第5讲---Conversion of Word Types

1、Conversion of Word Types第 五 讲词类转译词类转译一、DefinitionBy conversion it means that in translation a word of a certain type/class in the SL text is not necessarily to be turned into a word of the same type/class in the TL text. A word often has to be converted into a different word type/class so as to conf

2、orm to the usage of the TL due to differences in syntactic structures and idiomatic expressions of the two languages.1.His drawing of monkey is exceptionally good.他的猴画特别好。他画猴子尤其擅长。 他画猴子画得特别好。2.Talking with his son，the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrongdoings和儿子谈话时，老人是年轻人过去做错事的原谅者。

3、在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了儿子过去做的错事。3.Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.火 箭 已 经 发 现 为 宇 宙 探 索 的 应用。火箭已经 用来探索 宇宙。二、Types of ConversionConversion into VerbsConversion into nounsConversion into adjectivesConversion into adverbs1. Conversion into Verbs 英语和汉语比较起来，汉语中动词用得比较多。往往在英语句子中只用一

4、个谓语动词，而在汉语中却可以几个动词或动词性结构连用。Families upstairs have to carry pails to the hydrant downstairs for water.住在楼上的人家得提着水桶去楼下的水龙头打水。 He admires the Presidents stated decision to fight for the job. 他对总统声明为保住其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩。 He is going to the market for an ox, which would help him with the work in the fields so

5、that he could earn enough money for a wife.他打算赶集买头牛帮他种地挣够钱娶媳妇。Nouns into verbsPrepositions into verbsAdjectives into verbsAdverbs into verbs Nouns into verbs1. Nouns derived from a verb-application; solution; establishment2. Nouns implying an action-sight; thought; glance3. Nouns with a suffix-er(or

6、)-swimmer; chain-smokerA glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. 从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。I am afraid I cant teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I. 我恐怕不能教你游泳。我觉得我弟弟比我教得好。The thought that she

7、 would be separated from her husband during his long and dangerous journey saddened Mrs. Brown.布郎太太一想到丈夫要踏上那漫长而危险的旅途而自己又不能同行，（心里）不禁感到难过。The presence of the Indians here at the time of Columbus arrival was sufficient proof of it.在哥伦布来到美洲的时候，此地已经有了印第安人，仅凭这个事实，就足以证明这一点。The international food shortage h

8、ad a direct impact on Kuwait and other barren desert countries.由于世界普遍缺乏粮食，这就直接影响到科威特和其他土地贫瘠的沙漠国家。An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs.读一点世界史，对学习时事是有帮助的。 What kind of sailor are you? 你晕不晕船？（be a bad sailor 晕船； be a good sailor 不晕船）For Westerners in China, the es

9、tablishment of an effective team of managers means attracting - and retaining both expatriate and local management talent. 对于在中国的西方人来说，建立一支有效的管理人员队伍意味着要同时吸引并留住来自海外的管理人才和本地的管理人才。Other governmental activities are the responsibilities of the individual states, which have their own constitutions and law

10、s.其他政府职能则由各个州来承担，各州都有自己的宪法和法律。 He looked on the Convention as a fair and faithful representation of the people.他认为这次大会公正忠实地代表了人民To my knowledge, some computers have gone missing. 据我所知，有几台计算机失踪了。He was a good listener and they would like to talk with him. 他善于听取别人意见，所以他们喜欢同他谈心。 The enemies hastened th

11、eir preparation for an attack.敌人加紧准备进攻。My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable. 我认为，一代人对下一代人常常抱怨，这一点是在所难免的。One of the leading newspapers called for the severest punishment of all who had been concerned in the conspiracy.一家主要报纸要求严

12、惩所有与该阴谋有关的人。We are looking forward to the early arrival of our guests.我们期待客人早日到来。Prepositions into verbsComing! Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch. “来啦！”她蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。South Africa has refused to heed the legitimate ap

13、peal of the United Nations for co-operation.南非无视联合国要求合作的正当呼吁。that we here highly resolve , that this nation under God, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.所以我们要在这里宣誓.；这个国家在上帝的保佑下，一定要获得自由的新生；民有、民治、民享的政府决不

14、会从地球上消失。The street runs westward, across a great bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meat-markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn.这条大街向西而去，跨过一座大桥，延伸下坡后又上坡，经过了几家店铺和肉市，又越过了几幢平房，最后在一片开阔的绿草坪前突然到了尽头。Training as a salesperson would guarantee

15、her some employment once her schooling was through.参加推销员培训就会确保她在学业完成以后能找到工作做。With a rifle across his shoulder the boy was playing the soldier.那男孩肩上扛着枪在装士兵。Without a word, he went out.他一句话没说，就出去了。I voted for Reagan because I think he could lead us out of this terrible economic slump.我投了里根的票，因为我觉得他有能力

16、带领我们摆脱经济萧条（的局面）。Adjectives into verbs英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容词，在系动词后用作表语时，往往可转译成动词。如：confident, certain, careful, cautious, angry, sure, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry, ashamed, thankful, anxious等。The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint. But I had t

17、o be cautious. 她能够给我发信息，这件事就是个暗示。但是我必须小心谨慎。They are ignorant of the duties they undertake in marrying. 他们完全不懂在婚姻方面应承担的责任。 Such criticisms have become familiar in his later commentaries on America. 类似的批评在他后来写的评论美国的文章中屡见不鲜。He must have been aware that his parents marriage was breaking up.他一定已经知道父母的婚姻关

18、系正在破裂。Our computerized stock control system is now operative. 本公司的库存管理计算机系统现已运行。His indulgent mother was willing to let him do anything he wanted. 他母亲很宠他，他不管想干什么她都愿意让他干。 I am sure he will be here on time.我肯定他将按时到达。How many people were present at the meeting?有多少人出席会议？Adverbs into verbs part of predic

19、ate That day he was up before sunrise. 那天他在日出以前就起来了。The meeting will be over before we arrive if we dont hurry.如果不快点的话，不等我们到那儿，会议就结束了。2. Conversion into nouns Verbs into nouns Adjectives into nouns Adverbs into nouns Verbs into nouns -Verbs derived from a nounFormality has always characterized their

20、 relationship. 他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。To them, he personified the absolute power. 在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的 化身。 In Greek mythology, love is personified by the goddess Aphrodite.在希腊神话中，阿佛洛狄特女神是爱的 化身。This watch never varies more than a second in a month.这块表一个月的 误 差从不超过一秒。 My car has been behaving well since it was

21、 repaired.自修理后，我的车 状态良好。I aimed to be a writer. 我的 目标是当一位作家。Dont forget to date your letter. 别忘了在信上填写 日期。They are already planning to staff the management in the event the joint venture is formed. 他们已经在盘算合资企业一旦建成后经理部门的人事安排。He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.他登台了，观众报以热烈

22、的掌声。Who heads the government, the Queen or the Prime Minister?谁是政府的首脑?是女王还是首相?We nearly forgot to tip the taxi-driver. 我们差点忘了给出租车司机小费.Adjectives into nouns-Adjectives with a definite article -Adjectives expressing characteristics Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich, loved and protected the p

23、oor. 罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨阔人，热爱并保护穷人。Lack of trust is very destructive in a relationship. 缺乏信任对人际关系的 危害很大。Stevenson was eloquent and elegant -but soft. 史蒂文森有口才、有风度，但很软弱。The new contract would be good for ten years. 新的合同 有效期为10年。 He felt responsible for her death. 他觉得她的 死他 有责任。Adverbs into nounsIt was official

24、ly announced that they agreed on a reply to the Soviet Union.官方宣布，他们就给苏联的复信一事取得了一致的意见。The image must be dimensionally correct. 图形的尺寸必须正确。The paper said editorially that McMillan has stolen the western leadership during Dulles absence. 这家报纸的社论说，麦克米兰公司在杜勒斯卧病期间窃走了西方领导权。Supporters of the “nature” theory

25、 insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning, which is biologically determined支持“天性”论的人认为，我们生来就具有一定的学习才能，这是由生物因素决定的3. Conversion into adjectivesNouns into adjectivesAdverbs into adjectivesNouns into adjectivesNouns derived from an adj. -likeliness; flexibilityNouns with an indefinit

26、e article used as a predicate -a failure; a successThe pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment. 她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。Diligence and intelligence are of considerable importance to your success. 勤奋和才智对 于获得成功是颇为重要的。 As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will gi

27、ve him the necessary help. 他对这城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能给他必要的帮助。She has beauty still, and, if it is not in its heyday, it is not yet in its autumn.她依然很美，即使不是芳华正茂，也还不到迟暮之年。I know her very well by sight and had long felt an interest in her because of her beauty.我认得她，她很漂亮，我早就对她感兴趣了。It is no use regretting your pas

28、t mistakes.你悔恨过去的错误是无用的。Its such a nuisance that Ive got to work on Saturday.我星期六还得上班，真讨厌。Adverbs into adjectivesThe computer is chiefly characterized by its accurate and quick computations.这台计算机的主要特点是计算准确而迅速。I think differently.我想法和你不一样。4. Conversion into adverbs-Nouns into adverbs-Adjectives into

29、adverbsNouns into adverbsWhen he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor. 只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风度将这人争取过来。He had the honor to attend the Peoples Congress. 他光荣地出席了人民代表大会。Some say fear and caution are now a part of their daily life. 有人说他们总是

30、提心吊胆地过日子。Adjectives into adverbsCan you give an accurate translation of the sentence? 你能确切地把这句话译出来吗？This is a sheer lie.这纯粹是谎言。What he said was an utter slander.他的话完全是诽谤中伤。He took a stun but sad farewell of his families and friends.他坚定但悲哀地告别了家人和朋友。Supplement-Conversion of Nouns-Conversion of Adjecti

31、ves-Conversion of AdverbsConversion of Nouns- into verb -into adjective -into adverb - into adverbial clause or sentenceFurther delay would cause us greater losses.如果再耽搁，我们将会蒙受更大的损失A man of less courage would not dare to work inside enemy headquarters.如果是一个勇气不足的人，也不敢在敌人心脏里工作。Conversion of Adjectives

32、:-into verb-into noun-into adverb-into sentenceShe was expensively spoiled from the moment of birth.她从出生就一直受到宠爱，是一位用金钱堆起来的“千金”。He is admittedly reliable.他十分可靠，这是大家公认的。PRACTCE1. He who is subject to temptations tends to err. 1. 不能抗拒诱惑的人往往要犯错误。2. It is the first time that the bigger motors have been u

33、sed in a UK application. 2. 这种大功率马达在英国应用尚属首次.3. Occasionally a drizzle came down, and the intermittent flashes of lightning made us turn apprehensive glances toward the distance. 3. 偶尔下一点毛毛雨，断断续续的闪电使得我们时不时忧虑地朝远处探望。 4. In the event of any conflict between this paragraph and the production acceptance

34、test, the latter shall prevail. 4. 如本节所述内容与生产验收试验相冲突，则以试验为准。5. He had never been a medical student, yet he was given one of those rare honorary degrees of Doctor of Science. 5. 他从来没有上过医学院，但他却获得了理学博士这样难得的荣誉学位。6. There were no sounds but that of the tread of the men and the footsteps of the two shaggy ponies which drew the van. 6. 此时只听见沙沙的脚步声和两匹鬃毛蓬松的拉车小马得得的马蹄声，除此之外，万籁俱寂。7. He studied law in his spare time and became a lawyer. He was a good speaker and student of poli