Lesson 5 Transmission (Part Ⅱ)

1、Lesson 5 Transmission (Part ),交通运输专业英语,New Words n.接合，接合点，接头，关节 slip joint 滑动连接 spline vt.;n.把切出花键，用花键接合；花键（轴） yoke n.轭状物，叉子，万向节叉 universal joint 万向节,hinge n.铰链，铰接，节点，活动关节 double-hinged joint 双铰链式万向节 cross n.十字（接头），交叉 bevel n.斜面，锥形 bevel gear 锥齿轮 worm n.蜗杆，螺纹，旋管 worm wheel 涡轮 cage n.保持架 pinion n.小齿轮

2、 prize vt.撬动，推动 equalizer n.平衡装置,3 The propeller shaft,The propeller shaft transmits the drive from the gearbox mainshaft to the final drive pinion. The drive shaft is not solidly bolted to the gearbox and the final drive, which moves up and down with wheel-spring movement. Two separate actions are

3、produced by this movement. First, the distance between the gearbox and the differential changes as the differential moves up and down. As the springs compress and the differential moves up, the distance increases. As the springs expand and the differential moves down, the distance decreases. Second,

4、 the driving angle changes as the differential moves up and down. Therefore, the shaft must have some allowance for motion between the final drive and gearbox. 传动轴把来自变速器主轴的驱动力传递到主减速器小齿轮。驱动轴并不是坚固地用螺栓固定在变速器和随着车轮弹簧上下运动的主减速器上。两个独立的作用是由这个运动所产生的。第一，在变速器和差速器之间的距离随着差速器上下移动而变化。当弹簧压紧，差速器向上运动时，距离增加。当弹簧膨胀，差速器向下

5、运动时，距离减少。第二，传动角随着差速器上下运动而变化。因此，轴在主减速器和变速器之间运动时必须有一些公差。,The shaft is long so an intermediate shaft is additionally used. One end of the intermediate shaft is connected to the gearbox output shaft and the other, to the main propeller shaft. The intermediate shaft rotates in a center bearing consisting

6、 of a support, a rubber pillow and a ball bearing (Fig.5.1). 轴很长，因此需要额外地使用一根中间轴。中间轴的一端和变速器输出轴相连，另一端与主传动轴相连。中间轴以一个支承点为中心旋转，这个中心支承点由支座橡皮垫座和球轴承组成（图5.1）。,3.1 Slip Joint,Since the propeller shaft tends to shorten and lengthen with the up-and-down differential movement, a device must be included to permit

7、 this action. The device used is called a slip joint. It is located either at the front or at the rear of the propeller shaft. It consists of the externally splined slip yoke and the internally splined front shaft. When the slip joint is assembled, the yoke enters the shaft. The two must turn togeth

8、er because of the splines. However, the yoke can slip in the shaft to shorten or lengthen the effective length of the propeller shaft. 由于传动轴随着差速器上下运动而趋于缩短和加长，那么必须包括一个允许这种动作的装置。这个使用的装置被称为滑动连接。它或者位于传动轴的前部或者位于传动轴的后部。它是由外部用花键接合的滑动叉和内部用花键接合的前轴组成。当滑动连接装配好时，叉进入轴。这两者由于花键必须一起转动。然而，叉能够在轴内滑动，以缩短和加长传动轴的有效长度。,3.

9、2 Universal Joints,To take care of the differences in the angle of drive as the differential moves up and down, the propeller shaft has one or more universal joints. It is essentially a double-hinged joint through which the driving shaft can transmit power to the driven shaft, even though the two sh

10、afts are somewhat out of line with each other. 为了照顾随着差速器上下运动传动轴之间的差异，传动轴有一个或者两个万向节。它实质上是一个双铰链连接，驱动轴能通过它把动力传给被动轴，尽管这两根轴并不完全在一条直线上。 Each of the two shafts has a Y-shaped yoke on the end. Between the yokes is a center member shaped like a cross. The four arms of this cross member are assembled in beari

11、ngs in the ends of the shaft yokes. The bearings permit the cross-member arms to turn in the yokes. The driving shaft causes the cross member to rotate in with it. At the same time the cross member causes the driven member to rotate. 这两根轴中每一根轴在末端都有一个Y形的叉。在两个叉之间有一个十字形的中心件。这个横粱的四个臂在轴叉的末端装配在支承点上。支承点允许横

12、梁臂在叉内转动。驱动轴引起横梁随着驱动轴旋转。同时横梁引起从动件旋转。,4 The Rear Axle 4.1 The Final Drive,The engine crankshaft being arranged at right angles to the rear axle, it follows that at the back axle some form of gearing must be provided to transmit the power to each of the rear wheels, and at right angles to the propeller

13、 shaft. There are several forms of gearing which allow power to be transmitted form one shaft to another at right angles to it, and without any appreciable loss of power. 发动机曲轴和后轴成直角，因此必须在后轴上安装某种类型的齿轮装置，以便把动力传递到其轴线与传动轴成直角的每个后轮上。有几种形式的齿轮装置，这几种形式的齿轮装置允许把动力从一根轴传递到与其成直角的另一根轴，没有任何明显的功率损失。,The final drive

14、 is designed to give a reduction ratio of between 4:1and 5:1 in modern cars, so that the rear wheels are thus driven at 1/4 to 1/5of engine speed when top or direct drive gear is engaged in the gearbox. The principal types employed in motor-car practice are (1) The Bevel Gear, and (2) The Worm and W

15、orm Wheel. In the case of the bevel gear, which consists merely of two toothed cones meshing together, their axles meeting in a point, a smaller bevel gear attached to the rear end of the propeller shaft or its flexible coupling, meshes with a large bevel, known as the Crown Wheel which is attached

16、to a gearing, known as the differential gear, driving the two rear wheels. 在现代轿车上主减速器被设计，以提供在4：1和5：1之间的减速比，以便当顶部驱动齿轮或直接驱动齿轮与变速器相啮合时，后轮以1/4到1/5的发动机转速被驱动。在汽车惯例中使用的主要类型是：（1）锥齿轮，（2）蜗杆和蜗轮。就锥齿轮来说，它不过是由两个啮合在一起的带齿锥体所组成，这两个锥体的轴线相交在一点。小锥齿轮用挠性联轴节（即万向节）与传动轴后端相连，并与称为冠形齿轮的大锥齿轮相啮合，大锥齿轮与一个称为差速器的齿轮传动装置相连接，以驱动两个后轮。,4

17、.2 Differential,When a vehicle is cornered the inner wheel moves through a shorter distance than the outer wheel. This means that the inner wheel must slow down and the outer wheel must speed up. During this period it is desirable that each driving wheel maintains its driving action. The differentia

18、l performs these two tasks. 当车辆转弯时，内侧车轮要比外侧车轮移动的距离要短。这就意味着内侧车轮必须减慢，外侧车轮必须加速。在这个时期，要求每个驱动车轮保持它的驱动作用。差速器完成这两个任务。,The principle of the bevel type differential can be seen if the unit is considered as two discs and a lever.Fig.5.2 如果锥形差速器被作为是两个圆盘和一个杠杆进行考虑的话图5.2，能够看出锥形差速器的原理。 When the vehicle is travelin

19、g straight, the lever will divide the driving force equally and both discs will move the same amount. 当车辆直线行驶时，杠杆把驱动力平分，两个圆盘会移动相同的距离。,When the vehicle corners, the driving force will still be divided equally but the inner disc will mow move through a smaller distance; this will cause the lever to pi

20、vot about its center which will prize forward the outer disc to give it a greater movement. This action shows that the torque applied to each driving wheel is always equalhence the differential is sometimes called a torque equalizer. 当车辆转弯时，驱动力将仍然被平分，但是内侧圆盘现在会移动短一点的距离，这会引起杠杆去绕它的中心在枢轴上摆动，这会把外侧圆盘向前推动，

21、以提供更大的移动距离。这个作用表明应用到每一个驱动轮上的转矩总是相同的差速器有时被称为转矩平衡装置。,三、解环法 这种方法适用于翻译“连环式”后置定语或定语从句，也就是当原文中的一个中心词(组)被若干个定语(从句)一环扣一环地修饰时，可先将中心词(组)译出，或把中心词(组)与靠近它的一个或两个后置定语(从句)译成汉语偏正词组，然后顺着“修饰环”依次翻译其余成分。 采用这种方法译出的句子层次分明,脉络清楚。由于科技英语中“连环式”修饰语出现较多，所以“解环法”具有较大的实用价值。例如： A flight simulator is a perfect example of programs tha

22、t create a virtual reality, or computer-generated “reality” in which the user dose not merely watch but is able to actually participate. 译文：飞行模拟器是创造虚拟现实的程序的一个完美例子，或者也可以叫它计算机生成的“现实”，在这个“现实”中，用户不仅能看，而且能实际参与。 (比较：飞行模拟器是创造虚拟现实，或者也可以叫它计算机生成的，用户不仅能看，而且能实际参与的“现实”的程序的一个完美例子。),复杂定语(从句)的翻译技巧之二,复杂定语(从句)的翻译技巧之二

23、,三、解环法 再如：Object-oriented databases store and manipulate more complex data structures, called “object”, which are organized into hierarchical classes that may inherit properties from classes higher in the chain; this database structure is the most flexible and adaptable. 译文：面向对象的数据库可以存储并处理更加复杂的数据结构，

24、这种数据结构称为“对象”，“对象”可以按层次组成“类”，低层的“类”可以继承上层“类”的属性；这是一种最灵活，最具适应性的数据结构。 (比较：面向对象的数据库可以存储并处理更加复杂的、称为“对象”的，可以按层次组成“类”的，低层的“类”可以继承上层“类”属性的数据结构；这是一种最灵活，最具适应性的数据结构。) 在英语科技文献中，对于某些连环式修饰语，有时还需同时借助“先提后叙法”，才能使语句顺畅。例如：,复杂定语(从句)的翻译技巧之二,It (chapter 2) provides numerous solutions for protecting problems associated wi

25、th any type of instruments using microprocessors that must be protected when voltage supply fluctuates. 此句属连环式修饰。由于各个修饰环扣得很紧原文中，protecting problems 并非仅仅与 associated with instruments有关， (定语从句本身带有一个较长的状语)。因此，译成汉语时，为了使修饰成分紧扣修饰对象，既不宜直接译成偏正词组这会造成“大肚子”句，见译文(1)；也不宜用“解环法”法逐个翻译修饰环这会导致修饰语与中心词关系松弛，见译文(2)。此时可采用

26、“解环法+先提后叙法”，也就是先译出一两个修饰环，再用“这样的”、“这样一些”等词语“扣”住中心词，最后叙述具体修饰内容。这样，不但句子修饰关系明确，而且行文较为流畅，见译文(3)。 (1) 第二章提供与使用当供电电压波动时必须加以保护的微处理器的任何类型仪器有关的保护问题的许多解决办法。 (2) 第二章提供与任何类型仪器有关的保护问题的许多保护办法，这类仪器使用微处理器，这些微处理器当供电电压波动时必须予以保护。 (3) 第二章提供解决某些保护问题的许多办法，这些保护问题与任何使用这样一些微处理器的仪器有关：当供电电压波动时时，必须予以保护。,复杂定语(从句)的翻译技巧之二,三、解环法+先提

27、后叙法 例句. This is a software of flight simulator running on personal computers, intended primarily for computer-aided instruction which requires providing practice navigation and instruments reading while users immerse in the virtual environment. 这个句子中的修饰关系也是“连环式”。由于某些修饰环(如 of 和running , intended 和whi

28、ch )扣得紧，加上which引导的定语从句本身含有一个 while 引导的状语从句，所以此句也适于采用“解环法+先提后叙法”。全句可译为： 这是一个运行于个人计算机的飞行模拟器软件，这种软件主要用于如下计算机辅助教学：当用户投入虚拟环境时，它必须提供导航和仪表读数。 由此可见，翻译“连环式”修饰成分要因句制宜，灵活处理，不能只着眼于表面的修饰关系，还要考虑“修饰环”之间的紧密程度。通常，如果“修饰环”彼此关系较松，适于采用“解环法”；要是“扣”得很紧，则可采用“解环法+先提后叙法”。,复杂定语(从句)的翻译技巧之二,四、句子结构调整法 有时，原文句中一个中心词带有若干修饰成分，但它们既不是纯

29、“并列”头系，也不是规则的“连环”关系，而是“并列”中有“连环”(例1)，或“连环”中含不规则“修饰环”(例2)；或者句中各有一个分别被“连环式”定语和“并列式”定语所修饰的中心词(例3)；或者中心词的定语从句本身又含有其他修饰成分(例4)。由于这类句子所含的修饰关系比较复杂，很难纳入上述几种译法予以表达，此时就应该根据上下文的逻辑关系，调整句子结构。常用的方法是：“化整为零”，将带有多重定语(从句)的长句拆译成若干汉语短句，然后按汉语表达习惯组织译文句子。例如: 例1. An operating system is a master control program, permanently stored in memory, that interprets user commands requesting various kind of service, such as display, print, or copy a data file, list all files in a directory, or execute a particular program. 译文：操作系统是主控程序，永久地驻留在内存中，它理解用户的各种指令：如显示、打印文件，将目录中所有文件列表，或者执行一个特殊的程序。 (比较：操作系统是永久地驻留在