英语高考的实词与虚词

1、英语的虚词与实词虚词虚词没有实在意义，不能独立承担句子成分，包括冠词、介词、连词和感叹词:而且还有一个重要的特点，那就是，虚词没有词形的变化： 一、冠词(art.)：用在名词前，帮助说明名词。如：a，an，the. 1.不定冠词:a，an 2.定冠词：the 二、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in，on，from，above，behind, across, against, along, around, among, before, below, beneath, besides, beyond, despite, during, except, front

2、, including, inside, like, into, next, near, of, onto, out, out of, outside, over, owning to, per, regarding, since, through, till, towards, under, unlike, until, up, upon, via, while, with, within, without 1.简单介词：是由一个单词构成的介词。可分为三类： 普通介词:如at，by，for，from，in，of，on，to，with等 合成介词:如onto，into，within等 分词介词

3、：如including等 2.二重介词：是由两个简单介词连用而构成的介词。 如：from behind，since before，until after等 3.短语介词：是由两个或两个以上的词所组成的短语构成的介词。如：in front of，because of，instead of等 三、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。按在句子中的作用可分为并列连词和从属连词： After, although, also, and, anywhere, as, as long as, as soon as, because, before, both and but, considering,

4、 either or even if, even so, even though, everywhere, for, hence, however, if, in case, in order that, instead of, likewise, never, nevertheless, not onlybut also, now that, once, or, otherwise, regardless, since, so, so that, such that, thus, till, until, unless, when, whenever, wherever, whether,

5、where, while1.并列连词 表示平行或对等关系的并列连词：and，bothand，as well as，not onlybut also，neithernor等 表示转折关系的并列连词:but，yet，while等 表示选择关系的并列连词：or，eitheror等 表示因果关系的并列连词：for，so等 2.从属连词：是引导从句的连词 引导名词性从句的连词：that，whether，if 引导副词性从句的连词：when，while，as，since，before， after，once，as soon as，until，till，because，now that，although，t

6、hough，even if，even though，no matter how，no matter what，whatever，however，whetheror，if，unless，so long as，as long as，in order that，so that，sothat，as if，as though，than，where，wherever等 四、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, every, everybody, everything, he, her

7、, himself, themselves, itself, I, it, me, mine, yours, neither, nobody, none, nothing, other, others, so, some, something, someone, that, these, they, this, those, us, what, whatever, when, whenever, who, whoever, whose, 五、感叹词(interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh，well，hi，hello一篇文章10个空， 一般7个空是有提示词的， 相当于用所给词的正确形

8、式填空；另外3个是没有提示词的，需要我们填入连词，代词，介词，冠词等虚词。1）.名词前面一般用冠词，代词或介词等。. A young man, while traveling through a desert, came across a spring of clear water. _ water was sweet. Besides, shopping at this time of the year was not _ pleasant experience. The young man went home _ a happy heart. Mo Yan won the Nobel Pr

9、ize for _ great works._ time going by, the boy has grown into a strong man. .The girl danced _ the music of Paul Mallrats band.（2）. 缺主语或宾语，一般填代词。. Here are two bags. The blue _ is mine. Suddenly the wall moved_ was made of trees. New technologies have made _ possible to turn out new products faster.

10、_ is important for our students to exercise one hour every day.（3）.并列的两个或多个单词，短语，或句子之间设空，一般填入并列连词and, but, or等。. Each winner receives a gold medal, a diploma _ a sum of money. He was very tired from doing this for a whole day, _ he felt very happy. Which do you prefer, folk music _ pop music?（4）.两句之

11、间，如果不是并列句，则很可能是主从句，因此需要填入从属连词（what， which， who, how, when等）。比如宾语从句，定语从句或者是状语从句的连接词。这种空格需要同学们根据句子结构，分析到底是什么从句，从而选择合适的从属连词。. Finally he reached a lonely island _ was completely cut off from the outside world. _hard your try, it is difficult to lose weight. If you happen to get lost in the wild, youd b

12、etter stay _ you are. _we have enough evidence, we cannot win the case. Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from_ their parents speak at home.At the same time, there had been a growing number of overseas students _came back to China after study.My face turned

13、red on hearing _ my mother said._ she couldnt understand was _ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.It was the ability to do the job _ matters not where you come from or what you are.No sooner had she gone out_ a student came to visit her.实词是指有实在意义，能独立承担句子成分的词，包括名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词和数词

14、。而且还有一个重要的特点，那就是，实词有词形的变化，尤其是动词，可谓变化多端： 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy，morning，bag，ball，class，orange. 2、形容词(adj.)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good，right，white，orange . 3、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one，two，three，first，second，third，fourth. 4、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am，is，are，have，see . 5、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，说明时间、地点、程度等。如

15、：well，very，here，often，quietly，slowly. 构词法 Word Formation在英语中词的构成方式主要有三种：合成、转化和派生。一、 合成 Compounding 两个或更多的词合成一个词。方式：1. 直接写在一起。 2. 用连字符(-)连接。 3. 由两个分开的词构成。(1) 合成形容词方式例词1形容词形容词red-hot2形容词名词first-class, full-time, part-time3形容词现在分词good-looking, free-thinking, 4形容词过去分词ready-made5形容词名词-edgood-tempered, mi

16、ddle-aged, cold-blooded6名词名词-ediron-willed7名词形容词world-famous, day-long 8名词现在分词beauty-loving, freedom-loving, job-hunting, 9名词过去分词man-made, water-covered, 10副词形容词ever-green11副词现在分词hard-working, far-seeing12副词过去分词well-prepared, quickly-cured, well-known13数词名词five-year14数词名词+形容词five-year-old15数词名词-edfo

17、ur-legged, six-storied (2)合成动词构成方式例词1名词动词day-dream2副词动词overcome, upturn翻起3形容词动词white-wash(3)合成名词构成方式例词1名词名词horseback , bank-note, newspaper, cellphone, 2形容词名词back-yard, forehead, 3动名词名词hiding place, reading-room4动词副词get-off, break in, 5副词动词output, overflow(4)合成副词however, maybe, wherever, whenever, f

18、orever (5)合成代词whoever, whatever, everyone, nobody, myself, something, anything, 二、派生 Derivation前缀前缀含义例词a-处在arise, aside, aloneen-使可能enrich, enable, enslavedis-不，否定dissatisfy, dishonest, disappear, disorder, disagreeun-不做相反动作unable, unknown, uncommon, uncomfortable, unfair, unclose, undress, uncover,

19、 untiein-im-ir-il-不，非inactive, incapable, inpatient, incorrect impossible, impersonal, impolite, immature, impracticalirregular, irresponsibleillogical, non-不，非non existent, non-interference, non-conductor, non-stopde-向相反方向发展Decentralize（分散）, defrost（解冻）anti-反（对）anti-freeze, anti-fascistmis-错误的，坏的mi

20、sdoings, misunderstand, misfortunere重复，再rewrite, remarry, reunite, recycle, co-共同co-exist, co-operate, co-educationex以前的Ex-husband, ex-presidenttele远程telephone, telegraph, telescopesuper-在上面，超级supermarket, superpower, under-在之下underline, underestimate, underground, inter-相互，之间international, interact

21、, inter-changesub-下，次subtitle, submarine, subconscious, subcontinent, trans-过，穿过，变transformation(变形), translatevice-副vice-premier, vice-presidentsemi-半semifinal, semicircle, semi-automaticbi两个bicycle, biennial两年一次的tri三个triangle三角形, tricycle三轮脚踏车, triplets三胞胎mul-多，多种multiply, multi-national, multi-co

22、louredkilo-千kilometre, kilogram 后缀 后 缀例 词名词-erfarmer, weaver, pain-killer, murderer, , villager, stranger, speaker, cooker, recorder, heater-essactress, waitress, princess, hostess-orconductor, sailor, transistor, operator, -arbeggar-eseChinese, Portuguese, Japanese-ianmusician, Egyptian, physician-

23、istscientist, dentist, communist, socialist, -ent/-antassistant -mentargument, judgment, government-nesshappiness, greatness, illness, coldness, sleeplessness-tiondictation, preparation, repetition, action, information, invention-ingbuilding, wedding, painting-shipleadership, friendship, hardship-ag

24、eshortage, marriage, leakage-tyloyalty, cruelty, penalty, sixty, twenty, thirty, certainty-thtruth, warmth, length, growth, fifteenth, fourth-anceacceptance, assistance, reliance, appearance-encedependence, confidence, reference, entrance, defence-fulmouthful, handful, plateful, -alrefusal, denial,

25、arrival-ydifficulty, possibility, -domfreedom, wisdom, kingdom-ismsocialism, materialism注意： -ese, -ian, -ist 既可以构成名词，又可以构成形容词。-er 构成的名词，既有表示人的，又有表示物的。后缀例 词形容词-alcentral, industrial, national, natural-anEuropean, American, Australian-erneastern, northern, southern-ablereasonable, horrible, terrible,

26、believable, comfortable, forgettable, sensible-fulcareful, cheerful, grateful, faithful, -ishchildish, Swedish, selfish-ivedestructive, collective, active, creative, effective-ythirsty, dirty, windy, sunny, cloudy, healthy, funny-lesscareless, hopeless, helpless, homeless, sleepless, fearless, limit

27、less-engolden, wooden, woolen-ouscourageous, famous, continuous, serious, various-aryimaginary, revolutionary, secondary-icrealistic, historic, poetic-sometroublesome, burdensome, lonesome, handsome-likechildlike, womanlike, manlike-antignorant, significant, observant, important-entdiligent, silent,

28、 excellent, frequent -lylively, friendly, lovely, weekly, brotherly, motherly-ishchildish, foolish后缀例 词动词-izerealize, modernize, mechanize, criticize, -enwiden, strengthen, lengthen, sharpen, widen, shorten, quicken, deepen-fySimplify, beautify, terrify, 后 缀例 词副词-ward(s)forward, northward, backward,

29、 downward，afterwards-lyslowly, quickly, carefully, loudly, happily, friendly三、转化 Conversion: 指一个词不变化词形，而由一种此类转化为另一种词类或几种词类。1. 名词和动词之间的转化telephone电话打电话, mirror镜子像镜子一样反映, drink喝饮料, record录音记录, name, date, hand, study, 2. 形容词转化为动词 perfect完美的使完善3.名词转化为形容词(副词) front前面前面的4.形容词转化为名词 chief 主要的首领-al arrive (

30、n.) _ chemistry (adj.) _memory(n.) _ (v.) _ music(adj.) _(n.) _survive(n.) _(n.) _ try(n.) _-ance / -ence absent (n.) _ allow(n.) _appear(n.) _(反义n.) _ assist(n.) _(n.) _consequence(n.) _ convenient (n.) _(反n.) _different (n.) _ evident (n.) _exist (n.) _ guide (n.) _ important (n.) _depend (adj.) _

31、 (n.) _ (反n.) _insure (n.) _ intelligent (n.) _patient (n.) _ significant (n.) _silent (n.) _ violent (n.) _-ary / -erybrave(n.) _ discover(n.) _ rob(n.) _scene(n.) _ slave(n.) _-ableadmire (adj.) _ change (adj.) _ comfort (adj.) _enjoy (adj.) _ reason (adj.) _ rely (adj.) _suit (adj.) _ value (adj.

32、) _-mentAchieve (n.) _ adjust (n.) _advertise (n.) _ agree (n.) _ (反n.) _amuse (n.) _ appoint (n.) _argue (n.) _ arrange (n.) _courage (v.) _ (n.) _entertain (adj.) _ (adj.) _ (n.) _equip (n.) _ judge (n.) _employ (n.) _ (反n.) _-nessdark (n.) _ happy (n.) _ill (n.) _ kind (n.) _ sad (n.) _ weak (n.)

33、 _1、有提示词 这类题首先需要我们根据上下文，分析句子成分，确定空格所需要的词性，再根据前后文确定词形。（1）如果要填入动词，我们需要判断到底是谓语动词和非谓语动词。 如果缺谓语动词，就要考虑到时态和语态的变化。 若句中已有谓语动词，又不是并列谓语时，那么我们应该填入非谓语动词，这时我们需要确定到底是to do, doing还是done的形式。. For example, I _ (order) a digital camera online the other day and saved about $50. When I die, I _ (give) everything to you

34、. On their return, the father asked his son _(explain) what he had learnt. They are animals _ (live) in the sea. He likes reading books _ (write) by Lu Xun. The water will be further polluted unless some measures _ (take). The speaker raised his voice but still couldnt make himself_ (hear). _(play)

35、computer games is what boys like best. It is high time you _ (work) hard at English. If you _ (come) yesterday, you would have met Andy Liu.（2）如果需要填入名词，我们则需要判断是否有单复数和所有格的变化。. My first _ (impress) of him is that he was a kind and thoughtful man. These people have made great _ (contribute) to China wi

36、th their work.Youll want to know your body language is saying and how to interpret other _(people).（3）如果需要填入形容词、副词。首先，我们要确认到底是填形容词还是副词。形容词一般用来修饰名词，代词，或作表语；副词一般用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或整个句子。其次，我们还要考虑是否需要变成比较级或最高级。. Before the trip I thought we were rich, but today I learnt who is _ (true) rich. He must be _ (me

37、ntal) disabled. His teacher took a deep drink, smiled _ (warm), and thanked his student very much for the sweet. _ (Fortune), nobody was injured and no buildings were destroyed. Some people say that the oldest child, who are smart and strong-willed, are very likely to be _ (succeed). The winning car

38、 reached a speed of forty miles an hourmuch _ (fast) than any of its rivals（对手）.三、语篇练习一Most students do an IQ test early in their school career. Even if they never see their results, they feel that their IQ is _1_ determines how well they are going to do in life. When they see other students doing _

39、2_ (good) than them, they usually believe that those students have _3_ higher IQ and that there is nothing they can do to change the fact. However, new research _4_ EQ suggests that success is not _5_ (simple) the result of a high IQ.While your IQ tells you how_6_ (intelligence) you are, your EQ tel

40、ls you how well you use your intelligence. Professor Salovery, _7_ invented the term EQ, gives the following description: at work, it is IQ that _8_ (get) you promoted. Supported by his academic research, Professor Salovery suggests that when_9_ (predict) someones future success, their character, as

41、 _10_(measure) by EQ tests, might actually matter more than their IQ.二Paula interviewed two _1_ (teenage), Emily and Jerry, for a program _2_ family life. There are three people in Emilys family and five in Jerrys family, so Jerry sometimes feels _3_ (crowd) in their little flat. Emily has a lot of

42、possessions, but Jerry doesnt have many. Emily is not_4_ (expect) to do housework, but Jerry is. They both like to do things with their family. But Emilys parents are_5_ (business), so they usually do their own_6_ (person) things. Jerry and his family do things together. His family always comes to s

43、chool events. Emilys parents dont usually set rules for her _7_ Jerrys parents set some rules for him. Emily likes her new flat, but she _8_ (feel) lonely when her parents are away _9_home. Jerry loves his family very much. They have a close _10_ (relation) and always support each other.三Good aftern

44、oon, parents and teachers. Thank you for_1_(attend) this meeting. Last weekend, one of_2_ (we) students went to hospital. The student played computer games on the Internet all day Saturday without stopping_3_ (eat), drink or sleep. Finally, he became very ill. Some students play computer games for t

45、oo long. This is_4_ serious problem. In the past, students used _5_ (play) outside more often, _6_ now they spend more time_7_(play) computer games. This is bad for their health. Tomorrow we will have some experts here to talk to the students_8_ the bad effects of playing computer games. They will a

46、lso give some advice on how_9_ (use) computers for studying. I hope we can all work together to stop students from spending too_10_ (many) time playing computer games.四Some people have a very poor sense of _1_ (direct). Unluckily, I am one of them. I _2_ (visit) a place many times but I may still ge

47、t lost there the next time. _3_I was a little girl, I never dared to ask strangers the way. And so I used to walk round in circles and hope that by chance I would get to the place I was going to. Now, I am no longer too shy _4_ (ask) people for directions, but I often receive helpless or even wrong information. So I try to avoid _5_ (give) people wrong directions. If anyone ever asks me the way somewhere, I wou