暨大本科生态学课件General Ecology 4

1、段舜山 2020/6/21,1,主讲教师：段舜山 暨南大学生命科学技术学院生态学系 tssduan,生态学专业必修课 普通生态学 GENERAL ECOLOGY,2,第章,温度关系 Temperature Relations,段舜山 2020/6/21,3,Contents 主要内容,1 Microclimates (微)小气候 2 Temperature and performance of Organisms 温度与生命活动 3 Regulating body temperature 体温调节 4 Surviving extreme temperature 极端温度,段舜山 2020/6/

2、21,4,A sample,Peter Kevan had come to Ellesmere Island, which lies at about 82N latitude in the Northwest Territories of Canada, to study sun-tracking behavior by arctic flowers. Peter Kevan在位于加拿大西北北极区陆地北纬82的Ellesmere岛采用北极花全缘仙女木（Dryas integrifolia）来研究植物的趋光行为.,段舜山 2020/6/21,5,Kevan found that the sun

3、-tracking behavior of Dryas integrifolia increased the temperature of its flowers. Though the air temperature hovered around 15, the temperature of the Dryas flowers was nearly 25. Kevan发现全缘仙女木的趋光行为使得它的花朵温度升高。虽然空气温度一般保持在15左右，但是仙女木的花瓣温度却达到25。,Increasing temperature花朵增温,段舜山 2020/6/21,6,Mutualism to in

4、sects 互利作用,Many species of small insects, attracted by their warmth, basked in the sun-tracking Dryas flowers, elevating their body temperatures as a consequence.花朵提供温暖 Dryas integrifolia depends on these insects to pollinate its flowers.昆虫帮助全缘仙女木花授粉,段舜山 2020/6/21,7,Sun-tracking behavior of Dryas in

5、tegrifolia. 全缘仙女木植物的趋光性,段舜山 2020/6/21,8,The thermometer 温度计,The thermometer was one of the first quantitative instruments to appear in the scientific tool kit, and we have been measuring and reporting temperatures ever since.温度计是科学家工具箱中最早出现的定量仪器之一，从那时起我们就开始测量和报告温度。 Human concern for temperature show

6、s itself everywhere. 人类对温度的关注无处不在 。,段舜山 2020/6/21,9,Local television reviews the high and low temperatures of the preceding day and forecasts temperatures for the coming day.地方电视回顾前一天的最高和最低温度，并且预报第二天的温度。 Daily newspapers report temperatures from nearly every corner of the globe.每天的报纸会报道差不多地球每个角落的温度。

7、,Forecasts temperatures 温度预报,段舜山 2020/6/21,10,Global warming 全球变暖,If two people from different regions meet, the first questions they ask concern the weather: Are the summers very hot? Are the winters cold?如两个异乡人见面，他们最先问到的就是天气, 夏天热吗？冬天冷吗？ Today we listen apprehensively to the forecast of a small tem

8、perature change-the prospect of global warming.但我们现在总会担心地听到温度在发生小小变化的预报全球气候变暖 ,段舜山 2020/6/21,11,Why is human so concerned with temperature? 人类为何关注温度,For us and all other species, the impact of extreme temperatures can range from discomfort, at a minimum, to extinction. 极端温度对人和其他生物的影响会从不适应到忍耐极限甚至死亡。

9、Long-term changes in temperature have set entire floras and faunas marching across continents, some species thriving, some holding on in small refuges, and others becoming extinct.长期的温度改变会使全球各大洲的动植物分布发生变化，有些物种繁盛，有些躲在小避难所里，而有些物种会灭绝。,段舜山 2020/6/21,12,Most important environmental factor 温度: 最重要的环境因子,We

10、 defined ecology as the study of the relationships between organisms and their environments. The relationship between individual organisms and temperature, one of the most important environmental factors in the lives of organisms.,13,1 小气候,Microclimates,段舜山 2020/6/21,14,Definition 定义,Microclimate: A

11、 small-scale variation in climate caused by a distinctive substrate, location, or aspect. 小气候: 由于地表独特的基质、位置和朝向不同等原因而引起的小范围的气候变化。,段舜山 2020/6/21,15,大气候与小气候,The suns uneven heating of the earths surface and earths permanent tilt（倾斜） on its axis produce macroclimate (大气候). Macroclimate interacts with th

12、e local landscape to produce microclimates (小气候). Microclimate is influenced by landscape features such as altitude, aspect, vegetation, color of the ground, and presence of boulders and burrows. 受海拔、朝向、植被、土壤颜色、石块和洞穴等影响。,段舜山 2020/6/21,16,小气候是小尺度时空内的气候变化,Microclimate is climatic variation on a scale

13、of a few kilometers, meters, or even centimeters, usually measured over short periods of time. You acknowledge microclimate when you choose to stand in the shade on a summers day or in the sun on a winters day.,段舜山 2020/6/21,17,对生物体而言小气候更为重要,For the individual organism, macroclimate may be less sign

14、ificant than microclimate. The physical nature of water limits temperature variation in aquatic environments.,段舜山 2020/6/21,18,1.1 Altitude 海拔,Temperatures are generally lower at high elevations. First, atmospheric pressure decreases with elevation, air rising up the side of a mountain expands. The

15、energy of motion (kinetic energy) required to sustain the greater movement of air molecules in the expanding air mass is drawn from the surroundings, which cool as a result. 动能消耗热量 A second reason that temperatures are generally lower at higher elevations is that there is less atmosphere to trap and

16、 radiate heat back to the ground.吸收反射少,段舜山 2020/6/21,19,1.2 Aspect 坡向,Topographic features (地形特征) such as hills, mountains, and valleys create microclimates that would not occur in a flat landscape. Mountains and hillsides create these microclimates by shading(遮荫) parts of the land.,段舜山 2020/6/21,20

17、,山地丘陵背离赤道的坡面是阴面,In the Northern Hemisphere, the shaded areas are on the north-facing sides, of hills, mountains, and valleys, which face away from the equator. In the Southern Hemisphere, the southern aspect faces away from the equator.,段舜山 2020/6/21,21,山地北坡和南坡的小气候截然不同,The northern and southern aspe

18、cts of mountains and valleys offer organisms contrasting microclimates.小气候截然不同 The microclimates of north- and south-facing aspects of hillsides may support very different types of vegetation.植被迥异,段舜山 2020/6/21,22,Fig 4.2 The north-facing slope at this site supports a Mediterranean woodland, while t

19、he vegetation on the south-facing slope is mainly grassland. 南北坡向上的不同植被：北坡树林，南坡草原,段舜山 2020/6/21,23,1.3 Vegetation 植被,Because they also shade the landscape, plants create microclimates. For instance, trees, shrubs, and plant litter (fallen leaves, twigs, and branches) produce ecologically important m

20、icroclimates in deserts.,段舜山 2020/6/21,24,夏季有无植被形成不同的小气候,One summers day, while the temperature on bare soil soared to 48, a few meters away in plant litter under a tall shrub the temperature was a moderate 21 . Meanwhile, temperatures under low shrubs with less leaf area were a bit warmer but still

21、 not as hot as soil in the open. A small organism in this landscape could choose microclimates differing in temperature by 27.,段舜山 2020/6/21,25,48,29,27,21,23,Fig 4.3 Desert shrubs and microclimate. 沙漠灌木及微小气候,段舜山 2020/6/21,26,1.4 Color of the ground 地表颜色,Neil Hadley and his colleagues (1992) studied

22、 the beaches（海滩） of New Zealand； Which range in color from white to black and offer a wide range of microclimates to beach organisms.,段舜山 2020/6/21,27,White and black sands,段舜山 2020/6/21,28,不同颜色的海滩形成不同的小气候,These beaches heat up under the summer sun, but black beaches heat up faster and to higher tem

23、peratures. Though these white and black beaches are exposed to nearly identical macroclimates, they have radically different microclimates.,段舜山 2020/6/21,29,Color of the ground and temperature 地面颜色和温度,段舜山 2020/6/21,30,1.5 Boulders and burrows 石块和洞穴,E. B. Edneys studies (1953) of the seashore isopod(

24、等足目) Ligia oceanica documented the effect of stones on microclimate. Edney found that over the space of a few centimeters, Ligia could choose air temperatures ranging from 20 in the open to 30 in the air spaces under stones, which heated to between 34 and 38.,段舜山 2020/6/21,31,Microclimates under sto

25、nes (data from Edney 1953).,段舜山 2020/6/21,32,动物的洞穴形成适宜生存的小气候,Animal burrows also have their own microclimates, in which temperatures are usually more moderate than at the soil surface. 动物挖掘洞穴也具有它们自己的小气候，那里的温度通常比土壤表面的温度要更合适。,段舜山 2020/6/21,33,1.6 Aquatic temperatures 水环境的温度,The thermal stability of th

26、e aquatic environment derives partly from the high capacity (热容量)of water to absorb heat energy without changing temperature (a capacity that chemists call specific heat(比热). This capacity is about 3000 times higher for water than for an equal volume of air.,段舜山 2020/6/21,34,水蒸发时需要吸收大量的热,A second ca

27、use of the thermal stability of aquatic environments is the large amount of heat absorbed by water as it evaporates (in chemistry, called the latent heat of vaporization 汽化潜热).,段舜山 2020/6/21,35,水结冰时需要释放大量的热,A third cause of the greater thermal stability of aquatic environments is the heat energy tha

28、t water gives up to its environment as it freezes (the latent heat of fusion 冷凝潜热).,段舜山 2020/6/21,36,水环境的温度变动通常小于陆地,The aquatic environments with greatest thermal stability are generally large ones, such as the open sea. These are environments that store large quantities of heat energy and where dai

29、ly fluctuations are often less than 1. 波动幅度小 Even the temperatures of small streams, however, usually fluctuate less than the temperatures of nearby terrestrial habitats.,段舜山 2020/6/21,37,Fig 4.7 Aquatic microclimates 水域小气候,段舜山 2020/6/21,38,沿岸植被遮荫也能减小水温的波动,Other factors besides the physics of water

30、can affect the temperature of aquatic environments. Shading by riparian vegetation(沿岸植被)reduces temperature fluctuations by insulating the stream environment.,39,2 温度和生命活动,Temperature and performance of organisms,段舜山 2020/6/21,40,Narrow range,Most species perform best in a fairly narrow range of tem

31、perature. 绝大多数物种的最适宜温度活动范围往往是相当狭窄的.,段舜山 2020/6/21,41,Ecology of individual organisms 个体生态学,Ecologists concerned with the ecology of individual organisms study how environmental factors, such as temperature, water, and light, affect the physiology and behavior of organisms: how fast they grow; how ma

32、ny offspring they produce; how fast they run, fly, or swim; how well they avoid predators; and so on. We can group these phenomena and say that ecologists study how environment affects the “performance” of organisms. 归纳为生态学家是研究环境如何影响生物行为的。,段舜山 2020/6/21,42,2.1 At the Molecular Level 分子水平的研究,The infl

33、uence of temperature on the performance of organisms begins at the level of biomolecules, which often perform their functions by balancing opposing tendencies. 温度对于生物活动的影响启始于生物大分子水平上，生物大分子的功能通常是通过平衡相对立的反应趋势而表现出来。,段舜山 2020/6/21,43,极端的温度会削弱酶的功能,Enzymes have greater flexibility at higher temperatures,

34、but excessively high temperatures destroy their shape.酶类在较高的温度具有较大的活性，但是过高的温度会破坏它们的形成。 Temperatures at either extreme thus impair the functioning of enzymes. 极端的温度也会削弱或破坏酶的功能。,段舜山 2020/6/21,44,酶通常在适中的温度下保持活性,Enzymes usually work best in some intermediate range of temperatures, neither too hot nor to

35、o cold, where they retain both proper shape and sufficient flexibility. 酶通常不是在最热也不是在最冷而是在适中的温度时保持最佳的形成和活性，因此效果最好。,段舜山 2020/6/21,45,温度对乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响,John Baldwin and P. W. Hochachka (1970) studied the influence of temperature on the activity of acetylcholinesterase（乙酰胆碱酯酶）, an enzyme produced at the sy

36、napse（神经键） between neurons（神经元）. The researchers found that rainbow trout(虹鳟鱼), Oncorhynchus mykiss, produce two forms of acetylcholinesterase.,段舜山 2020/6/21,46,Fig 4.8 Temperature and enzyme activity. 温度和酶活性,段舜山 2020/6/21,47,在生物体适宜的环境温度下酶活较高,Rainbow trout (虹鳟鱼), are native to the cool, clear stream

37、s and rivers of western North America. During winter, the temperatures of these streams hover between 0 and 4, while summer temperatures approach 20. These environmental temperatures are similar to the temperatures at which the acetylcholinesterase of rainbow trout performs optimally.这些环境温度与虹鳟鱼的乙酰胆碱

38、酯酶的最适温度非常相似。,段舜山 2020/6/21,48,Figure 4.9 The rate of metabolizable energy intake by two populations of the eastern fence lizard(蜥蜴), Sceloporus undulatus, peaks at the same temperature (data from Angilletta 2001).,49,2.2 极端温度与光合作用,Extreme temperatures and photosynthesis,段舜山 2020/6/21,50,植物的最基本特征是能进行

39、光合作用,One of the most fundamental characteristics of plants is their ability to photosynthesize.,段舜山 2020/6/21,51,Extreme temperatures generally reduce the rate of photosynthesis by plants.,极端温度通常降低植物的光合速率,段舜山 2020/6/21,52,Fig 4.10 Temperature and photosynthesis.,段舜山 2020/6/21,53,寒带和热带植物对温度的响应不同,The

40、moss and the desert shrub both photosynthesize at a maximum rate over some narrow range of temperatures. Both plants photosynthesize at lower rates at temperatures above and below this range. How do the responses of the boreal moss and desert shrub to temperature differ? The major difference is that

41、 their rates of photosynthesis peak at different temperatures.,段舜山 2020/6/21,54,两种植物的生理差异反映了生存环境和演化历史的差异,The moss and the shrub have substantially different optimal temperatures for photosynthesis. These physiological differences clearly reflect differences in the environments where these species li

42、ve and seem to say something about their evolutionary histories.,段舜山 2020/6/21,55,生物能够适应温度的变化,Plant responses to temperature, as well as those of animals, can also reflect the short-term physiological adjustments(调节)called acclimation (适应). Acclimation involves physiological, not genetic, changes in

43、 response to temperature; acclimation is generally reversible（可逆的） with changes in environmental conditions.,段舜山 2020/6/21,56,一种沙漠植物对温度的适应,Studies of A. lentiformis by Robert Pearcy (1977) clearly demonstrate the effect of acclimation on photosynthesis. The clones from the Death Valley plants were g

44、rown under two temperature regimes: one set in hot conditions of 43during the day and 30 at night; The other set under cool conditions of 23 during the day and 18 at night.,段舜山 2020/6/21,57,实验结果,The plants grown in a cool environment photosynthesized at a maximum rate at about 32.低温环境中植物的最大光合速率温度为32

45、。 Those grown in a hot environment photosynthesized at a maximum rate at 40, a difference in the optimum temperature for photosynthesis of 8.高温环境下植物的最大光合速率温度为40，不同于光合作用的最适温度8。,段舜山 2020/6/21,58,Fig 4.11 Growing temperatures and optimal temperature for photosynthesis.,段舜山 2020/6/21,59,2.3 Temperature

46、and bacterial activity 温度与细菌活动,Bacteria appear to have adapted to all temperatures at which there is liquid water, from the frigid waters around the Antarctic to boiling hot springs.细菌似乎已经适应了从寒冷的南极水体到沸腾的温泉所有液态水的温度。 However, all bacteria that have been studied perform best over a fairly narrow range

47、of temperatures.然而, 所有研究过的细菌都是在相对狭窄的温度范围内具有较高的活性。,段舜山 2020/6/21,60,生活在两种相反的极端环境中的细菌,Two bacteria that live in environments at opposite extremes of the aquatic temperature spectrum. Richard Morita (1975) studied the effect of temperature on population growth among cold-loving, or psychrophilic(嗜冷的),

48、marine bacteria that live in the waters around Antarctica.研究了温度对于生活在南极附近水域的喜冷或嗜冷海洋细菌的影响。,段舜山 2020/6/21,61,温度对弧菌(Vibrio sp)生长的影响,He isolated(分离) and cultured(培养) one of those bacteria, Vibrio sp., in a temperature-gradient incubator (培养箱) for 80 hours. During the experiment, the temperature gradient

49、within the incubator ranged from about -2 to just over 9. The results of the experiment show that this Vibrio sp. grows fastest at about 4.,段舜山 2020/6/21,62,Fig 4.12 Temperature and population growth by an Antarctic bacterium 南极温度和细菌种群生长,段舜山 2020/6/21,63,细菌生存的环境温度差异很大,Morita has recorded population

50、growth among some cold-loving bacteria at temperatures as low as -5.5. Morita记录了喜冷细菌在温度低至-5.5时的种群增长情况。 Some species of bacteria can live at very high temperatures. Bacteria have been found living in all of the hot springs that have been studied.一些细菌物种可以在非常高的温度下生活。已经在所有的热温泉中发现了细菌。,段舜山 2020/6/21,64,关于

51、嗜热细菌的研究,Some of these heat-loving, or thermophilic(嗜热), bacteria grow at temperatures above 100 in some marine environments.一些喜热或嗜热细菌可生长在高于100的海洋热液口环境中。 Some of the most intensive studies of thermophilic bacteria have been carried out in Yellowstone National Park by Thomas Brock (1978) and his stude

52、nts and colleagues.大部分关于嗜热细菌的研究由Thomas Brock (1978) 和他的学生及同事在黄石国家公园进行。,段舜山 2020/6/21,65,不同种群硫细菌的最适温度,The temperature optimum for the Sulfolobus populations ranged from 63to 80 and was related to the temperature of the particular spring from which the bacteria came. For instance, one strain isolated

53、from a 59 spring oxidized sulfur at a maximum rate at 63. This Sulfolobus population oxidizes sulfur at a high rate within a temperature range of about 10.,段舜山 2020/6/21,66,Fig4.13 Hot spring microbes have a very high optimal temperature for population growth (data from Mosser, Mosser, and Brock 197

54、4). 温泉细菌的最适温度较高,段舜山 2020/6/21,67,小 结,We have reviewed how temperature can affect bacterial activity, plant photosynthesis, and enzyme activity. These examples demonstrate that most organisms perform best over a fairly narrow range of temperature.,68,3 体温调节,Regulating body temperature,段舜山 2020/6/21,6

55、9,3.1 Balancing Heat Gain Against Heat Loss 平衡热量收支,Organisms regulate body temperature by manipulating heat gain and loss.生物通过获得和释放热量调节体温。 An equation, used by K. Schmidt-Nielsen (1983), can help us understand the components of heat that may be manipulated: Hs = Hm Hcd Hcv Hr He 总热量= 代谢热传导热对流热辐射热蒸发热

56、 metabolism conduction convectionradiationevaporation,段舜山 2020/6/21,70,生物体与环境之间的热交换,段舜山 2020/6/21,71,Animals that rely mainly on external sources of energy for regulating body temperature are called ectotherms(变温动物). Organisms that rely heavily on internally derived metabolic heat energy, Hm, are ca

57、lled endotherms(温血动物).,Ectotherms and Endotherms 变温动物和温血动物,段舜山 2020/6/21,72,植物和变温动物的体温调节,Temperature regulation presents both plants and ectothermic animals with a similar problem. Both groups of organisms rely primarily on external sources of energy. 植物和变温动物的体温调节具有相似的问题，两类生物主要依赖外部能量来源。 Despite the

58、much greater mobility of most ectothermic animals, the ways in which plants and ectothermic animals solve these problems are similar. 尽管大部分变温动物有很大的活动性，但是植物和变温动物解决这些问题的方式基本上是相似的。,73,3.2 植物的体温调节,Temerature Regulation by Plants,段舜山 2020/6/21,74,Desert Plants 沙漠植物,The desert environment challenges plant

59、s to avoid overheating; that is, plants are challenged to reduce their heat storage, Hs.沙漠环境迫使植物面临过高温的挑战, 故其需要减少自身热量储存(Hs). The desert plants use morphology and behavior to alter heat exchange with the environment.沙漠植物利用形态学和行为学去改变与环境热量的交换。,段舜山 2020/6/21,75,沙漠植物的热平衡简化方程,Evaporative cooling of leaves, which would increase heat loss, He, is not a workable option because desert plants usually have inadequate supplies of water.缺水 Also, fo