国际贸易实务(英文版)(第二版)5.Cargo Transportation.ppt

1、ChapterFive,CargoTransportation,SEIBOFGDUFS,2,Learningobjectives,Afterlearningthischapteryouwillbeabletounderstandtheimportanceofoceantransportationandhowlinerfreightisobtainedknowothermodesoftransportationintermsoftheirfeatures,suitabilityandfreightcalculationbeawareoftheimportanceofoceanbillofladi

2、nganditsdifferenttypesdescribearangeofothertransportationdocumentsstipulatedeliveryclauseinasalescontract,SEIBOFGDUFS,3,5.1OceanTransportation,LinertransportationChartertransportation,SEIBOFGDUFS,4,5.1.1Linertransportation,Liner:definitionavesselwithregularsailingsandarrivalssailingonafixed(regular)

3、sailingroutecallingatfixed(regular)baseportsadoptingacomparativelyfixedtimetablechargesatcomparativelyfixedfreightratesfreightinclusiveofloading&unloadingcostLiner:typesconferencelinersnon-conferenceliners,SEIBOFGDUFS,5,5.1.1Linertransportation,LinerFreight=basicfreightrate+surchargesandadditionalCa

4、lculationformulaoflinerfreightTotalFreight=TotalQuantityBasicFreightRate(1+Surcharge/AdditionalRates)BasicFreightRate:quotedbythecarrier,SEIBOFGDUFS,6,5.1.1Linertransportation,SEIBOFGDUFS,7,5.1.1Linertransportation,SurchargesBunkerSurcharge(bunkeradjustmentfactor/BAF)CurrencySurcharge(currencyadjust

5、mentfactor/CAF)PortCongestionSurchargeTransshipmentSurchargePortSurcharge,SEIBOFGDUFS,8,5.1.1Linertransportation,AdditionalHeavyliftadditionale.g.forcargoover5MTperunitLengthycargoadditionale.g.forcargoover9mperunitBulkycargoadditionale.g.forcargoover6cbmperunit,SEIBOFGDUFS,9,5.1.1Linertransportatio

6、n,Freightcalculation:IllustrationSuppose:CompanyAexports1000casesofCommodityYtoLondon.Thevolumepercaseis40cmx30cmx20cm,andthegrossweightis30kgpercase.ForCommodityY,thefreightratebasisisW/M,andtheFreightTariff(ChinaLondon)isUSD230,witha10%portsurcharge.Howmuchisthetotalfreight?,SEIBOFGDUFS,10,5.1.1Li

7、nertransportation,Solution:W:30kg=0.03M/TM:0.4x0.3x0.2=0.024m3WM,“W”isthefreightbasisforthecalculationoffreightTotalFreight=TotalQuantityBasicFreightRate(1+Surcharge/AdditionalRates)=1000cases0.03M/TUSD230(1+10%)=USD7590Answer:ThetotalfreightcostisUSD7590.,SEIBOFGDUFS,11,5.1.2Chartertransportation,C

8、haracteristicsNofixedroutesNofixedtimetablesFreightchargedonthevolumeofcargoSuitableforcargoofacompleteshipload(e.g.bulkcargo)Typesvoyagecharter:hiredbasedonaparticularvoyagetimecharter:thehireofashipforaperiodoftimebareboatcharter:thehireofthevesselitself,SEIBOFGDUFS,12,5.1.2Chartertransportation,C

9、harterpartythecontractbetweentheship-owner(carrier)andthecharterer(shipper)Contentsthecontractpartiestheshipconditions:e.g.theshipsname,age,nationality,tonnagevoyage:e.g.portsofshipment&destinationcharterfreightdivisionofloading&unloadingcostlaydays,demurrage&dispatchfreightpaymentterms.,SEIBOFGDUFS

10、,13,5.1.2Chartertransportation,Specifyingloading&unloadingcostFourmethods:I.&O.orLinerTerms/GrossTerms:InandOutF.I.:FreeInF.O.:FreeOutF.I.O.:FreeInandOutOrF.I.O.S.T.:FreeInandOut,StowedandTrimmed,SEIBOFGDUFS,14,5.1.2Chartertransportation,Laytimealsocalledlayday,istheperiodoftimeallowedtothecharterer

11、fortheloadingorunloadingofgoodswithoutadditionalchargeMethodsofstipulationDaysorrunningdaysorconsecutivedaysWeatherworkingdaysof24hoursAweatherworkingdayof24consecutivehours.,SEIBOFGDUFS,15,5.1.2Chartertransportation,Demurragetheamountofmoneypaidasapenaltyatanagreedratebythecharterertocompensatethes

12、hip-ownerforhislossesincasethechartererfailstohaveloadingandunloadingcompletedwithinthelaytimeDispatchtheamountofmoneypaidasabonusbytheship-ownertothechartereriftheygetloadingandunloadingdoneaheadofschedule.normallydispatchmoney=thedemurrage,SEIBOFGDUFS,16,5.2Othermodesoftransportation,AirTransporta

13、tionRailTransportation&RoadTransportationInternationalMultimodalTransportationContainerTransportation,SEIBOFGDUFS,17,5.2.1AirTransportation,Typesofairtransportationscheduledairlinescharteredcarriersconsolidatedconsignmentairexpress,SEIBOFGDUFS,18,5.2.1AirTransportation,Airtransportationfreightratege

14、neralcargoratesminimumchargesclassratesspecialcommodityrates,SEIBOFGDUFS,19,5.2.1AirTransportation,GeneralcargoratesW:byweight(usu.1kgastheunit)M:bymeasurement(usu.6000cm3=1kg)W/M:byweightorbymeasurement,subjecttothehighertheheavier,thecheaper(unitfreight)e.g.45kgdrawsalineminimumfreight,SEIBOFGDUFS

15、,20,5.2.1AirTransportation,Airfreight:illustrationCompanyAwantstosendoneconsignmenttoSydney,Australia.Thegoodsarepackedin50cartons,eachweighing15kgs,withmeasurementas50 x40 x30cm.TheairfreightrateisquotedatUSD2.00/KG(W/M).Howmuchwouldthetotalairfreightcost?,SEIBOFGDUFS,21,5.2.1AirTransportation,Solu

16、tionW:15kgM:(50 x40 x30)/6000=10kgWM,soWwillbeadoptedforthecalculationofairfreightTotalairfreight=TotalQuantityBasicFreightRate=50cartons15kgUSD2.00=USD1500Answer:thetotalairfreightcostisUSD1500.,SEIBOFGDUFS,22,5.2.2RailTransportation&RoadTransportation,Railtransportationfromadispatchingstationtoade

17、stinationstationlargecapacityrelativelyhighspeedpunctualandeconomicallesspronetobadweather,butconfinedtorailroads,thereforelessflexible,SEIBOFGDUFS,23,5.2.2RailTransportation&RoadTransportation,Roadtransportationfromaninlandpointtotheseaport,airportandrailwaystationhighflexibilityanddistributiveabil

18、ityfacilitatingdoor-to-doorserviceidealforcargoesinsmallquantities,butlimitedincapacityvulnerabletohighriskofpilferageanddamageintransitrelativelyhigheroperationcost,SEIBOFGDUFS,24,5.2.3InternationalMultimodalTransportation,onlyonemulti-modaltransportationoperatoronlyonecarriagecontractonefreightrat

19、eforthewholejourneyhighoperatingefficiencylowoperatingcostshorttimeperiodforcargomovementmoreandmorepopularinshippingpractice,SEIBOFGDUFS,25,5.2.4ContainerTransportation,Definitionamethodofdistributingmerchandiseinaunitizedformadoptinganinter-modalsystemprovidingapossiblecombinationofsea,roadandothe

20、rmodesoftransportationFeaturesvarietyinserviceinvolvingoneoperatorlowriskofdamageandpilferagesubstantialcostsavings,SEIBOFGDUFS,26,5.2.4ContainerTransportation,Typesofcontainersdrycargocontainerrefrigerated/reefercontainertankercontainercarcontainerSizesofcontainersISO/TC104（13sizesof13series）Standa

21、rdsizes(mostpopular)FEU8x8x40TEU8x8x20,SEIBOFGDUFS,27,5.2.4ContainerTransportation,TypesofserviceAccordingtoplaceofshipmentanddestinationCYtoCY(ContainerYardtoContainerYard)CFStoCFS(ContainerFreightStationtoContainerFreightStation)DRtoDR(DoortoDoor)DRtoCFS(DoortoContainerFreightStation)CFStoDR(Conta

22、inerFreightStationtodoor),SEIBOFGDUFS,28,5.2.4ContainerTransportation,AccordingtothecapacityneededFCLforgoodsoffullcontainerloadfreightbasedoncontainercapacityLCLforcargoinsmallquantity(lessthanacontainerload)Carriersconsolidatinggoodsofdifferentshipperstobedeliveredtothesamedestination,SEIBOFGDUFS,

23、29,5.2.4ContainerTransportation,ContainerfreightFCL:determinedmainlybythecapacityofthecontainertheplaceofshipmentDestinationLCL:similartothoseoftheoceanlinerserviceW,MorW/Mthedistanceofvoyagesurchargesandadditionalifapplicable,SEIBOFGDUFS,30,5.3Transportationdocuments,Billoflading(B/L)Definitionadoc

24、umentissuedbyanoceancarriertoashipperwithwhomthecarrierhasenteredintoacontractforthecarriageofgoods.Functionareceiptofcargoanevidenceofcontractofcarriageadocumenttitletothegoods,SEIBOFGDUFS,31,5.3Transportationdocuments,ContentsonthefaceInformationconcerningcontractedparties,fullparticularsofthecarg

25、o,termsofcarriagecontractonthebackthegeneraltermsandconditions,SEIBOFGDUFS,32,TypesofBillofLading,accordingtowhetherthegoodshavebeenloadedonboardthecarryingvesselshippedB/LIssuedaftergoodsshippedonboardthevesselIndicatingdateofshipmentandnameofthevesselreceivedforShipmentB/LGoodsbeingreceivedbutnoty

26、etloadedDifficulttoanticipatedateofarrival,sonotfavorablebybuyerWaysofbecomingShippedB/LExchangeforaShippedB/LaftergoodsareshippedonboardWordingsuchas“GoodsshippedonboardS/SRedStaronMay10,2011”addedandsignedbythecarrierortheagentonthereceivedB/L,SEIBOFGDUFS,33,TypesofBillofLading,accordingtothecondi

27、tionoftheexteriorpackingofthereceivedcargocleanB/LProofthatgoodshavebeen“shippedinapparentgoodorderandcondition”or“cleanonboard”orthelikeFavoredbybuyersandbanksforfinancialsettlementuncleanB/LMarkedas“unclean”,“foul”etc.e.g.2casesmissing,3cartonswet,1casebroken,casesinadequatelypackedUsuallyunaccept

28、abletobuyersandbanks,SEIBOFGDUFS,34,TypesofBillofLading,accordingtotheaddressoftheconsigneestraightB/LMadeouttoadesignatedconsigneeOnlythenamedconsigneeisentitledtothecargoNottransferableopenB/LNonameofadefiniteconsigneeTheconsigneeboxleftblankoropen,orbearingthewording“Tobearer”Canbetransferredwith

29、outendorsementHighriskunfavorableininternationaltrade,SEIBOFGDUFS,35,TypesofBillofLading,OrderB/LMadeouttotheorderofanamedpersonNodefiniteconsignee,“Toorder”“Toorderoftheshipper”or“Toorderoftheconsignee”insteadNegotiableandtransferable，butneedendorsementSpecialendorsement:signatureoftheendorserandna

30、meoftheendorseeBlankendorsement:signatureoftheendorserbutnonameoftheendorseeWidelyusedininternationaltrade,SEIBOFGDUFS,36,TypesofBillofLading,accordingtowhethertransshipmentisinvolvedintransitdirectB/LportofshipmentportofdestinationPreferredbythebuyertransshipmentB/Lportofshipmentintermediateportpor

31、tofdestinationInvolvingadditionalcharges,longertimeandhigherrisksintransit,thereforeunfavorabletothebuyerAcceptableonlywhenthereisnodirectservice,SEIBOFGDUFS,37,TypesofBillofLading,accordingtotheperplexityorsimplicityofthecontentlongformB/Ldetailedshippingcontractclauseprintedonboththefaceandtheback

32、ShortformB/Lsimplifiedandabbreviatednodetailedshippingcontractclauseesp.onthebacknotsuitableforevidenceofcontractofcarriage,SEIBOFGDUFS,38,TypesofBillofLading,accordingtothepaymentconditionoffreightfreightprepaidB/LIssuedonlyafterfreighthavingbeenpaidNormallysuitableforSalesContractsontradeterms(e.g

33、.CFR/CIF)wherethesellerisobligedtoarrangecontractofcarriageandpaythefreight.freighttobecollectedB/LWordingsuchas“Freightpayableatdestination”or“Freighttocollectatdestination”isindicatedNormallysuitableforSalesContracts(e.g.FOB)wherecontractofcarriageisarrangedbytheselleronbehalfofthebuyer,SEIBOFGDUF

34、S,39,TypesofBillofLading,accordingtothevalidityoriginalB/LValidonlyafterbeingsingedbytheshippingcompanyoritsagentShowing“Original”andthenumberofthesignedoriginalsNormallymadeoutinasetofthreeoriginalsAnevidenceshowingtheownershipofgoodsPresentedfortakingthedeliveryofthegoodsatdestination,oneisused,th

35、eothersbecomesvoidautomaticallyCopyB/LBearing“Copy”“Duplicate”or“Non-negotiable”Normallyonlyusedforreferenceorforrecordsmadeoutinseveraltobeafullsetoftogetherwiththeoriginals,SEIBOFGDUFS,40,TypesofBillofLading,StaleB/LpresentedlaterthanthelatestpresentationdatespecifiedintheL/Corpresentedlaterthanth

36、egoodsarrivalatthedestinationUCP600:theB/Lshallbepresentedwithin21daysafterissuance,unlessotherwisestipulatedinthecreditnecessarytoaddaclausethata“StaleB/Lisacceptable”inthecontractforshortvoyages,SEIBOFGDUFS,41,TypesofBillofLading,Anti-datedB/Ltheshipmentdateshownonthebillbeingearlierthantheactualo

37、neissuedattherequestoftheshippertomeetthetimeofshipmentstipulatedinthecreditfortheavoidanceofanon-paymentconstituteafraud,SEIBOFGDUFS,42,TypesofBillofLading,AdvancedB/Lissuedbeforeactualloadingofthegoodsiscompletedorevenbeforethecommencementoftheactualloadingoperationissuedwhenthetimeofshipmentstipu

38、latedintheL/Cisalmostduebuttheactualloadingofthegoodsisnotyetcompletedorthegoodsarenotreadyforshipment.issuedattherequestofthesellerfortheavoidanceofanon-paymentconstituteafraud,SEIBOFGDUFS,43,TypesofBillofLading,OndeckB/Lindicatingthatthegoodsarestowedandshippedondeckcarrierbeingresponsiblefortheda

39、mage&lossesusu.unacceptabletobuyerandbankunlessthecreditstipulatesotherwisespecialarrangementforinsuranceisneededifapplicable,SEIBOFGDUFS,44,5.3Transportationdocuments,OthertypesoftransportationdocumentsSeaWaybillAirWaybillConsignmentNote(RailWaybill)RoadConsignmentNoteMultimodalTransportationDocume

40、nt(MTD),SEIBOFGDUFS,45,5.4Shipmentclauseinthesalescontract,timeofshipmentvs.timeofdeliveryforshipmentcontractstimeofshipment=timeofdeliveryforallarrivalcontractstimeofshipmenttimeofdelivery,SEIBOFGDUFS,46,5.4Shipmentclauseincontract,StipulatingmethodsspecifyingafixedperiodoftimeoradeadlineShipmentis

41、tobemadeduringJanuary/February/March2011Shipmentnotlaterthan31stJuly,2011settingatimeperioduponreceiptofpaymentShipmentistobemadewithin30daysafterreceiptoftheL/C.TherelevantL/Cmustreachthesellernotlaterthan30thJune,2011.,SEIBOFGDUFS,47,5.4Shipmentclauseincontract,IssuesconcerningtimeofshipmentSuffic

42、iencyintermsofavailabilityofgoodsavailabilityofshippingspacePaymentNormallyL/Cshouldarriveatleast15daysbeforethetimeofshipmenttoallowtimeforexaminingandmodifyingL/CFlexibility:avoid“shipmentonMay15th”Clarityavoidwordinglike“Immediateshipment”,“Promptshipment”,“Shipmentassoonaspossible”etc.,SEIBOFGDU

43、FS,48,5.4Shipmentclauseincontract,Issuesconcerningportofshipmentanddestination:closetotheoriginofthegoodsconsideringportfacilities,regulations,specifictransportationconditions,chargesandpossiblesanctions.definiteandspecificbeingawareofdifferentportsinthesamename,SEIBOFGDUFS,49,5.4Shipmentclauseincontract,PartialShipmentthecommoditiesunderacontractaretobeshippedinmorethanonelotReasonsforpartialshipmentthelackofmeansofconveyanceshippingspaceunavailablethelimitationofloadingorunloadingfacilitiesattheportofshipmentordestinationtherestrictionofmarketcapacityproductionability,SE