《语言学教程》chapter-2-phonetics

1、ReviewQuestions,1.Whatarethemainfunctionsoflanguage?2.Whatisthemaindifferencebetweenprescriptivestudyanddescriptivestudy?3.Whatisthedifferencebetweenlangueandparole?4.Whatisthemaindifferencebetweencompetenceandperformance?5.Whatisthemaindifferencebetweenlangueandparole?,1.9.4Competenceandperformance

2、,Competence:theidealusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage(语言能力)Performance:theactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations(语言运用),Chomsky,ProposedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomsky(psychological),Differencesbetweencompetenceandperformance,Aspeakersperformancedoesnotalwaysmatchorequalhissupposedcompetence.Chom

3、skybelievesthatlinguistsoughttostudycompetence,ratherthanperformance.Inotherwords,theyshoulddiscoverwhatanidealspeakerknowsofhisnativelanguage.,SaussureVs.Chomsky,Chomskyscompetence-performancedistinctionisnotexactlythesameas,thoughsimilarto,F.deSaussureslangue-paroledistinction.,ChapterTwoSpeechSou

4、nds,Phonetics(语音学)studieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.Itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworldslanguages.,WhatisPhonetics?,BranchesofPhonetics,Athree-stepprocessofspeechsounds:,Articulatoryphonetics(发音语言学):thestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds;Acousticphonetics(声学语言学):

5、thestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeech;Auditoryphonetics(听觉语言学):thestudyoftheperceptionofspeechsounds.,PhoneticsPhonology,1.Phonetics:speechsoundsItisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages:phoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified,etc.2.Phonology:soundsyst

6、emsItaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.,Vs,MaincontentsinChapter2,Speechsounds,Soundsystems,SpeechorgansDescriptionsofEnglishconsonantsandvowels,ClicktoaddTitle,Phoneme,phone,allophonePhonologicalprocesses,Sounds,Phon

7、etics,Phonology,2.1Howspeechsoundsaremade?,Previewquestions,1.Whatarethethreecavitiesofthevocaltract?2.WhatisthedefinitionofIPA?,2.1.1Organsofspeech,A.Thepharyngealcavity:13windpipe,12glottis/vocalcords,11pharyngealcavityB.Theoralcavity:1/2lips,3/4teeth,5teethridge(alveolus),6hardpalate,7softpalate(

8、velum),14uvula,8tipoftongue,9bladeoftongue,10backoftongueC.Nasalcavity:15,咽腔,14,15,2.1.2TheIPA,InternationalPhoneticAlphabet:asetofphoneticsymbolsintheformofachart(theIPAchart),designedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationsince1888.Ithasbeenrevisedfromtimetotimetoincludenewdiscoveriesandchangesinpho

9、netictheoryandpractice.Thelatestversionhasbeenrevisedin1993andupdatedin2005.,2.2Consonantsandvowels,Previewquestions:1.Whatareconsonantsandvowels?2.Whatisthemajordifferencebetweenconsonantsandvowels?3.Inwhatwayscanwedescribeconsonantsandvowelsrespectively?,Classificationofspeechsounds,1.Consonants:a

10、reproducedbyaclosureinthevocaltract,orbyanarrowingwhichissomarkedthataircannotescapewithoutproducingaudiblefriction.声道紧闭或声道变窄的程度达到气流无法排出，一旦排出就会产生可闻的摩擦。2.Vowels:Bycontrast,avowelisproducedwithoutsuchstricturesothatairescapesinarelativelyunimpededwaythroughthemouthornose.,Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsan

11、dconsonantsliesintheobstructionoftheairstream.AlltheEnglishvowelsaretypicallyvoiced(voicing).,2.2.1Descriptionsofconsonants,1.Intermsofmannerofarticulation:Waysinwhicharticulationofconsonantscanbeaccomplished:(a)thearticulatorsmaycloseofftheoraltractforaninstantorarelativelylongperiod;(b)theymaynarr

12、owthespaceconsiderably;(c)theymaysimplymodifytheshapeofthetractbyapproachingeachother.A.stops/plosives(爆破音)B.nasals(鼻音)C.fricatives(摩擦音)D.approximant(近音)E.lateral(边音)F.affricates(塞擦音),2.Intermsofplaceofarticulation:Thepointwhereanobstructiontotheflowofairismadeinproducingaconsonant:,Descriptionofcon

13、sonants,Descriptionofconsonants,3.Intermsofthestateofthevocalcords:A.voiced:consonantsproducedwhenthevocalcordsareclosed,andtheair-streamcausesthemtovibrateagaineachother.B.voiceless:consonantsproducedwhenvocalcordsareapart,andairpassesthrougheasily.,Positionofthevocalfolds:,voiceless(清音),Positionofthevocalfolds,voiced(initialthepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue(front,central,back);thelengthortensenessofth