学术英语写作English Academic Writing

1、English Academic Writing 英语学术论文写作/ 学术英语写作,Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Researching the Topic Chapter 3 Data Collection and Evaluation Chapter 4 Writing Style Chapter 5 Paper Writing Chapter 6 Abstract Chapter 7 International Conference Chapter 8 Letters for Different Academic Purposes,Chapter 1

2、Introduction 1.1 Definition of Academic Writing,- to summarize or synthesize information and ideas gathered from research - to explain, compare and contrast, evaluate, or analyze concepts, events, and phenomenon - to argue for or against a position in an ongoing debate,1.2 Characteristics of Good Ac

3、ademic Writing,For all writings: - Unity: a harmonious whole - Coherence: well connected, logical relations - Emphasis: stress to important ideas - Development: elaboration and expansion - Clarity: precise, concise, lucid,For Academic Writing:,- It is based on extensive research of proved facts and

4、authoritative testimony. first-hand experiments field research library research - The authors voice tends to be objective and neutral. unemotional - The style tends to be formal. academic periodicals, accurate information,- Appropriate diction. colloquialisms and slang expressions be avoided, techni

5、cal terms, abbreviation - Syntactical level. long complex sentence, simple-present tense, passive voice, non-finite verbs (participles, infinitives, gerunds) - Neat appearance and format.,1.3 Differences between the papers published inside and outside China,1.3.1 Papers published in China Chinese an

6、d English titles, Chinese and English abstract, Chinese and English keywords, The body, References, Appendix, Information about the author,1.3.2 Papers published outside China Title, Abstract, Introduction, The body, Conclusions and recommendations, Acknowledgement, References, Appendix,1.4 Procedur

7、es of Academic Writing,Step 1: Choice of Topic Choose a general topic Write a rough proposal Limit the topic to a plausible one Step 2: Collection and Evaluation of Data Collect books, journals and research articles Evaluate data collected Photocopy data Prepare note and bibliography cards,Step 3: D

8、evelopment of Outline Decide on organization of paper Arrange notes by subheadings Develop paper outline Step 4: Writing Study and follow outline for first draft Make adjustments as needed Step 5: Revision, Editing and References Revise content and organization Adjust style and tone,Correct diction,

9、 spelling, grammar, punctuation as necessary Document all the sources quoted Step 6: Preparation of Abstract Observe abstract word limit Ensure accuracy, brevity and clarity Step 7: Preparation of Final Details Assemble all parts Make final revision Prepare References section Write acknowledgements,

10、Chapter 2 Researching the Topic,2.1 Principles of Title Selection - Value Principle - Scientific Principle - Innovative Principle - Feasibility Principle 2.2 Methods for Choosing a Title - Consult your professor or an expert -Participate in academic conferences and academic lectures,- Select from pu

11、zzling problems - Read books and newspapers - Choose from your own interests - Literature review 2.3 Ways to Narrow Down Titles Example: Literature Literary Criticism Literary Criticism at Cambridge The Tradition and Development of Literary Criticism at Cambridge,Exercise: Humanities,2.4 Formats for

12、 Title Examples: 1) OSCILLATIONS IN GRANULAR DYNAMICS 2) Structural Analyses Based on a Point Charge Model 3) Fast atom bombardment mass spectra of nebramycin within 15 words 4) Coronary Artery Disease: Diet and patient Health,2.5 Tables and Figures,2.5.1 Tables - A table should be self-contained. -

13、 A table is usually placed in a position near its relevant description. - Provide each table with a number (eg: Table1, Table2, etc.) and a title. - The title should be clear, concise, complete and accurate. - Sometimes a note is added at the bottom of the table.,Example:,Table 2-6 Correlation betwe

14、en variables,*Note: .,2.5.2 Figures, Graphs - can be used to compare two variables Drawings and Photographs - to illustrate organisms, experimental apparatus, models of structures, etc. Types of figures Line charts Bar charts 3) Pie charts,2.6 Cause and Effect,2.6.1 Cause-Effe

15、ct Paragraph Development Pattern: Effect 1 Cause Effect 2 Effect 3 2.6.2 Effect-Cause Paragraph,Development Pattern: Cause 1 Effect Cause 2 Cause 3,Exercise1: Analyze the structure of this paragraph and try to determine the effect and its causes. Then find the linking words in the paragraph.,The rol

16、e of women in todays society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the womens movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests se

17、rve as role models for other women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.,Exercise 2: Combine the following two sentences expressing the cause-and-effect relationship.,He escaped from his orphanage. He was distressed

18、 by the brutal conditions there. 2) He had a rough life in Moscow. He had no family to turn to. 3) He was not easily to be captured. He had learned not to trust adults.,Chapter 3 Data Collection and Evaluation,3.1 Principles of Data Collection and selection 3.1.1 Centered around the theme 3.1.2 True

19、 and verifiable（可证实的) 3.1.3 Typical 3.1.4 Novel,3.2 Developing an Outline,3.2.1 Two Main Components for Effective Outlines Parallelism Example: Choose Desired Colleges Prepare Application Compile Resume Subordination,Example: Describe an influential person in your life A. Favorite hi

20、gh school teacher B. Grandparent,3.3 Types of Outlines,3.3.1 Alphanumeric（由字母数字组成的） Outlines - Roman Numerals - Capitalized Letters - Arabic Numerals - Small Letters - Arabic Numerals within Brackets - Small Letters within Brackets,Example:,The College Application Process I. Choose Desired Colleges

21、A. Visit and evaluate college campuses B. Visit and evaluate college websites 1. look for interesting classes 2. Note important statistics a. Student/faculty ratio b. Retention rate II. Prepare Application A. Write Personal Statement 1. Choose interesting topic,a. Describe an influential person in y

22、our life (1) Favorite high school teacher (2) Grandparent 2. Include important personal details a. Volunteer work b. Participation in varsity sports B. Revise personal statement III. Compile resume A. List relevant coursework B. List work experience C. list volunteer experience 1. tutor at foreign l

23、anguage summer camp 2. counselor for suicide prevention hotline,3.3.2 Full Sentence Outlines,Example: I. Man-made pollution is the primary cause of global warming. A. Greenhouse gas emissions are widely identified as harmful by the scientific community. 1. The burning of coal and fossil fuels are th

24、e primary releasers of hazardous greenhouse gases.,3.3.3 Decimal （十进位的；小数的）Outlines,Example: Choose Desired College 1.1 Visit and evaluate college campuses 1.2 Visit and evaluate college websites 1.2.1 Look for interesting classes 1.2.2 Note important statistics,Exercise:,Suppose you have chosen a t

25、opic and found enough data to write your paper, now write an outline for your paper.,3.4 Comparison and Contrast,Two Ways for Organizing Comparison and Contrast - Subject-by-subject - Point-by-point,Example:,Subjects Points of C Smith, 1980; Taylor, 1983) More than three authors (1) Cyanide

26、has been found to inhibit enzyme action ( Grubb et al., 1985). Some journals just cite the sequence of the references in the text in order to save space.,(1) Vibration is used to prepare uniform granular mixtures or to segregate granular composites 3,7,12,16,19. Alongside mixing and segregat

27、ion of granular materials 4.2 References 4.2.1 APA (American Psychological Association) style: social sciences Print Sources: - Book by one author: #Sheril, R.D.(1956). The terrifying future: contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.,- Book by two authors or more: #Rubin, J., CBE (Council

28、 of Biology Editors) style, etc: natural sciences ACS style: - Book: #Anastas, P.T.; Warner, J.C. Green Chemistry: Theory and practice; Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1998. - Online Journal: #Borman, S. Sucrose Synthesis Sets A Record. Chem. Eng. News 【Online】1990, 78,52.,However, not all journals

29、 are in strict compliance with the style guides. Eg: Nature, Science,#British journal Nature: 1.Nagy, L. - a statement of the purpose and scope; - hypothesis and prediction. - the past or present tense, never the future tense Eg: #This study investigates the relationship between tree density and fru

30、it size. #The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of ,5.2 Research Methods 5.2.1 - qualitative: in liberal arts and social sciences observation, sound recordings, questionnaires, interviews, etc. - quantitative: in science pre-experimental research, experimental research. - descriptive:

31、 in liberal arts and social sciences between the qualitative and quantitative research methods. case study, group study, survey, development research, etc.,5.2.2 contains: -research methods and their reasons -subjects and sample selection -instruments -data collection methods and analysis methods fu

32、nction: to describe all experimental procedures, including controls.,Notice: -Experimental procedures and results are narrated in the past tense; conclusions from results are given in the present tense. -Experimental papers should address the materials, laboratory equipments, experimental processes.

33、,5.3 Results and Discussion 5.3.1 Results -The function is to summarize general trends in the data without comment, bias, or interpretation; -Data may be presented in figures and tables, but this may not substitute for a verbal summary of the findings. 5.3.2 Discussion Contain: -the relationship bet

34、ween the results and the original hypothesis, i.e., whether they support the hypothesis;,-an integration of your results with those of the previous studies in order to arrive at explanations for the observed phenomena; -possible explanations for unexpected results and observations; -end the discussi

35、on with a summary of the principle points you want the reader to remember.,5.4 Conclusions and Recommendations -The conclusion is a highly condensed summary of the paper, not a simple list of the research results, but rather reasonable inferences. It tests the authors comprehensive ability, theoreti

36、cal skills and logical thinking ability. -Recommendations often discuss the subject of further study, research programs, future prospects and directions. -Conclusions are useful insights drawn from the study; recommendations are further research projects based on the study.,Eg: In conclusion, the re

37、sult shows that To sum up, we have revealed that Finally, a summary is given of In this paper, we have described/discussed/found that,5.5 Acknowledgement -an optional item in the paper -If the author has received help from someone else in the course of the study, he/she should acknowledge this. -sho

38、uld be short and sincere. Usually only a short sentence, but there are also very long acknowledgements. -often located after the conclusion. - necessary to list the project number if it is funded by a foundation or institution.,Eg: We thank for We are grateful to for Special thanks are due to We app

39、reciate the support and efforts of This study was partly funded by This work was financially supported by grants from,Exercise: Suppose your research is supported by NSF of Jiangsu Province and the project number is BK205062. Write an acknowledgement to acknowledge their support.,Chapter 6 Abstract,

40、6.1 Definition a highly condensed version of a longer piece of writing that highlights the major points covered, concisely describes the content and scope of the writing, and reviews the writings contents in abbreviated form. 6.2 Features -avoid repetition; -usually are limited to one paragraph of n

41、o more than 250 words; -can stand alone;,-use the third person; -use the passive voice; -are highly signposted. 6.3 Contents -indicates the purpose of the paper; -states the method used; -states main findings or results; -gives conclusions based on the findings; -provides implications of the finding

42、s.,Chapter 7 International Conference,7.1 Useful Expressions Secretariat 大会秘书处 Organizing committee 组委会 Paper committee 论文委员会 Logistics committee 后勤委员会 Accompanying persons committee随行人员委员会 General chair 大会主席 Session chair 会议主席 Convener 会议召集人 Moderator 会议主持人,Meeting minutes 会议记录 Plenary session 全会、大

43、会 Keynote session 主旨发言大会（一般为全会） Panel session 专题讨论会、分组讨论会 Parallel session 分组会议 Research-in-progress session 在研项目研讨会 Question and answer session (Q&A)提问与答问时间 Oral presentation 口头报告 Poster presentation 张贴报告、展示报告 Prize address 获奖者发言 First-come, first-served 按先后顺序 Panelist 参加讨论会的成员,7.2 Session Modes,1)

44、 Keynote sessions 2) Oral sessions 3) Poster sessions 4) Research-in- Progress sessions 5) Discussion/Question & answer sessions,7.3 Letter Writing Heading Inside address Salutation Body Complimentary close 6) Signature,English Department Beijing foreign Studies University Beijing 100081, China Sept

45、.18, 2010 Editor Newsweek International 444 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10022 U.S.A. Dear Editor, xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx. Sincerely, (Signature) (Typed name),Sample 1: Inquiry About General Informatio

46、n,I am a Ph. D candidate in the Mathematics Department of Nanjing University, P. R. China. I have read the Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Reasoning About Knowledge and those of the previous meetings. Since the conference is held biennially, I assume the next one will be held in 2008. I am the

47、refore writing for general information about the forthcoming Conference, such as the date and venue, the topics, the keynote speakers and other details. I would be very much obliged if you could include me in your mailing list for the 2008 conference and for any further information pertinent to each

48、 of the forthcoming conferences. An early reply is greatly appreciated.,Sample 2: Applying for Travel Support,Thanks you for your letter dated Feb. 10, 2009. Im writing to you about the application for my travel support. I have discussed the problem of the financial fund for my attendance of the mee

49、ting with the director of our Institute. However, he told me that the Institute would cover only US $800 which is estimated to be only enough for the Conference fee and the accommodations. I therefore write to you to ask the possibility of my travel support to and from Denver. Your kind consideratio

50、n of this matter will be much appreciated. I look forward to hearing your favorable reply.,Sample 3: Cover Letter for Submitting a Paper,Enclosed herewith is the full text of the paper titled “The Rise of Primitive Taoism and Social Order in the Han Dynasty” by Li Tian, et al. We hope it can be acce

51、pted by the Conference and presented as an oral presentation. Please contact me at my address and numbers given below for all correspondence relating to this submission, for Im serving as the corresponding author, though Im not the first author and the presenting author of this paper. Thank you.,Exe

52、rcise 1: Write a letter to an international organization to apply for possible financial assistance for your attendance of a meeting. Exercise 2: Write a letter to submit your paper to a world congress and say something about your presentation preference.,Chapter 8 Letters for Different Academic Pur

53、poses,8.1 Letters for Publishing Papers in English Journals 8.1.1 Some related words and expressions Guide to authors 投稿指南、作者须知 Scope of interest 选题范围 Editor-in-chief 总编 Line editor 责编 Prereviewer 预审人 Peer-review 同行评审 Acknowledgement of receipt 收稿通知,Use anonymous reviewer 匿名评审；“背对背”审稿 On-line Status

54、 Inquiry 论文受理情况网上查询系统 Not considered elsewhere 未投寄他刊 Guest editor 特邀编辑 Special issue 专辑 Reviewers/referees report/statement/evaluation/ criticism/suggestion/opinion 审稿人意见；评阅人意见 Quarterly 季刊 Weekly 周刊 Monthly 月刊 Bimonthly 双月刊 Annual/year book 年刊，年鉴,8.1.2 Some example letters Sample 1: A common cover

55、letter I enclose two copies of my paper entitled “Model-Based Automatic Programming for Plant Control”. I should like to have it published in your journal. Thank you for your consideration.,Sample 2: Cover letter claiming no other editorial consideration Enclosed are two complete copies of a manuscr

56、ipt by Liu Hengfei and Lin Yingjie titled “” which is being submitted for possible publication in Journal of X. This manuscript is new, is not being considered elsewhere, and reports new findings that extend results we reported earlier in “” published in Journal of X. Correspondence regarding this m

57、anuscript should be sent to me at the address of Nanjing University shown in the above letterhead where I am now studying in a Ph. D. program (not the address shown on the manuscript, from which laboratory I have recently moved).,Sample 3: Acknowledgement of receipt We acknowledge the receipt of you

58、r paper entitled “Modeling Rational Players” by Wang Hui and zhu Guangqiang. The paper is undergoing the refereeing process now. I will send you the referees statements as soon as I hear from them. Thank you for your consideration.,Sample 4: Authors letter about modifications made according to the reviewers comments Enclosed are two copies of the revised manuscript of the above-referenced paper