Unit 4 A View of Mountains综合教程四

1、.,Unit4,Unit4AViewofMountains,.,Watchthemovieclipandanswerthefollowingquestions.Questionsfordiscussion,1.WhydidSallyRegenhardsaythat9/11was“ashatteringoffaith”?,Pre-readingActivities-Audiovisualsupplement1,Audiovisualsupplement,Culturalbackground,Shebelievedinthesystem,andnowthatthesystemwasshattere

2、dbytheterroristactivity,soshethoughttheeventisfaith-shattering.,3000peoplewerekilled.Andthesurvivingfamilymembershadveryrighttoknowthetruthaboutthe9/11.Sothereneededtobeaninvestigation.,2.WhydidCarolAshleythinkthattheremustbeaninvestigation?,.,Whatdoyouknowaboutthe9/11attacksandwhatinfluenceshavethe

3、eventsexert?,Pre-readingActivities-Audiovisualsupplement2,Audiovisualsupplement,Culturalbackground,.,Pre-readingActivities-Audiovisualsupplement3,Audiovisualsupplement,Culturalbackground,FromOnNativeSoil,.,Policeman:Policeman:EuniceHanson:SallyRegenhard:CarolAshley:MaxCleland:,Moveback!Moveback!Move

4、it!Goback!Iknewwehadenemies,naturally,butIalwaysfeltprettysafehere.Inever,never,inamillionyearsdreamedthatanythinglikethiscouldhappentous.Webelievedinthesystemandyouknow,9/11wasashatteringoffaith.3000peoplewerekilled.Itwasamassmurder.Andthereneededtobeaninvestigation.Thesurvivingfamilymembers,nobody

5、candenythattheyhadtheultimateclaimtothetruthabout9/11.,VideoScript,Audiovisualsupplement,Culturalbackground,.,AtomicbomborA-bombisaweaponderivingitsexplosiveforcefromthereleaseofatomicenergythroughthefission(splitting)ofheavynuclei.ThefirstatomicbombwasproducedatalaboratoryinLosAlamos,NewMexico,ands

6、uccessfullytestedonJuly16,1945.ThiswastheculminationofalargeU.S.armyprogramthatwaspartoftheManhattanProject.Itbeganin1940,twoyearsaftertheGermanscientistsOttoHahnandFritzStrassmandiscoverednuclearfission.,Culturalbackground1,Audiovisualsupplement,Culturalbackground,AtomicBomb,.,Culturalbackground2,A

7、udiovisualsupplement,Culturalbackground,OnAug.6,1945,anatomicbombwasdroppedonHiroshimawithanestimatedequivalentexplosiveforceof12,500tonsofTNT,followedthreedayslaterbyasecond,morepowerful,bombonNagasaki.Bothbombscausedwidespreaddeath,injury,anddestruction,andthereisstillconsiderabledebateaboutthenee

8、dtohaveusedthem.,.,Culturalbackground3,Audiovisualsupplement,Culturalbackground,Nuclearweaponsareweaponsofmassdestructionpoweredbyatomic,ratherthanchemical,processes.Nuclearweaponsproducelargeexplosionsandhazardousradioactivebyproductsbymeansofeithernuclearfissionornuclearfusion.AfterWorldWarII,thep

9、roliferationofnuclearweaponsbecameanincreasingcauseofconcernthroughouttheworld.Attheendofthe20thcentury,thevastmajorityofsuchweaponswereheldbytheUnitedStatesandtheformerSovietUnion;othercountriesthatpossessknownnuclearcapabilitiesaretheGreatBritain,France,China,Pakistan,andIndia.Israelalsohas,Nuclea

10、rWeapon,.,Culturalbackground4,Audiovisualsupplement,Culturalbackground,nuclearweaponsbuthasnotconfirmedthatfactpublicly;NorthKoreahasconductedanucleartestexplosionbutprobablydoesnothaveareadilydeliverablenuclearweapon;andSouthAfricaformerlyhadasmallarsenal.Overadozenothercountriescan,orsooncould,mak

11、enuclearweapons.,.,Culturalbackground5,Audiovisualsupplement,Culturalbackground,OnAugust6,1945,thefirstatomicbombattackoccurredoverHiroshima,Japan.Threedayslater,onAugust9,Nagasaki,Japan,wasbombed.ThebombingofNagasakiwasthelastmajoractofWorldWarIIandwithindays,onAugust15,1945,theJapanesesurrendered.

12、Inestimatingthedeathtollfromtheattacks,thereareseveralfactorsthatmakeitdifficulttoarriveatreliablefigures:inadequaciesintherecordsgiventheconfusionofthetimes,themanyvictimswhodiedmonthsoryearsafterthebombingasaresultofradiationexposure,andnotleast,thepressureto,TheBombingofHiroshimaandNagasaki,.,Cul

13、turalbackground6,Audiovisualsupplement,Culturalbackground,eitherexaggerateorminimizethenumbers,dependinguponpoliticalagenda.Thatsaid,itisestimatedthatbyDecember1945,asmanyas140,000haddiedinHiroshimabythebombanditsassociatedeffects.InNagasaki,roughly74,000peoplediedofthebombanditsaftereffects.Inbothc

14、ities,mostofthecasualtieswerecivilians.TheintentionalkillingofciviliansbytheAlliesofWorldWarIIwhoclaimedthattheircausewasjustraisedmoralquestionsaboutthejustcourseofthewar.,.,GlobalReading-general,Generalanalysis,Structuralfeatures,ThroughintroducingYamahataspictures,theauthoraimsatbringingtopeoples

15、attentionwhatkindofcatastrophicconsequencesnuclearthreatmayleadtoandthattheunpredictabilityofnuclearattackmightmakeanycityintheworldbecomethenexttarget.Therefore,theonlywaytokeepthisworldsafefromnuclearperilisforpeopletotakeactiontodispelnuclearweaponryfromtheearth.,Rhetoricalfeatures,.,GlobalReadin

16、g-structural1,Generalanalysis,Structuralfeatures,ThisargumentativeessaydescribesnucleardestructionthroughaJapanesephotographerspictures.Thetextcomprisesthreeparts.,PartI,(Paragraph1):Thewriterdescribesthephotographsandhowaviewofmountainsinthebackgroundofonepicturepowerfullycaptureshowthoroughlytheci

17、tywasdestroyedbytheatomicbomb.,Rhetoricalfeatures,.,GlobalReadingstructural2,PartII,(Paragraphs23):TheauthorarguesthatthebombingofNagasakiismorerepresentativeofthenuclearperilthreateningtheworldthanthatofHiroshima,becauseitsuggeststhatnuclearweaponscanbeusedagainandthreateneveryone,soweneedtotakeact

18、iontodispelthenuclearthreatfromtheEarth.,PartIII,(Paragraph4):Herestateshismainidea,i.e.weshouldnotjustworryaboutthenuclearperilbuttakeactiontoeliminateittocreateasaferworld.,Generalanalysis,Structuralfeatures,Rhetoricalfeatures,.,GlobalReading-rhetorical1,InEnglish,informationcanbeorganizedinvariou

19、sways.Oneoftheeffectivewaysofemphasizingsomeinformationistoputitafterthewordbutinthe“(not)AbutB”structure.Inthetext,theauthorusesthisrhetoricaldevicemanytimes.Forinstance,Thephotographsdisplaythefateofasinglecity,buttheirmeaningisuniversal.(Paragraph2)Practice:Pickoutsomeothersentenceswiththesamestr

20、uctureandanalyzetheeffecttheyachieve.,Generalanalysis,Structuralfeatures,Rhetoricalfeatures,.,Globalreading-rhetorical2,Generalanalysis,Structuralfeatures,Rhetoricalfeatures,1)Thetruemeasureoftheeventliesnotinwhatremainsbutinallthathasdisappeared.(Paragraph1)2)thechallengeisnotjusttoapprehendthenucl

21、earperilbuttoseizeaGod-givenopportunitytodispelitonceandforall.(Paragraph3)3)oneshowingnotwhatwewouldlosethroughourfailurebutwhatwewouldgainbyoursuccess.(Paragraph3),Apartfromthe“AbutB”sentencestructure,wecanalsofindthe“AyetB”type:,.,Andwecanfindasentencethatorganizesinformationinasimilarwaywithoutt

22、heuseoftheconjunction“but”or“yet”:6)Arrivingahalf-centurylate,theyarestillnews.(Paragraph2),Globalreading-rhetorical3,4)NagasakihasalwaysbeenintheshadowofHiroshima.YetthebombingofNagasakiisincertainrespectsthefittersymbolofthenucleardangerthatstillhangsoverus.(Paragraph2)5)Yamahataspicturesaffordagl

23、impseoftheendoftheworld.Yetinourday,.(Paragraph3),Generalanalysis,Structuralfeatures,Rhetoricalfeatures,.,OnAugust9,1945,thedaytheatomicbombwasdroppedonNagasaki,YosukeYamahata,aphotographerservingintheJapanesearmy,wasdispatchedtothedestroyedcity.Thehundredorsopictureshetookthenextdayconstitutetheful

24、lestphotographicrecordofnucleardestructioninexistence.Hiroshima,destroyedthreedaysearlier,hadlargelyescapedthecameraslensinthefirstdayafterthebombing.ItwasthereforelefttoYamahatatorecord,methodicallyand,asithappens,withagreatandsimpleartistrytheeffectsonahumanpopulationofanuclearweapononlyhoursafter

25、,JonathanSchell,AVIEWOFMOUNTAINS,Detailedreading1,Detailedreading,1,.,Detailedreading2,ithadbeenused.SomeofYamahataspicturesshowcorpsescharredinthepeculiarwayinwhichanuclearfireballcharsitsvictims.Theyhavebeenburnedbylighttechnicallyspeaking,bythe“thermalpulse”andtheirbodiesareoftenbrandedwiththepat

26、ternsoftheirclothes,whosecolorsabsorblightindifferentdegrees.Onephotographshowsahorsetwistedunderthecartithadbeenpulling.Anothershowsaheapofsomethingthatoncehadbeenahumanbeinghangingoveraledgeintoaditch.Athirdshowsagirlwhohassomehowsurvivedunwoundedstandingintheopenmouthofabombshelter,Detailedreadin

27、g,.,Detailedreading3,andsmilinganunearthlysmile,shockinguswiththesightofordinarylife,whichotherwiseseemstohavebeenleftbehindforgoodinthesceneswearewitnessing.Stretchingintothedistanceonallsidesarefieldsofrubbledottedwithfires,and,inthebackground,aviewofmountains.Wecanseethemountainsbecausethecityisg

28、one.Thatabsence,evenmorethanwreckage,containstheheartofthematter.Thetruemeasureoftheeventliesnotinwhatremainsbutinallthathasdisappeared.,Detailedreading,.,Detailedreading4,IttookafewsecondsfortheUnitedStatestodestroyNagasakiwiththeworldssecondatomicbomb,butittookfiftyyearsforYamahataspicturesoftheev

29、enttomakethejourneybackfromNagasakitotheUnitedStates.Theywereshownforthefirsttimeinthiscountryin1995,attheInternationalCenterforPhotographyinNewYork.Arrivingahalf-centurylate,theyarestillnews.Thephotographsdisplaythefateofasinglecity,buttheirmeaningisuniversal,since,inourageofnucleararms,whathappene

30、dtoNagasakican,inaflash,happentoanycityintheworld.Inthephotographs,Nagasakicomesintoitsown.NagasakihasalwaysbeenintheshadowofHiroshima,asif,Detailedreading,2,.,Detailedreading5,Detailedreading,thehumanimaginationhadstumbledtoexhaustioninthewreckageofthefirstruinedcitywithoutreachingeventheoutskirtso

31、fthesecond.YetthebombingofNagasakiisincertainrespectsthefittersymbolofthenucleardangerthatstillhangsoverus.Itisproofthat,havingonceusednuclearweapons,wecanusethemagain.Itintroducestheideaofaseriestheseriesthat,withtensofthousandsofnuclearweaponsremaininginexistence,continuestothreateneveryone.(Theun

32、predictable,open-endedcharacteroftheseriesissuggestedbythefactthatthesecondbomboriginallywastobedroppedonthecityofKokura,whichwassparedNagasakisfateonlybecausebadweather,.,Detailedreading6,Detailedreading,protecteditfromview.)Eachpicturethereforeseemednotsomuchanimageofsomethingthathappenedahalf-cen

33、turyagoasawindowcutintothewallofthephotographycentershowingwhatsooncouldeasilyhappentoNewYork.Wherevertheexhibitmighttravel,moreover,theviewofthreatenedfuturefromthese“windows”wouldberoughlyaccurate,since,althougheveryintactcityisdifferentfromeveryother,allcitiesthatsuffernucleardestructionwilllookm

34、uchthesame.,.,Detailedreading7,Detailedreading,Yamahataspicturesaffordaglimpseoftheendoftheworld.Yetinourday,whenthechallengeisnotjusttoapprehendthenuclearperilbuttoseizeaGod-givenopportunitytodispelitonceandforall,weseemtoneed,inaddition,someotherpicturetocounterpoiseagainstruinedNagasakioneshowing

35、notwhatwewouldlosethroughourfailurebutwhatwewouldgainbyoursuccess.Whatmightthatpicturebe,though?Howdoyoushowtheoppositeoftheendoftheworld?ShoulditbeNagasaki,intactandalive,beforethebombwasdroppedorperhapsthesparedcityofKokura?,3,.,Detailedreading8,Detailedreading,Shoulditbeachild,oramotherandchild,o

36、rperhapstheEarthitself?Noneseemsadequate,forhowcanwegiveadefiniteformtothatwhichcanassumeinfiniteforms,namely,thelivesofallhumanbeings,nowandinthefuture?Imagination,facedwitheithertheendoftheworldoritscontinuation,mustremainincomplete.Onlyactioncansatisfy.,.,Detailedreading9,Detailedreading,Once,the

37、arrivalintheworldofnewgenerationstookcareofitself.Now,theycancomeintoexistenceonlyif,throughanactoffaithandcollectivewill,weensuretheirrighttoexist.Performingthatactisthegreatestoftheresponsibilitiesofthegenerationsnowalive.Thegiftoftimeisthegiftoflife,forever,ifweknowhowtoreceiveit.,4,.,Whyisaviewo

38、fmountainsprovidedbyapicturesosignificantthatitwaschosenasthetitleoftheessay?,Detailedreading1-Quesion1,Aviewofmountainsinthedistanceratherthanthewreckageismeanttoremindtheviewerofthecitythatwasleveledtothegroundbytheatomicbombandofthenormallifethatwouldhavebeengoingonthere.Thisiswherethesignificanc

39、eofthepicturelies.,Detailedreading,.,Detailedreading1-Quesion2,Detailedreading,WhyareYamahataspicturesstillnews?,BecauseitwasthefirsttimethatAmericanshadeverseenthepicturessincetheatomicbombingfiftyyearsago.,.,Detailedreading1-Quesion3,Detailedreading,Inwhatway(s)isthebombingofNagasakithefittersymbo

40、lofthenucleardanger?,ThebombingofNagasakiisregardedasthefittersymbolofthenuclearperilintworespects.First,itisevidencethatnuclearweaponscanbeusedagaintodestroyhumancivilization.Second,thefactthatNagasakihadnotbeentheoriginallychosentargetofthenuclearattackshowstheunpredictabilityofpossiblenuclearatta

41、cksinthefuture.Thatis,everycityintheworldisliabletonucleardestruction.,.,Detailedreading1-Quesion4,Detailedreading,WhatistheuniversalmeaningofYamahatasphotos?,Theywereintendedtodemonstratethedevastatingpowerofnuclearweaponsandexpressanapprehensionofthenuclearperilmenacingtheworld.,.,Detailedreading1

42、-Quesion5,Detailedreading,DoYamahataspicturesfullyexpresstheauthorsintentionofwriting?Whyorwhynot?,No,itonlyexpressespartofit,becausethewriterintendsnotonlytoexpresshisapprehensionofthenuclearthreatbut,moreimportantly,tocallonthepeopletotakeactionstobanishforevernuclearweaponryfromtheEarth.,.,Detail

43、edreading1Activity1,Detailedreading,GroupdiscussionDoyoufindtheInternetusefulinyourlife?WhatadvantagesdoestheInternetbringtoyou?ArethereanydisadvantagesoftheInternet?ShareyouropinionsabouttheprosandconsoftheInternetwithyourgroupmates.,.,dispatch:v.sendsb./sth.somewhere,especiallyforaspecialpurpose,D

44、etailedreading1dispatch,e.g.,Eventheairforcewasmobilizedtodispatchrelieftothequake-strickenarea.Thegovernmentwaspreparingtodispatch4,000soldierstosearchtheisland.,Detailedreading,.,ColoredpeopleconstituteamajorityofthepopulationinWesternCape.,_,Detailedreading1constitute,Detailedreading,constitute:v

45、.a.linkingverb,notinprogressivebeconsideredtobesth.,Failingtocompletetheworkconstitutesabreachoftheemploymentcontract.Nitrogenconstitutes78%oftheearthsatmosphere.,e.g.,b.Ifseveralpeopleorthingsconstitutesth.,theyarethepartsthatformit.,Wemustredefinewhatconstitutesafamily.Itisuptotheteachertodecidewh

46、atconstitutessatisfactorywork.,e.g.,Translation:,西海角省（WesternCape）的大部分居民是有色人种。,.,Detailedreading2brand1,Detailedreading,brand:v.labelormarkwithorasifwithabrandtodescribesb.orsth.asaverybadtypeofpersonorthing,oftenunfairly,Theybrandedthecattleonebyone.TheUSadministrationrecentlybrandedhimasawarcrimin

47、al.,e.g.,Collocation:,brandsb.assth.brandsth.withsth.(ofteninpassive),Note:,brand:n.atypeofproductmadebyaparticularcompany,.,Detailedreading2brand2,Detailedreading,Translation:,我很高兴地告诉您，你们的“永久”牌自行车已成为我方市场上最畅销的商品之一。,Iamgladtotellyouthatyour“Forever”bicyclehasbecomeoneofthebestsellingbrandsonourmarket

48、.,_,.,Detailedreading3witness1,Detailedreading,witness:v.see,hear,orknowbypersonalpresenceandperception,e.g.,Onlyonepersonwitnessedtheaccident.TheHuangpuRiverhaswitnessedthedevelopmentofShanghai.,Note:,witness:n.apersonwhoseessth.happenandisabletodescribeittootherpeople,Translation:,警方呼吁这个事故的目击者出来作证

49、。,Policehaveappealedforwitnessestotheaccident.,_,.,Detailedreading3witness2,Detailedreading,e.g.,Wewerewitnesstotheworstperiodintheclubshistory.,e.g.,Bristolsgrandbuildingsbearwitnesstothecitysmagnificentpast.,bewitnesstosth.:(formal)seesth.happenbearwitnesstosth.:(formal)showthatsth.existsorexisted

50、,Collocation:,.,Detailedreading3dot,Detailedreading,dot:v.coverorsprinklewithorasifwithdots,e.g.,Thecountrysideisdottedwithbeautifulancientchurches.Wehaveofficesdottedallovertheregion.,Note:,dot:n.asmallroundmark,especiallyonethatisprinted,onthedot:exactlyontimeorattheexacttimementioned,Collocation:

51、,e.g.,Breakfastisservedat8onthedot.8点整开早饭。,.,Detailedreading4comeintoonesown,Detailedreading,comeintoonesown:acquire,enterintopossessionof;becomeverygood,useful,orimportantinaparticularsituation,e.g.,Theserialcomposershavefinallycomeintotheirown.Onicyroads,afour-wheeldrivevehiclereallycomesintoitsow

52、n.,.,Detailedreading4intheshadowof1,Detailedreading,e.g.,Tomwasagoodlawyer,buthewasalwaysintheshadowofhisfamousfather.Livingintheshadowofaglamoroussister,Hildawasquietandshy.,intheshadowof:,intheshadowofsb.:receivinglittleattentionbecausesb.elseisbetterknownormoreskillful,e.g.,Thechildrenofthesurviv

53、orslivedtheirlivesintheshadowoftheHolocaust.Theorganizationistryingtoprotectcivilrightsintheshadowofterrorism.,intheshadowofsth.:influencedbysth.badthathashappenedorcouldhappen,.,Detailedreading4intheshadow2,Detailedreading,e.g.,TheeventsofSeptember11castashadowoverthecelebrations.,castashadowover/o

54、nsth.:makesth.seemlessenjoyable,attractive,orimpressive,.,Detailedreading5stumble,Detailedreading,stumble:v.walkorgounsteadily,e.g.,TheroomwasdarkandStannearlyfelloverachairashestumbledtothephone.Havingdrunkhalfabottleofwhiskey,Istumbledupstairsandintobed.,.,Detailedreading5ruin,Detailedreading,ruin

55、:v.devastate;reducetotheremains,e.g.,Therainabsolutelyruinedourbarbecue.Ifthepressshouldfindoutaboutthis,hismarriage,hisreputation,andhiscareerwouldallberuined.,.,Detailedreading5hangover,Detailedreading,hangover:Ifsth.badishangingoveryou,youareworriedoranxiousaboutit.,e.g.,Thethreatofnuclearwarhang

56、sovermankind.Withthecourtcasehangingoverus,wecouldntenjoyourvacation.,Extension:,hangout(with),e.g.,Idontreallyknowwhoshehangsoutwith.Wheredotheyoungstershangout?,.,Detailedreading5spare1,Detailedreading,spare:v.refrainfromharming,punishingorkilling,e.g.,Iwantedtosparethemthetroubleofbuyingmeapresent.Thankfullyshehadbeensparedtheordealofsurgery.,Collocation:,sparesb.thetrouble/difficulty/pain,etc.(ofdoingsth.):preventsb.fromhavingtoexperiencesth.difficultorunpleasant,e.g.,Itwillsparehimembarrassmentifyouspeaktohimaboutitinprivate.Spareusthesuspenseandtelluswhowonthefirstp