定语从句-全解

1、定语从句定语从句-全解全解 I. 定义：定语是修饰名词或代词的成分,定语可由单词、短语来充当。当用一个句子来充当 名词或代词的修饰语时，这种起定语作用的句子就被称为定语从句。 They have a clever son. Do you know the man over there? I know the man who wrote the book. II. 要点： 1 定语从句的前面都有先行词（被修饰语） This is the boy whom we are looking for 2 定语从句应紧跟在先行词之后 3 先行词与定语从句之间要有关系词（有时可省略） 4 关系词在定语从句中

2、充当某一成分 The girl who is standing under the tree is my sister. The man whom you want to see has come. III. 关系词基本用法 主格宾格所有格 人whowhomwhose 物whichwhichof which 但 that 一般可用来代替 who, whom, which,作宾格时可省略 Do you remember the teacher that/who taught us English? A bookstore is a store that/which sells books. Th

3、e man (that/whom/who) you know is a famous professor. A) that 不能用来替代 who, whom, which 的两种情况 1） “介词+whom/which”的结构中，不能用 that She is a good student from whom we should learn. 2) 在非限制性定语从句中，逗号后面不能用 that She sang a new song, which we like very much. 注意：非限制性定语从句的关系代词不能省略注意：非限制性定语从句的关系代词不能省略 B) 用 that 不用

4、which 的一些特殊情况 1)先行词为 all, much, little, something, anything, everything, nothing 等 Is there anything (that) I can do for you? 2)先行词前有形容词最高级修饰 This is the most exciting report that I have ever read. 3)先行词前有 first, last, next, only, very, all, any 等词修饰 The first step (that) we are to take is very diff

5、icult. 4)先行词同时含有“人”和“非人”时，用 that 不用 which，也不用 who/whom He talked about the people and the books that interested him. C) 关系副词 when, where, why 用关系副词 when 时，它的先行词是表示时间的名词，用 where 时先行词是表示地点的 名词，而用 why 时它的先行词只可能是 reason，使用时应注意以下几点： 1） 关系代词的选择主要是看先行词在从句中所作的成分 This is the city where I was born. This is th

6、e city (which/that) he has visited I dont know the reason why she is late. That is the reason (which/that) everybody knows Do you still remember the day when he arrived? Do you still remember the day (that/which) we spent together? 2） 关系副词 when,where, why 可由“介词+which”的结构来替代 Is this the reason for wh

7、ich they came? He left the day on which I came. 注意：注意：how 不能用来引导定语从句不能用来引导定语从句 This is the way how he did it. D) As 作关系代词的用法 与 the same, such 连用 This is the same book as I read last week. Such books as I have read are classical works. 练习： 1.The book _ is yellow was given to me by Mr. Li. A) its cove

8、rC) whose cover B) its coverD) the cover of that 2.Who was the grey-haired old woman _ at yesterdays meeting? A) we saw herC) we saw B) we saw whomD) she was seen 3.He makes good use of the time _ he can spare. A) whenC) that B) in thatD) in which 4.I dont know the room _ A) where our headmaster liv

9、es in B) our headmaster lives in C) in that our headmaster lives D) in which does our headmaster live 5.This is the least interesting book _ A) which I have ever readC) what I have ever read B) I have ever readD) which I have ever read 6.You must do everything _ I have told you to. A) which B) thatC

10、) when D) how 7.Has all _ can be done _? A) what/doneC) that/been done B) that/be doneD) what/ already done 8.Oct. 1, 1949 is the day _ even a small child can well remember. A) whenB) thatC) what D) why 9.That was the room _ they pretended to be working hard. A) whichB) in thatC) in whichD) that 10.

11、 This is the reason _ I love to read the story. A) WhyB) becauseC) whenD) since 11. She had three sons, all _ became doctors. A) of whichB) whichC) of whomD) who 12. Have you bought the same dictionary _ I referred to yesterday? A) thatB) whichC) whatD) as 13. The doctor _ stepped in. A) Della was w

12、aiting for him B) whom Della was waiting C) Della was waiting for D) who Della was waiting 14. I want to buy such a dictionary _ you bought last week. A) thatB) whatC) like D) as 15. This is the TV station _ we visited last year. A) WhereB) thatC) to whichD) in which 16. Do you still remember the da

13、ys _ we spent together in Australia? A) whenB) during whichC) whichD) on which 17. Have you ever asked him the reason _ may explain his absence? A) whyB) whenC) that D) what 18. Mary is good at English and mathematics, _ we all know very well in our school. A) thatB) whatC) /D) as 19. Lets go and vi

14、sit Mr. Brown, _ you know visited us last year. A) thatB) whoC) whomD) whose 20. She is pleased with _ you have given her and _ you have told her. A) that/thatB) what/thatC) what/all whatD) all/what 21. I, who _ your friend, will try my best to help you. A) beB) am C) areD) is 22. Ill remember the d

15、ays and nights _ we were together in Australia. A) whenB) thatC) at whichD) at when 23. The world _ is made up of matter. A) in that we liveC) on which we live B) where we live in D) we live in 24. This is the most difficult book _. A) what I have ever readC) which I have ever read B) I have ever re

16、ad itD) that I have ever read 25. There comes a time in every mans life _. A) then he has to thinkC) when he has to think B) therefore he has to thinkD) about which he has to think 26. He spoke confidently, _ impressed me most. A) so that B) thatC) it D) which 27. He took down a square green bottle,

17、 _ he poured into a dish. A) its contentB) which contentC) the content of which D) the content of that 28. It wasnt such a good dinner _ she had promised us. A) that B) whichC) asD) what 29. All _ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life. A) what is neededB) for our needsC) the thing

18、neededD) that is needed 30. The goals _ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him. A) after whichB) for whichC) with whichD) at which 31. The time is not far away _ modern communications will become widespread in Chinas vast countryside. A) whenB) asC) untilD) before 32. The resid

19、ents, _ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross. A) all whose homesB) all their homes C) all of whose homesD) all of their homes 33. Language is a city, to the building of _ every human being brought a stone. A) whichB) thatC) itD) this 34. You will want two trees about ten f

20、eet apart, from _ to suspend your tent. A) thereB) themC) whereD) which 35. The mere fact _ most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur. A) whatB) whichC) thatD) why 36. The course normally attracts 20 students per year, _ up to half will be from overseas. A

21、) of whomB) for whomC) with whichD) in which 37. Ive never been to Beijing, but its the place _. A) where Id like to visitB) I most want to visit C) in which Id like to visitD) that I want to visit it most 38. We grow all our own fruit and vegetables, _ saves money, of course. A) whichB) asC) thatD)

22、 what 39. Today the public is much concerned about the way _. A) nature is being ruinedB) which nature is ruined C) on which to ruin natureD) of nature to be ruined 英语关系副词用法说明英语关系副词用法说明 一、关系副词的特点一、关系副词的特点 关系副词用于引出定语从句，英语的关系副词主要有 when, where, why 三个。如： Sunday is the day when very few people go to wor

23、k. 星期日是没什么人上班的日子 。 Thats the reason why he dislikes me. 这就是他不喜欢我的原因。 Do you know a shop where I can find sandals? 你知道哪家商店我能找到凉鞋吗？ 注：关系副词用于引出定语从句，且在从句中用作状语。关系副词 when 表示时间， where 表示地点，why 表示原因。 二、使用关系副词应注意的几点二、使用关系副词应注意的几点 1. how 不能用作关系副词，不要想当然地将 how 用作关系副词置于 the way 后表示 方式： 他说话就是那个样子。 误：This is the w

24、ay how he spoke. 正：This is how he spoke. / This is the way (that, in which) he spoke. 2. 关系副词 when 和 where 既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句， 但 why 只能引导限制性定语从句，不能引导非限制性定语从句(若引导非限制性定语从句 ，可用 for which reason)。 3. 引导定语从句时，when 的先行词为时间，where 的先行词为地点，why 的先行词 为原因(主要是 the reason)，但是反过来却不一定。如： Dont forget the time

25、(that) Ive told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间。 Do you know the house (that) he bought recently? 你知道他最近买的那座房子吗？ Please tell me the reason (that) you know. 请告诉我你所知道的原因吧。 关系副词用法小归纳关系副词用法小归纳 when 的用法的用法 关系副词 when 在定语从句中用作状语，表示时间，用以修饰表示时间的先行词； 在许多情况下可以理解为“介词+which”的意思(which 的意思与先行词所表示的意思等价) ，其中的“介词”通常应根据先行词的含与搭配来确定。如

26、： 1988 was the year when he was born. 1988 是他的出生年。 句中的 when he was born 为修饰 the year 的定语从句，关系副词 when 在此相当于 in which。表示在某一年，英语习惯上用介词 in，如 in 1988, in 2008 等，所以此处用 i n which。 Ill never forget the day when I first met you. 我永远不会忘记第一次见你的那天 。 句中的 when I first met you 为修饰 the day 的定语从句，关系副词 when 在此相当 于 on

27、 which。表示在某一天，英语习惯上用介词 on，如 on that day, on Friday 等，所 以此处用 on which。 Dont forget the time when the wedding will start. 不要忘记婚礼开始的时间。 句中的 when the wedding will start 为修饰 the time 的定语从句，关系副词 when 在 此相当于 at which。表示在某一时刻，英语习惯上用介词 at，如 at that time, at the mo ment 等，所以此处用 at which。 where 的用法的用法 关系副词 whe

28、re 在定语从句中也是用作状语，表示地点，用以修饰表示地点的先行 词；在许多情况下也可以理解为“介词+which”的意思(which 的意思与先行词所表示的意 思等价)，其中的“介词”通常应根据先行词的含与搭配来确定。如： What is the name of the town where you live? 你住的那个城市叫什么名字? 句中的 where you live 为修饰 the town 的定语从句，关系副词 where 在此相当于 in which。表示在住在某城市，英语习惯上说明 live in a city，所以此处用 at which。 This cross marks

29、the spot where she died. 这个十字符号标明她死去的地点。 句中的 where she died 为修饰 the spot 的定语从句，关系副词 where 在此相当于 at which。表示在在某一地点，英语习惯上说明 at a spot，所以此处用 at which。 关系副词 when 主要用于修饰表示地点的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。 如： This is the village where he was born. 这就是他出生的村子。 Thats the hotel where we were staying last summer. 这就是我们去年

30、夏天住的旅馆 。 Barbary was working in Aubury, where she went daily in a bus. 巴巴拉在奥伯里工 作，每天得坐公共汽车去上班。 与前面 when 的情况一样，注意不要一见到先行词为地点名词，就以为一定要用关系 副词 where 来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分如果在定语从 句中用作地点状语，就用 where；如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语，而是用作主语或 宾语，那就不能用 where，而要用 that, which 等。如： He works in a factory that which makes TV s

31、ets. 他在一家电视机厂工作。 关系代词 that / which 在定语从句中用作主语。 另外注意，where 有时还可用于抽象名词后引导定语从句。如： We have reached a point where a change is needed. 我们到了必须改一改的地步。 There are cases where the word “mighty” is used as an adverb. 在一些情况下，mi ghty 一词可用作副词。 He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wr

32、ong. 他陷入一 种难以分辨是非的局面。 I dont want a job where Im chained to a desk all day. 我不想找一份整天坐办公桌 前的工作。 关系代词 where 与 from where 有何区别 where 用作关系副词引导定语从句时，由于它本身在意义上相当于“介词+which”，所 以其前通常无需再用介词。如： This is the hotel where (=in / at which) they were staying. 这就是他们当时住的旅店 。 She has a safe in her closet where (=in wh

33、ich) she keeps her jewelry. 她在壁橱内装 有一个保险箱存放她的珠宝。 但有时我们也可见到 from where 的用法，这时因为 from 是一个比较特殊的介词，因 为它有时可以后接介词短语作宾语。如： Come out from under the table. 从桌子下边出来。 所以，尽管关系副词 where 在意义上相当于“介词+which”，有时由于语义的需要， 也可在 where 之前使用介词 from。如： We went up to the roof, from where we had a good view of the procession. 我

34、们爬 上屋顶，从那儿可以很好地观看游行。 关系副词关系副词 that 的用法的用法 that 只能引导限制性定语从句，充当关系副词时，其作用相当于：“介词+关系代词”， 在从句中充当时间、地点、方式、原因状语等。如： 1. 在定语从句中作时间状语。现行词有：each time, every time, anytime, the first tim e, the moment, the minute, the hour, etc. 但现代英语中，that 往往省略。如： Each time (that) I meet him, he will smile and say “hello”. 每次我

35、会见他时，他 都会笑着说“喂，你好!” 2. 在定语从句中作方式状语, 现行词是 way, 如： Can you show me the way (that) you solve the problem like this? 请告诉我你解决 这类问题的方法好吗？ 3. 在定语从句中作原因状语，现行词只有 reason 一词，如： I dont know the reason (that) he has left school now. 我不知道他辍学的原因。 4. 在定语从句中做其他状语，现行词如 price, speed 等，如： I think the price (that) she s

36、ells her apple is too high. (that = at which) 我认为她卖 苹果的价格太高。 why 的用法的用法 关系副词 why 在定语从句中也是用作状语，表示原因；why 引导定语从句时，其先 行词只有一个，那就是 the reason；在许多情况下 why 也可以理解为 for which。如： These are the reasons why we do it. 这些就是我们这样做的理由。 句中的 why we do it 为修饰 the reason 的定语从句，关系副词 why 在此相当于 for which。 Do you know the rea

37、son why she doesnt like me? 你知道她不喜欢我的原因吗? 句中的 why she doesnt like me 为修饰 the reason 的定语从句，关系副词 why 在 此相当于 for which。 why 是一个比较特殊的关系副词，它引导定语从句时，除可换成 for which 外，有 时也可换成 that，甚至省略。如： 他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。 正：The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank. 正：The main reason for which he lost his job wa

38、s that he drank. 正：The main reason that he lost his job was that he drank. 正：The main reason he lost his job was that he drank. 关系代词关系代词 who, whom, whose 用法说明用法说明 关系代词关系代词 who, whom)的用法的用法 who 和 whom 均只用于指人，不用于指事或物，其中 who 在定语从句中用作主语，wh om 在定语从句中用作宾语。如： I met a girl who knew your sister. 我碰到一个认识你姐姐的姑

39、娘。 In Berlin, he first met the woman whom he would one day marry. 在柏林，他第一 次遇见那个女人，后来他终于跟她结了婚。 She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadnt met before. 她把我介绍给她丈夫 ，我以前没见过他。 但是，用作宾语的 whom 如果不是紧跟在介词之后，通常会被省略或用 who, that 代之 。如： The person to whom I complained is the manager. 我向他投诉的那个人是经理。 The person (w

40、ho, whom, that) I complained to is the manager. 我向他投诉的那个人 是经理。 关系代词关系代词 whose 的用法的用法 1 关系代词 whose 既可用于指人，也可用于指事或物，它在定语从句中主要用作定语。 如： She is the woman whose car was stolen. 她就是汽车被盗的那个女人。 This is the house whose windows were broken. 这就是窗户被打破了的房子。 Mrs. Gray, whose children are in college, is trying to g

41、et a job. 格雷太太的孩子们 都在上大学，她想找一份工作。 His house, whose windows were all broken, was a depressing sight. 他的房子窗户无 一完好，一派令人心酸的景象。 关系代词关系代词 whose 的用法的用法 2 大家知道，关系代词 who 只用于指人，不用于指物。我们是不是可以推出，关系代词 whose 也只用于指人不用于指物呢？不能！事实上，用作关系代词的 whose 既可用于指人 ，也可用于指物，同时还可以指动物，它在定语从句中用作定语，修饰其后的名词。 一、指人的用法一、指人的用法 The boys who

42、se names were called stood up. 叫到名字的男孩们站了起来。 The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him. 电影讲的是一个被他妻子出卖的间 谍。 He was an officer whose career meant everything to him. 他是一名军旅生涯对他来 说就是一切的军官。 The girl whose work got the prize is the youngest in her class. 作品获奖的那个女孩 是她班上年纪最小的。 除引导限制性定语从句外，也可引导非限制性定语从句。

43、如： Chopin, whose works are world famous, composed some of his music in this room. 肖邦的作品是世界知名的，有些乐曲就是在这个房间里谱写的。 We went with Peter, whose car broke down before we were halfway there. 我们和彼 得一起去的，但是还没走到半路他的车子就抛了锚。 Ann, whose children are at school all day, is trying to get a job. 安的孩子们整天都 在学校，所以她在想办法找份

44、工作。 二、指物的用法二、指物的用法 The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied. 那个窗户破了的房子没人住。 Id like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 我想要一个窗户面临大海的房 间。 除引导限制性定语从句外，也可引导非限制性定语从句。如： His house, whose windows were all broken, was a depressing sight. 他的房子窗户无 一完好，一派令人心酸的景象。 三、指动物的用法三、指动物的用法 Wolves are hig

45、hly social animals whose success depends upon cooperation. 狼是高度 群体化的动物，它们的成功依赖于合作。 除引导限制性定语从句外，也可引导非限制性定语从句。如： My bitch, whose temper is very uncertain, often bites the judges at dog shows. 我的 母狗脾气不稳定，常常在狗展上咬裁判。 【做题小技巧做题小技巧】 对于考查关系代词 whose 的考题，掌握以下两点非常有用： 1. 它在定语从句中通常是用作定语，所以其后通常应有被修饰的名词。 2. which 有

46、时也可用作定语，但与 whose 在语义上有很大区别：which 在语义上相当 于 this 或 that，而 whose 在语义上则相当于 ones。比较并体会： It was an English novel whose name I have forgotten. 那是一本英语小说，书名我忘 了。 My father may have to go into hospital, in which case he wont be going on holiday. 我父亲可能需要住院，如果那样他就不去度假了。 【小练一下小练一下】 01. Cohen, _ contract expires

47、next week, is likely to move to play for a Europ ean club. A. hisB. whoseC. of himD. with whom 02. There was a picture in the paper of a man _ leg had been blown off. A. whichB. of whichC. thatD. whose 03. They meet in an old house, _ basement has been converted into a chapel. A. whichB. of whichC.

48、thatD. whose 04. Fraud detectives are investigating the company, three of _ senior executives have already been arrested. A. themB. whoC. whomD. these 05. Solar energy is an idea _ time has come. A. whatB. whichC. itsD. whose 【答案与解析】 01. B。his 是物主代词，不是关系代词，不能引导定语从句，所以不能选；在其余三 个选项中，只有 whose 能用于名词前作定语

49、，故选 B。 02. D。在四个选项中，只有 which 和 whose 能用于名词前作定语，故可排除 B 和 C 。而关系代词 which 和 whose 用于名词前作定语的区别是：which 具有 that 或 this 的语义 特征，而 whose 则具有 ones 的语义特征。 03. D。在所给的四个关系代词中，只有 which 和 whose 能用于名词前作定语，故可排 除 B 和 C。而关系代词 which 和 whose 用于名词前作定语的区别是：which 具有 that 或 this 的语义特征，而 whose 则具有 ones 的语义特征。 04. C。由于两个句子之间没

50、有并列连词，所以不能选 A 或 D；又因为是用于介词 of 之后作宾语，所以要用宾格 whom，不用 who。又如：The lorry crashed into a queue of p eople, several of whom had to have hospital treatment. 卡车冲进了一队人之中，其中有几 个不得不住院治疗。 05. D。引导定语从句且在定语从句中作定语的，有两个关系代词可以用，一个是 who se，一个是 which。其中 whose 相当于 ones 的意义，which 相当于 this 或 that 的意思。 关系代词关系代词 which 用法说明用

51、法说明 1. 既可引导限制性定语从句，也可用作非限制性定语从句。如： This is the photo (that) I took. 这就是我拍的照片。 The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames. 这条流经伦敦的河叫泰 晤士河。 2. which 引导定语从句时，它在从句中主要用作主语或宾语，但有时也可用作定语， 在意义上大致相当于 this 或 that。如： We told him to consult the doctor, which advice he took. 我们叫他去看医生，他听 取了我们的劝告。

52、 He is studying economics, which knowledge is very important today. 他学经济学，这 种知识现今很重要。 注意，它与用作定语的关系代词 whose 用法不同whose 引导定语从句时，它在意 义上大致相当于 ones。如： Wolves are highly social animals whose success depends upon cooperation. 狼是高度 群体化的动物，它们的成功依赖于合作。 3. 关系代词 which 原则上只指物，不指人；指人要用 who。但是，有时指的不是具体 的某人，而是指人的属性（

53、如职业、身份、地位、职务、品质、特征等），则要用 which 而不用 who。如： He talked like a scholar, which he was not. 他说起话来像个学者，其实他没什么学 问。 She talked like a native, which she hardly was. 她说起话来像是个本地人，其实她不 见得是。 They accused him of being a traitor, which he was. 他们指控他是叛徒，他真是叛徒 。 4. 注意不要一看到句前有逗号，就以为一定要用 which 来引导非限制性定语从句。如 以下几句逗号后的 th

54、at 均不能换成 which（原因是逗号前的句子为状语从句）： If a book is in English, that means slow progress for you. 如果一本书是用英语写的 ，那就意味着你要读慢些。 If hes only interested in your looks, that just shows how shallow he is. 如果他只对 你的相貌感兴趣，那就说明他相当浅薄。 When I say two hours, that includes time for eating. 我说两小时，那是包括了吃饭的 时间。 5. 比较下面两句，第一句用

55、了连词 but，其后用 them；第二句没用连词 but，其后用 w hich： She wrote a lot of novels, but none of them were popular.=She wrote a lot of novel s, none of which were popular. 她写过许多本小说，但没有一本是受欢迎的。 6. 有时可以见到“介词+关系代词+不定式”这样的结构（可视为一种紧缩的定语从句 ）。比较： She must have time in which to grow calm.=She must have time in which she can

56、 g row calm. 她必须有冷静下来时的时间。 She had some money in the bank, with which to help her mother.=She had some mo ney in the bank, with which she could help her mother. 她银行里有些钱用来帮助她的母 亲。 值得指出的是，这类结构中的介词不能没有，并且该介词也不能位于不定式后面，比 较： There the children had a garden in which to play.（很正式） There the children had a

57、garden in which they could play.（较正式） There the children had a garden to play in.（较口语化）在那儿孩子们有个可以玩耍 的花园。 但是不能说：There the children had a garden which to play in. 7. 有时可见到由 which 引导的非限制性定语从句单独成句。如： Mary is enormously respected. Which is not to say you are not an exceptionally able lady. 玛丽非常受尊重，但这并是说你

58、不是一位极为能干的女士。 关系代词与关系副词的区分办法关系代词与关系副词的区分办法 一般说来，当先行词是表示时间的名词时，其后要用关系副词 when 来引导定语从 句；先行词是表示地点的名词时，其后要用关系副词 where 来引导定语从句。但这只是 一般情况，有时会有特殊情况噢！不信你看看下面的句子： Dont forget the time that Ive told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间。 This is the house that he bought yesterday. 这就是他昨天买的那座房子。 这两句均含有定语从句，它们所修饰的先行词分别为 the time 和 the house，分别为 表示时间和地点的名词，但为什么后面接的是关系代词 that，而不是关系副词 when 和 w here 呢？ 要弄清这个问题，我们先来回顾一下关系代词和关系副词的用法。前面我们讲到， 关系代词具有代词的功能，在定语从句中可用作主语或宾语等；而关系副词则具有副词 的功能，它们在定语从句中只能用作状语。所以，当我们要判断一个时间或地点名词后 是用关系词 that 还是关系副词 when 和 where 时，我们首先要明确关系词在定语从句是 用作什么成分用作主语或宾语，则用关系代词；用作状语，则用关系副词。 现在我们再来分析一下上面的两个句子： 在 Dont forget