Assumepaidwithin10days:Cash(98%$1,000)980Salesdiscounts20AccountsReceivable1,000,OnJune3,BenedictCorp.soldtoChesterInc.,merchandisehavingasalepriceof$5,000withtermsof2/10,n/60,f.o.b.(freeonboard)shippingpoint.OnJune12,BenedictreceivedacheckforthebalanceduefromChester.Preparerequiredjournalentriesa

26、ssumingBenedictrecordsthesaleatgross.,Sales5,000,Accountsreceivable5,000,June3,Cash($5,000 x98%)4,900Salesdiscounts100Accountsreceivable5,000,June12,GrossMethod,【E2-1】CashDiscountsGrossmethod,Salesdiscountnetmethod,Recordnetofthepossiblediscount;assumescustomerwilltakeadvantageofthediscountAccountsR

27、eceivable980Sales980Assumenotpaidwithin10days:Cash1,000Salesdiscountsforfeited20AccountsReceivable980,OnJune3,BenedictCorp.soldtoChesterInc.,merchandisehavingasalepriceof$5,000withtermsof2/10,n/60,f.o.b.shippingpoint.OnJune29,BenedictreceivedacheckforthebalanceduefromChester.Preparerequiredjournalen

28、triesassumingBenedictrecordsthesaleatnet.,Sales4,900,Accountsreceivable4,900,June3,Accountsreceivable4,900,Cash5,000,June29,Salesdiscountsforfeited100,NetMethod,【E2-2】CashDiscountsNetmethod,OnJune3,BenedictCorp.soldtoChesterInc.,merchandisehavingasalepriceof$5,000withtermsof2/10,n/60,f.o.b.shippingp

29、oint.OnJune12,BenedictreceivedacheckforthebalanceduefromChester.PreparerequiredjournalentriesassumingBenedictrecordsthesaleatnet.,Sales4,900,Accountsreceivable4,900,June3,Accountsreceivable4,900,Cash4,900,June12,NetMethod,【E2-2】CashDiscountsNetmethod,EstimatedBadDebtsMethod,Baddebtscanbeestimatedbas

30、edonsalesoronaccountsreceivable.,UncollectibleAccountsReceivable,AllowanceMethodLossesareEstimated:Percentage-of-salesPercentage-of-receivables,MethodsofAccountingforUncollectibleAccounts,DirectWrite-OffTheoreticallyundesirable:nomatchingreceivablenotstatedatnetrealizablevalue,直接转销法在坏账发生时直接冲减应收账款的账面

31、余额。AlthoughgenerallynotinaccordancewithGAAP,companiesintheirfirstyearofoperationswhohavenobasisforestimatinguncollectibleaccounts,andforwhomuncollectibleaccountsareimmaterial,maywriteoffbaddebtsdirectly,asfollows:DrBaddebtexpenseXXCrAccountsReceivableXX,Directwrite-offmethod,备抵法利润表法销售百分比法Baddebtexpe

32、nseestimateisrelatedtoanominalaccount(CreditSales),anybalanceintheallowanceaccountisignored.Therefore,themethodachievesapropermatchingofcostandrevenues.资产负债表法应收账款百分比法Estimatingofexpecteduncollectibleaccountsbaseduponoutstandingreceivables.Resultsinamoreaccuratevaluationofreceivablesonthebalancesheet

33、.Methodmayalsobeappliedusinganagingschedule(账龄分析法),AllowanceforDoubtfulAccounts,IncomeStatementApproach,BalanceSheetApproach,PercentageofSalesMatchingSales-BadDebtExpense,PercentageofReceivablesNetRealizableValueReceivables-AllowanceforBadDebt,AllowanceforDoubtfulAccounts,“坏账准备-AFDA”Weprovideforpote

34、ntiallyuncollectibleaccountsthroughtheallowancefordoubtfulaccounts,whichisacontraaccounttoAccountsReceivable.WedonotCreditaccountsreceivabledirectlybecauseatthetimeweestimatebaddebtexpensewedonotnecessarilyknowwhichspecificcustomeraccountswillprovetobeuncollectible.,AllowanceforDoubtfulAccounts,Cred

35、itsales$500,000Estimated%ofcreditsalesnotcollected1.25%Accountsreceivablebalance$72,500Estimated%ofA/Rnotcollected8%AllowanceforDoubtfulAccounts:Case1$150(creditbalance)Case2$150(debitbalance),【E2-3】AllowanceforDoubtfulAccounts,Chargesales$500,000Estimatedpercentagex1.25%Estimatedexpense$6,250=Whats

36、houldtheendingbalancebefortheallowanceaccount?-Case1andCase2,PercentageofSalesMethod,PercentageofSales,Actualbalance(credit),(150),150,Adjustment,(6,250),(6,250),Endingbalance,(6,400),(6,100),Journalentry:,Allowancefordoubtfulaccounts6,250,Baddebtexpense6,250,Case1,Case2,Accountsreceivable$72,500Est

37、imatedpercentagex8%Desiredbalance$5,800=Whatshouldtheendingbalancebefortheallowanceaccount?-Case1andCase2,PercentageofReceivables,Actualbalance(credit),(150),150,Adjustment,(5,650),(5,950),Desiredbalance,(5,800),(5,800),JournalentryCase1:,Allowancefordoubtfulaccounts5,650,Baddebtexpense5,650,Case1,C

38、ase2,PercentageofReceivables,【E2-4】PercentageofReceivables-Agingschedule,AssetsCurrentAssets:Cash$346Accountsreceivable500Lessallowancefordoubtfulaccounts25475Inventory812Prepaids_40Totalcurrentassets1,673FixedAssets:Officeequipment5,679Furniture&fixtures6,600Less:Accumulateddepreciation(3,735)Total

39、fixedassets8,544TotalAssets$10,217,AssetsCurrentAssets:Cash$346Accountsreceivable,netof$25allowancefordoubtfulaccounts475Inventory812Prepaids_40Totalcurrentassets1,673FixedAssets:Officeequipment5,679Furniture&fixtures6,600Less:Accumulateddepreciation(3,735)Totalfixedassets8,544TotalAssets$10,217,Wri

40、te-offsandRecoveries,Atsomepoint,webecomecertainthatindividualaccountswillneverbepaid.Atthispoint,wewriteofftheseaccountsTowriteofa$500account:DrAllowancefordoubtfulaccounts500CrAccountsReceivable(specificcustomer)500,Write-offsandRecoveries,Occasionally,accountsthathadbeenwrittenoffaresubsequentlyc

41、ollected.Wethenreversethewrite-offandrecordthecollection.,【E2-5】ComprehensiveExampleBalanceSheetApproach,【E2-5】ComprehensiveExampleBalanceSheetApproach,Wenowneedtoadjustbytheamountthatproducestherequiredendingbalanceof$42,000:Baddebtexpense30,000AFDA30,000,【E2-5】ComprehensiveExampleBalanceSheetAppro

42、ach,Anotereceivableisanunconditionalwrittenagreementtocollectacertainsumofmoneyonaspecificdate.,NotesReceivable,NotesReceivable,NotesReceivableSupportedbyaformalpromissorynote,whichisawrittenpromisetopayaspecificsumofmoneyataspecificfuturedate.CharacteristicsAnegotiableinstrument（可转让票据）MakersignsinfavorofaPayeeAlwayscontainaninterestelementInterest-bearing(hasastatedrateofinterest)ORNoninterest-bearing(interestincludedinfaceamount),NotesReceivable,GenerallyoriginatefromLendingtransactions(themajorityo