2014-08-30Reading斯堪的纳维亚半岛中石器时代的复杂性开花植物的进化herding如何提供安全答案版

1、BBDCA, ABB(AD)C, DDB, 346CBCDB, AAD(题干不全)BA, CAA, 246DBBDA, CDABA, BBA, 234Mesolithic Complexity in ScandinaviaThe EuropeanMesolithic (roughly the period from 8000 B.C to 2700 B.C) testifies to a continuity in human culture from the times of the Ice Age. This continuity, however, was based on contin

2、uous adjustment to environmental changes following the end of the last glacial period (about 12,500 years ago). Three broad subdivisions within the northern Mesolithic are known in Scandinavia. The Maglemose Period (7500-5700 B.C.) was a time of seasonal exploitation of rivers and lakes, combined wi

3、th terrestrial hunting and foraging. The sites from the Kongemose Period (5700-4600 B.C.) are mainly on the Baltic Sea coasts, along bays and near lagoons, where the people exploited both marine and terrestrial resources. Many Kongemose sites are somewhat larger than Maglemose ones. The Ertebolle Pe

4、riod (4600-3200 B.C) was the culmination of Mesolithic culture in southern Scandinavia.By the Ertebolle Period, the Scandinavia were occupying coastal settlements year-round and subsisting off a very wide range of food sources. These included forest game and waterfowl, shellfish, sea mammals, and bo

5、th shallow-water and deepwater fish. There were smaller, seasonal coastal sites, too, for specific activities such as deepwater fishing, sealing, or hunting of migratory birds. One such site, the Aggersund site in Denmark, was occupied for short periods of time in the autumn, when the inhabitants co

6、llected oysters and hunted some game, especially migratory swans. Ertebolle technology was far more elaborate than that of its Mesolithic predecessors, a wide variety of antler, bone, and wood tools for socialized purposes such as fowling and sea-mammal hunting were developed, including dugout canoe

7、s up to ten meters long.With sedentary settlement comes evidence of greater social complexity in the use of cemeteries for burials and changes in burial practices. The trend toward more sedentary settlement, the cemeteries, and the occasional social differentiation revealed by elaborate burials are

8、all reflections of an intensified use of resources among these relatively affluent hunter-gatherers of 3000 B.C Mesolithic societies intensified the food quest by exploiting many more species, making productive use of migratory waterfowl and their breeding grounds, and collecting shellfish in enormo

9、us numbers. This intensification is also reflected in a much more elaborate and diverse technology, more exchange of goods and materials between neighbors, greater variety in settlement types, and a slowly rising population throughout southern Scandinavia. These phenomena may, in part, be a reflecti

10、on of rising sea levels throughout the Mesolithic that flooded many cherished territories. There are signs, too, of regional variations in artifact forms and styles, indicative of culture differences between people living in well-delineated territories and competing for resources.Mesolithic cultures

11、 are much less well-defined elsewhere in Europe, partly because the climatic changes were less extreme than in southern Scandinavia and because there were fewer opportunities for coastal adaptation. In much of central Europe, settlement was confined to lakeside and riverside locations, widely separa

12、ted from one another by dense forests. Marry Mesolithic lakeside sites were located in transitional zones between different environments so that the inhabitants could return to a central base location, where for much of the year they lived close to predictable resources such as lake fish. However, t

13、hey would exploit both forest game and other seasonal resources from satellite camps. For example, the archaeologist Michael Jochim believes that some groups lived during most of the year in camps along the Danube River in central Europe, moving to summer encampments on the shores of neighboring lak

14、es. In areas like Spain, there appears to have been intensified exploitation of marine and forest resources. There was a trend nearly everywhere toward greater variety in the diet, with more attention being paid to less obvious foods and to those that require more complex processing methods than do

15、game and other such resources.Thus, in part of Europe, there was a long-term trend among hunter-gatherer societies toward a more extensive exploitation of food resources, often within the context of a strategy that sought ways to minimize the impact of environmental uncertainty. In more favored sout

16、hern Scandinavia, such societies achieved a new level of social complexity that was to become commonplace among later farming peoples, and this preadaptation proved an important catalyst for rapid economic and social change when farming did come to Europe.Paragraph 1The EuropeanMesolithic (roughly t

17、he period from 8000 B.C to 2700 B.C) testifies to a continuity in human culture from the times of the Ice Age. This continuity, however, was based on continuous adjustment to environmental changes following the end of the last glacial period (about 12,500 years ago). Three broad subdivisions within

18、the northern Mesolithic are known in Scandinavia. The Maglemose Period (7500-5700 B.C.) was a time of seasonal exploitation of rivers and lakes, combined with terrestrial hunting and foraging. The sites from the Kongemose Period (5700-4600 B.C.) are mainly on the Baltic Sea coasts, along bays and ne

19、ar lagoons, where the people exploited both marine and terrestrial resources. Many Kongemose sites are somewhat larger than Maglemose ones. The Ertebolle Period (4600-3200 B.C) was the culmination of Mesolithic culture in southern Scandinavia.1. What can be infer from paragraph 1 about human life in

20、 MesolithicScandinavia? People tend to live in smaller group during the Ertebolle Period than during earlier Mesolithic Period. The areas where it was advantages to live changed over time as a result of environmental changes. Human groups were less affected by environmental change during the Maglemo

21、se Period than during the Kongemose Period. During most of the Mesolithic, people were more dependent on terrestrial food sources than other food sources.Paragraph 2By the Ertebolle Period, the Scandinavia were occupying coastal settlements year-round and subsisting off a very wide range of food sou

22、rces. These included forest game and waterfowl, shellfish, sea mammals, and both shallow-water and deepwater fish. There were smaller, seasonal coastal sites, too, for specific activities such as deepwater fishing, sealing, or hunting of migratory birds. One such site, the Aggersund site in Denmark,

23、 was occupied for short periods of time in the autumn, when the inhabitants collected oysters and hunted some game, especially migratory swans. Ertebolle technology was far more elaborate than that of its Mesolithic predecessors, a wide variety of antler, bone, and wood tools for socialized purposes

24、 such as fowling and sea-mammal hunting were developed, including dugout canoes up to ten meters long.2. Why does the author mention “Aggersund site in Denmark” and its brief periods of occupation? To suggest that supply of year round food sources near earlier settlement sites had nearly disappeared

25、 To give an example of a small, temporary coastal site that took advantage of seasonal food sources To illustrate how small coastal settlements could not last as long as large forest settlements To high the fact that none of the Denmark camps were able to be occupied year-round.3. Paragraph 2 sugges

26、ts that before the Ertebolle Period, hunting tools and other Mesolithic technologies were available only in small coastal sites were developed mainly in Denmark were made mainly from animal bones were somewhat simpleParagraph 3With sedentary settlement comes evidence of greater social complexity in

27、the use of cemeteries for burials and changes in burial practices. The trend toward more sedentary settlement, the cemeteries, and the occasional social differentiation revealed by elaborate burials are all reflections of an intensified use of resources among these relatively affluent hunter-gathere

28、rs of 3000 B.C Mesolithic societies intensified the food quest by exploiting many more species, making productive use of migratory waterfowl and their breeding grounds, and collecting shellfish in enormous numbers. This intensification is also reflected in a much more elaborate and diverse technolog

29、y, more exchange of goods and materials between neighbors, greater variety in settlement types, and a slowly rising population throughout southern Scandinavia. These phenomena may, in part, be a reflection of rising sea levels throughout the Mesolithic that flooded many cherished territories. There

30、are signs, too, of regional variations in artifact forms and styles, indicative of culture differences between people living in well-delineated territories and competing for resources.4. The word “exploiting” in the passage is closest in meaning to calling attention to focusing on taking advantage o

31、f searching for5. The word “indicative of”in the passage is closest in meaning to suggesting leading to resulting from decreasing6. According to paragraph 3, the existence of cemeteries in MMesolithicScandinavia is associated with increased social complexity problems in obtaining sufficient food a d

32、ramatically increasing population a trend toward reduced dependence on the food sources provided by hunter-gatherers7. According to paragrapg3, each of the following is linked to the intensified use of resources that occurred in southern Scandinavia EXCEPT greater complexity and diversity of technol

33、ogy greater similarity between artifacts from different regions more exchanges of goods between groups more diversity in types of settlementsParagraph 4Mesolithic cultures are much less well-defined elsewhere in Europe, partly because the climatic changes were less extreme than in southern Scandinav

34、ia and because there were fewer opportunities for coastal adaptation. In much of central Europe, settlement was confined to lakeside and riverside locations, widely separated from one another by dense forests. Marry Mesolithic lakeside sites were located in transitional zones between different envir

35、onments so that the inhabitants could return to a central base location, where for much of the year they lived close to predictable resources such as lake fish. However, they would exploit both forest game and other seasonal resources from satellite camps. For example, the archaeologist Michael Joch

36、im believes that some groups lived during most of the year in camps along the Danube River in central Europe, moving to summer encampments on the shores of neighboring lakes. In areas like Spain, there appears to have been intensified exploitation of marine and forest resources. There was a trend ne

37、arly everywhere toward greater variety in the diet, with more attention being paid to less obvious foods and to those that require more complex processing methods than do game and other such resources.8. The word “confined”in the passage is closest in meaning to adapted to limited to expanded to loc

38、ated next to9. Select the TWO answer choices that are discussed in paragraph 4 as factors that explain why Mesolithic culture in Scandinavia developed differently from Mesolithic culture in other parts of Europe. To receive credit, you must choose TWO answers from the answer choices. Climate Populat

39、ion numbers To size of satellite camps The location of sites of human habitation10. According to paragraph 4, how were Mesolithic societies in central Europe able to meet their food needs for much of the year? By finding new opportunities for coastal adaptations wherever they could By keeping their

40、base camps in dense forests with plenty of forest game By settling in areas that provided both predictable food resources and access to different kinds of environments Buy hunting farther and farther from their central base camps each day11. The author includes the views of Michael Jochim for which

41、of the following reasons? To show that the Mesolithic cultures in other parts of Europe were less well-defined than Mesolithic cultures in southern Scandinavia To help explain why it became necessary for Mesolithic populations to pay more attention to less obvious foods and foods requiringmore compl

42、ex processing To provide evidence that opportunities for coastal development were generally much greater in Central Europe than elsewhere in Europe To support the idea that populations in Central Europe stayed in a central location much of the year but relocated to be closer to seasonal resourcesPar

43、agraph 5Thus, in part of Europe, there was a long-term trend among hunter-gatherer societies toward a more extensive exploitation of food resources, often within the context of a strategy that sought ways to minimize the impact of environmental uncertainty. In more favored southern Scandinavia, such

44、 societies achieved a new level of social complexity that was to become commonplace among later farming peoples, and this preadaptation proved an important catalyst for rapid economic and social change when farming did come to Europe.12. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential info

45、rmation in the highlight sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. Because of favorable conditions in southern Scandinavia and the social complexity of their societies, hunter-gatherer societies did not adapt to farming until

46、economic change required it. When farming came to Europe and became common, hunter-gatherer societies finally achieved high levels of social complexity. Social complexity was common in the societies of southern Scandinavia but was less common in other areas where farming came later. Hunter-gatherer

47、societies in southern Scandinavia achieved a new level of social complexity, and this allowed them to quickly achieve economic and social change when farming was introduced.Paragraph 1The EuropeanMesolithic (roughly the period from 8000 B.C to 2700 B.C) testifies to a continuity in human culture fro

48、m the times of the Ice Age. This continuity, however, was based on continuous adjustment to environmental change following the end of the last glacial period (about 12,500 years ago). Three broad subdivisions within the northern Mesolithic are known in Scandinavia.The Maglemose Period (7500-5700 B.C

49、.) was a time of seasonal exploitation of rivers and lakes, combined with terrestrial hunting and foraging. The sites from the Kongemose Period (5700-4600 B.C) are mainly on the Baltic Sea coasts, along bays and near lagoons, where the people exploited both marine and terrestrial resources. Many Kon

50、gemose sites are somewhat larger than Maglemose ones. The Ertebolle Period (4600-3200 B.C) was the culmination of Mesolithic culture in southern Scandinavia.13. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.Such adaptation involved changes in hunting

51、 and food gathering that make it possible to identify distinct Mesolithic periods and cultures in some regionsWhere would the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices th

52、at express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the pa

53、ssage, click on View Text.Throughout the European Mesolithic, the trend was toward greater social complexity and greater exploitation of food resources.Answer ChoicesEarly in Mesolithic, Maglemose hunter-gatherers arrived in Scandinavia from regions beyond the Baltic Sea and began to establish seaso

54、nal sites along bays and near lagoons.In Scandinavia, populations were growing and becoming more sedentary, leading to more elaborate burials and to exchanges of goods with other groups.Because most Mesolithic populations outside of Scandinavia were widely separated by deep forest, they tended to de

55、velop more economically and socially complex societies.By the end of the Mesolithic, Scandinavians had developed elaborate and specialized tools for exploiting a very wide range of food sources.Climate change forced southern Scandinavia to leave coastal areas and relocate to Central Europe, where th

56、ey took advantage of food resources in dense forests and lakes.The stages of Mesolithic culture in Scandinavia, unlike those in other parts of Europe, are more distinct in part because climate changes were more extreme in Scandinavia.Evolution of the Flowering PlantsMany aspects of the history of fl

57、owering plants (angiosperms) remain mysterious. Evidence of the earliest angiosperms comes from fossilized leaves, stems, fruits, pollen, and, very rarely, flowers. In addition, there has been much study of modern plant morphology (structure) and genetics in order to determine which living species m

58、ight be most closely related to the ancient ancestors of angiosperms. Despite intensive efforts for over 200 years, scientists have still not reached consensus on which type of plant was the ancestor to the angiosperms, and when and where the angiosperms first evolved. Indeed, Charles Darwin himself called the origin of the flowering plants an “abominable mystery.”What type of plant was the ancestor to the angiosperms? Most botanists now agree that the flowering plants are monophyletic in origin, meaning that they evolved from a common ancestor. Some paleontologists have suggested that