加强科技创新引领畜牧未来

1、加强科技创新 引领畜牧未来 Strengthen the Innovation of Science and Technology Drive the prosperous future of Animal Science 时建忠 中国农业科学院畜牧研究所 Jianzhong Shi Director of Institute of Animal Science Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing 100094, China,目 录,中国畜牧科技现状 畜牧科技面临的挑战和任务 畜牧科技发展方向和重点,Contents Current

2、 situation of animal science and technology in China Challenge and responsibility of animal science and technology Future direction and priority of animal science and technology,畜牧业在中国有悠久的历史，早在新石器时代，人们就开始驯养猪、鸡、狗，但发展一直很慢。1949年后，特别是改革开放20多年来，中国畜牧业快速发展，取得了举世瞩目的成就。1980年以来，世界肉类增量的50%,禽蛋增量的70%来自中国。2005年中国

3、畜牧业总产值达到13000亿元，占农业总产值的35%，农民增收的40%来自畜牧业的收入。畜牧业已成为 国民经济的重要组成部分。 History of Chinas animal husbandry Began with the Neolithic Age with low growth rate Experienced a rapid development since 1949, especially through year 1978 to 1998. Becoming an independent industry and an important sector in the natio

4、nal economy. By 2005, the animal husbandry value accounted for 35% of gross agricultural value.,“科学技术是第一生产力”。中国畜牧业的快速发展，科学技术发挥了重要的作用，“畜禽水产养殖技术” 被中国工程院评为20世纪最伟大的科技成果之一，与两弹一星相提并论。技术进步对中国畜牧业经济增长的贡献率50% 。 Science and technology take great role in the rapid development of Chinas animal husbandry. Science

5、 and Technology Progress contributes 50% to the animal husbandry economic growth. Animal husbandry techniques including were highlighted as one of the greatest Sci-tech achievements of 1990s .,1 中国畜牧科技现状 1.1 建立了一支适应畜牧生产需要，中央、地方并举，科 研、教学、企业结合的科技队伍和科研机构 畜牧科技工作随畜牧业的发展而发展，畜牧科技史 就是畜牧业的发展史。 1 Situation of

6、 animal science and technology in China 1.1 Powerful Institution and Research staff for Animal husbandry Central government Local government Scientific research Education industry,Integration,历史回顾 1904：成立北洋马医学堂，改良马和培养兽医 1906：成立中央农事实验场，开展畜牧科研工作 1912：设立第一、二、三种畜饲养场，开展种畜改良工作。 1931：成立中央农业实验所畜牧兽医系 1933：中央

7、种畜场 1934: 中央农业实验所，设兽医系 1941：中央畜牧实验所 1948：东北行政委员会农林处家畜防疫所 1957：中国农业科学院畜牧研究所 Historical review 1904: Viceroys Horse Hospital Medical School 1906: National central Agricultural Farm 1912: The first three Breeding Stock Farm 1931: Department of animal and veterinary science of the general institute of C

8、hina Agricultural Research 1933: The general breeding farm 1941: The general institute of animal Science 1957: Institute of Animal Science, CAAS,1.1.1机构与人员 中国畜牧科研资源集中分布于各类研究与开发机构、企业和高等院校。2001年全国地市级以上（含地市级）具有法人地位的国有独立的畜牧科研机构125个，其中部（局）属9个，省属60个，地（市属）56个。从业人员8145人。 全国各类大专院校有畜牧科研机构70个，人员1226人，是畜牧科研又一支主

9、要力量。 1.1.1 Organization and staff members 125 regional and provincial independent institutes of animal science and 8145 staff 70 research departments within universities and colleges and 1226 staff,1.1.2. 经费 经费主要来源于政府财政拨款和非财政拨款 。 2001年科技经费投入4.89亿元，其中政府拨款3.06亿元，占总经费的62.46%。 1.1.2 Funding Support Gove

10、rnment support and non- Government source In 2001, 489 million yuan(RMB) was input to Sci-Tch research, among which there are 62.46% came from government side,1.1.3. 科技计划 畜牧科技计划有20多个，涉及科技部、农业部、财政部、发展计划与改革委员会、教育部、国家自然基金委员会等国家多个部委。地方政府也设立了多项科技计划. 主要科技计划有：“973”、“863”、”948”、 “国家自然科学基金”、 “社会公益性研究”、“科技攻关”

11、、“国家科技资源平台建设”、“科技成果转化”、 “跨越计划”、“结构调整专项”、“农业高新技术示范工程”等。 1.1.3 Sci-Tech Plans More than 20 specific Animal Sci-Tech Plans, sponsored made by MOST, MOA, MOF, NDRF, MOE, NNSFC, etc Major Sci-Tech Plans are 973, 863, 948, NNSF, Public benefit and service, National Sci-Tech project, etc,1.2 取得了大批科技成果，展现中国

12、畜牧科技实力,1949年以来，全国累计取得畜牧类重要科技成果2000 多项,其中获省部级以上奖励的重大科技成果1100余项。中国美利奴羊、瘦肉型猪品种的培育,马传贫、猪瘟、口蹄疫、禽流感等疫苗的研制和动物血吸虫病的控制，畜禽饲料营养价值评定和饲养标准的建立等方面成绩显著。 1.2 Fruitful animal Sci-Tech achievements More than 2000 items of animal Sci-Tech achievements throughout China since 1949, among which 1100 items were awarded at

13、ministry level. China has the priority in the following areas: Fine breeds ,like China Merino Sheep and lean-type pig breeds Effective animal epidemic disease Control System Feed and Feeing standard and evaluation system,1.2.1畜禽遗传资源,1.2.1.1 资源调查 50年代：开始畜禽品种资源调查。 1976年：开展全国大规模畜禽品种资源调查，历时九年。基本摸请了全国大部地

14、区的品种资源状况，出版了中国猪、牛、羊、家禽、马驴五部品种志，各省还分别编辑出版了地方品种志 。 1995年：对西南、西北部的偏远地区进行了畜禽品种资源补充调查，历时4年，发现了79个新遗传资源群体。 1.2.1 Animal genetic resources 1.2.1.1 Identification and investigation 1950s, small scale investigation of animal breeds 1976-1985, finished editing China swine, bovine, sheep, poultry and horse bre

15、eds based on the national scale investigation of animal breeds 1995-1999, 79 new genetic accessions were discovered in south-west and north-west area.,根据历次品种资源调查及 “国家畜禽品种审定委员会”的审核，到 2001年中国畜禽遗传资源有20个物种，576个品种和类群，其中地方品种（类群）为426个，培育品种有73个，引进品种有77个 By 2001, China has: More than 20 domestic animal speci

16、es and 576 cultivars 426 Local breeds 73 cultivate breeds 77 imported breeds,1.2.1.2 保护和利用 开展了畜禽遗传资源保护方法与技术的研究，建立了活体（原地和异地）、胚胎、细胞、基因保存多种形式并存的较为完善的保存体系。 微卫星等分子遗传标记的应用为猪、鸡、牛、羊等品种的起源与进化研究及遗传多样性的保护提供了重要依据。 畜禽遗传资源平台的建设也取得了重大进展，畜禽种质资源的分类标准、收集标准、描述标准、数据整理标准和质量管理规范等已经制订完成。 1.2.1.2 Genetic resources preserva

17、tion and utilization Established efficient genetic resources conservation system, including by using living animals , embryo, cell and gene Application of Microsatellite DNA as Molecular Genetic Marker studies on the origin, evolution and genetic diversity of animal species. Great progress has been

18、made in the construction of platform for animal genetic resources, such as the established standards for classification, collection, inventory, data collection and quality management.,1.2.2 畜禽新品种培育和良种繁殖,1.2.2.1 新品种培育 选育出了以“中国美利奴羊” 、“中国瘦肉型猪新品系”、 “中国荷斯坦牛”、“瘦肉型北京鸭”、“黄羽肉鸡新品系”、“节粮型小型蛋鸡”、“中国西门塔尔牛”等为代表的一批优

19、良畜禽新品种（系 ）。目前，中国猪、奶牛的良种覆盖率分别达到97%、73%，蛋鸡和白羽肉鸡基本实现良种化。 1.2.2 Animal breeding and reproduction 1.2.2.1 new breed cultivation China Merino Sheep China Holstein cow Lean type beijing duck Yellow-feather Chicken Chinese Simmental Cattle Of all the pig and cattle, fine breed pig and cattle accounts for 97

20、% and 73% respectively. Egg-laying poultry and broiler are nearly all fine breed.,1.2.2.2 育种技术与理论 分子标记和标记辅助育种方面，已筛选到猪和羊多胎基因、猪和鸡肉品质相关基因、猪和奶牛抗病基因许多重要性状基因的分子标记，定位了一些与生长、产肉、产奶性状相关的QTL。目前猪的氟烷敏感基因分子诊断方法已被应用于种猪选育与生产，鸡的矮小基因已在配套系选育中发挥作用，猪的高繁主基因，猪、鸡肉质性状相关基因或其分子标记也已被应用于动物育种之中，标志着中国分子育种技术水平进入了一个新阶段。 1.2.2.2 Bre

21、eding theories and technology By using molecular marker and marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding technology, several genes have been selected, such as in reproduction and meat quality research.,1.2.2.3 繁殖技术 胚胎移植、体外授精、牛羊胚胎性别鉴定、核移植、显微授精、单克隆抗体和核酸探针、胚胎细胞克隆、体细胞克隆等高技术研究达到了较高水平，为加快制种速度、加大供种力度提供了技术支撑。特别

22、是人工授精、胚胎移植技术的推广应用，为品种改良发挥了重要作用。 1.2.2.3 Reproduction technology Modern reproduction techniques, such as embryo transfer, in vitro fertilization, cattle and sheep embryo identification, nuclear transfer, micro-fertilization, monoclonal antibody technology, nucleic acid probe, embryo cell cloning, som

23、atic cell cloning, have prompted the domestic animal reproduction progress. Especially the application and extension of artificial insemination and embryo transfer techniques has taken great role in livestock breed improvement.,1.2.3 动物营养与饲料,1.2.3.1 饲养标准 1986-1987发布了猪、鸡、牛、羊国家饲养标准（后被调整为行业标准，“十五”期间又做了

24、修订，为饲料工业的兴起及发展提供了技术支撑。 1.2.3 Animal nutrition and feed science 1.2.3.1 Feeding standards Since 1970s, the research of animal nutrient requirements has been focused on swine, chick, bovine and sheep nutrition, and the feeding standards were issued accordingly. Feeding standards offered the technical

25、support and guidance for the rapid development of feed industry.,1.2.3.2 饲料营养价值评定： 1958年，制订了“暂行饲料分析法”。 1959年，出版了中国饲料营养成分表 1984年，统一了猪、鸡、反刍动物饲料营养价值评定方法，完成了“中国饲料成分及营养价值表”，并研制了“中国饲料数据库“，在中国农业科学院畜牧研究所建立了“中国饲料数据库情报网中心”。 1.2.3.2 Feed nutrient evaluation 1958: Temporary feed analysis method 1959: Chinese fe

26、ed nutrient composition table 1984: Chinese feed database and information center in IAS/CAAS,1.2.3.3 饲料检测技术： 已建立饲料原料、饲料产品和部分饲料添加剂的常规营养成分、微量营养成分、毒素和特殊成分的检测方法和检测技术，形成了覆盖全国的质量监测体系。转基因饲料的检验方法的研究，实现对转基因饲料的有效监控 1.2.3.3 The technique of feed checking and analysis The methods and techniques has been set up

27、for feed nutrient composition of raw feed materials, feed products and some feed additives . Inspection for gene-modified feed,1.2.3.4 饲料添加剂研制与应用： 10多年前中国绝大多数饲料添加剂产品几乎全部依赖进口。目前所有维生素产品都已国产化 ,而且部分产品大量出口。 有的生产技术如维生素 B2、植酸酶等处于国际领先水平。近年来新开发出益生素、寡糖、酶制剂、酸化剂、肽、免疫增强剂、植物提取物等添加剂。 1.2.3.4 Study on feed additive

28、 and its application China imported most of the feed additives 10 years ago Feed vitamins produced in China and export nowadays New feed additives have been developed in recent years, such as prebiotics, oligosaccharide ,enzymes, peptide, and plant extraction, etc,1.2.4 牧草品种选育及草地改良,1.2.4.1 牧草品种选育 通过

29、不同的育种技术和方法，培育出一批适于中国不同生态地区种植的优良牧草品种，到2003年底，经国家牧草育种委员会审定的牧草和饲料作物新品种共有268个。其中，新育成的108个，地方品种40个，引进品种76个，野生驯化28个。 1.2.4 Pasture and feed crops 1.2.4.1 forage breeding Cultivation of new fine breed grasses varieties, which are suitable for different ecosystem, by using different breeding techniques and

30、methods. 268 new cultivars have been examined and approved since 2003, among which 108 are newly cultivated, 40 are local breeds,76 are imported and 28 are trained breeds.,1.2.4.2 草地改良 在退化沙化、碱化、草地改良，草地生态系统以及草地配套技术的研究方面均取得重大成果。应用遥感技术开展草地资源调查 、雪灾、火灾和草地资源动态监测。 开展草原火发生规律和草原火管理方面的研究，发现了无树草原火周期研究方法， 解决了长期

31、以来无树草原只能根据经验估测火周期的方法。 1.2.4.2 Grassland improvement Study for Complementary techniques in grassland improvement Application of Remote Sensing Techniques in investigation and dynamic inspect of germplasm resources, natural disaster. Establishment and management of artificial pastures,1.3 科技创新，支撑了畜牧业高

32、速发展 1.3.1畜牧业持续增长,meat,egg,milk,1.3 Sci-Tech renovation supports a highly grow rate of animal husbandry 1.3.1 Sustainable development of animal husbandry,Yield/year 10,000 tons,Aquatic products,Crop,Meat,Egg,Grow rate,1.3.2 畜牧业结构布局逐步优化，规模化水平有 所提高 年出栏50头猪： 34% 年出栏2000只鸡： 74.2% 饲养5头奶牛： 55.2% 规模化养殖小区： 4

33、0000个 1.3.2 Animal husbandry structure optimized gradually, and industrialization level improved steadily,Meat structure,%,chicken,Beef and mutton,pork,Proportion of Animal products produced in major areas,pork,beef,mutton,milk,chicken,eggs,1.3.3畜牧生产性能提高，增加了农民收入 以饲料工业发展为例，推广一吨配合饲料，养殖业增收200元。2005年，生产

34、1亿吨，增加收入200亿元 1.3.3 Improved animal productivity and increased farms income,10年间猪鸡生产性能比较 productivity Comparison between pigs and chicken in the last 10 years,2 面临的挑战和任务,2.1中国畜牧业发展面临的主要问题 市场相对饱和，产品结构性过剩 产品科技含量低，市场竞争能力弱 兽医保护薄弱，畜禽死亡率高 饲料资源不足，利用效率不高 加工基础薄弱，畜产品附加值低 生态及生产环境恶化，可持续发展面临着挑战 2 Challenge and r

35、esponsibility 2.1 Problems in the development of Chinas animal husbandry Relative saturated market ,and surplus of low level animal products Low Sci-Tech products with a poor ability market competitiveness insufficient veterinary protection system lead to a high animal death rate Insufficient feed r

36、esources and lower feed utilization weak processing sector producing lower value-added products With the deterioration of ecosystem and production environment, sustainable animal husbandry are facing challenge,2.2 国民经济发展对畜牧业提出新的要求 努力提高质量和安全，大力开发优质多样化畜产品 积极推进产业化经营，带领小农户适应大市场 努力降低生产成本，提高劳动生产效率 提高产品科技含

37、量，增强国际市场竞争能力 合理利用资源，改善生态环境，实现可持续发展。 2.2 New demand for animal husbandry according to the development of national economy Enhancing the food quality and safety, to develop the quality animal products Advancing the industrialized management, lead small farmers to adapt the global market Reducing the c

38、ost and increasing the productivity Improving the high Sci-Tech products to adapt the competitive market Utilizing resources properly, improving the ecosystem so as to maintain a sustainable development,20102030年中国肉类、禽蛋和奶预计产量,单位:万吨,千克 Unit: 10,000 tons or kg,2.3高速发展的畜牧业，需要强大的科技支撑,2.3 Advanced animal

39、 husbandry needs stronger Sci-Tech support,3.1 畜牧科技发展目标 适应中国畜牧业已经初步摆脱了畜产品严重短缺，畜牧业生产已由传统的只注重产量增长目标向质量和产量并重转变和向增加国际竞争能力、有效保护生态环境方面转变的需要； 针对当前中国畜牧业在安全、质量、资源、环境方面面临的重大挑战；为建设一个质量效益俱佳、生产加工并重、富有国际竞争力、现代化水平较高的新型畜牧业产业体系提供技术支撑。 3 Future direction and priority of animal science and technology 3.1 The goal of a

40、nimal science and technology to transform the way of economic growth from the traditional extensive animal husbandry to the modern intensive sustainable one to enhance the food safety and quality, sustainablely utilize the resources and consider the environmental implications to construct a newly su

41、pportive animal husbandry industry with emphasis on the balance of the quality, productivity, processing ,high Sci-Tech and value-added animal products,3 科技发展方向和重点研究内容,3.2战略任务 以畜牧科技原始创新和畜牧发展中的重大关键技术为重点，对传统养殖技术进行改造和升级，尽快建立优质高效集约化的现代养殖体系，提高重大动物疫病控制能力，促进传统养殖业向现代养殖业的快速转变，从根本上解决中国畜牧业发展面临的资源制约问题、质量安全问题、生态

42、安全问题和动物疫病控制问题。 3.2 Strategic responsibility Centering on the original innovation and key technology in animal husbandry Modifying and updating the traditional feeding techniques Constructing the qualified effectively modern feeding system Enhancing the ability to control infectious disease Transform

43、ing from traditional animal industry to modern animal husbandry Solving the problems related to the limitations of resources for animal husbandry, food safety and quality, environmental safety and animal disease,3.3发展方向,3.3.1 畜禽育种 3.3.1.1 方向 系统性地在分子水平上开展畜禽遗传资源的鉴定评价和创新利用研究，重点发掘优异的新材料、新基因，走发掘与引进相结合的道路

44、 以畜禽生产能力的提高作为最基本的育种目标，通过不断提高品种生产力保障畜产品供给 将优质、专用化新品种作为畜禽育种创新的重点 加强高新技术在育种技术中的应用研究，通过育种技术的升级，实现高新技术的实用化、高效化和安全化，大幅度地提高畜禽育种效率，增加畜禽品种的科技含量。 3.3 Future direction 3.3.1 Breeding 3.3.1.1 direction Conducting the systematic study on the genetic resources identification and evaluation by using molecular tech

45、nology Improving the potential productivity through breeding Developing fine animal breed and specialized breed Integrating new technology into animal breeding techniques,畜禽育种技术将实现三个转变 育种目标:高产高产+优质+专用 育种技术:常规育种常规育种+分子育种 畜禽品种:高产型高产+优质+专用+资源高效型+环境友好型 Great changes will take place in animal breeding :

46、Breeding goals: high productivity + high qualified + specialized Breeding techniques: traditional techniques + molecular techniques Animal breeds: high productivity + high qualified + specialized + effectiveness + environmental friendly breeds,3.3.1.2 重点内容 畜禽优良种质资源的发掘与创新 畜禽种质资源的分子解析和精细评价 核心种质的构建及优异功

47、能基因的挖掘 畜禽资源长期安全保存的技术研究 畜禽种质重要性状鉴定测试技术和标准的研究 畜禽种质资源信息管理系统的完善。,3.3.1.2 Major content Developing and innovating of fine breed germplasm resources Molecular analysis and evaluation of germplasm resources Construction of key germplasm Developing fine functional gene(s) Study on long term and safe preserv

48、ation of germplasm resources Identification techniques and standards for the important properties Accomplish the germplasm resources information management system,畜禽育种新技术研究 畜禽快速、准确、高效的转基因技术研究 分子标记辅助育种技术的研究 畜禽抗病遗传规律及其鉴定技术的研究 畜禽品质遗传规律和分析技术的研究 畜禽诱变育种、细胞工程育种技术的研究。,Study on the new breeding technology Ra

49、pid , accurate and highly efficient gene transfer Molecular marker breeding techniques The genetic rule of animal antidisease and identification techniques The genetic rule of quality and analysis techniques Induced mutation breeding and cell technology breeding techniques,高产、优质、专用新品种（系）选育及配套系开发 在种质

50、创新和育种技术升级的基础上，培育出一批畜禽新品种（系）选育及配套系，使中国猪、禽饲养基本实现良种化，猪、蛋鸡、奶牛的生产性能达到国际先进水平。,Cultivating and selecting the fine breeds with high productivity, high quality and specialization To develop the fine breed breeding system based on the Innovation of animal germplasm and updating of breeding techniques,动物生物技术 动

51、物转基因与克隆的细胞与分子机制 体细胞克隆与转基因动物关键技术 牛、羊胚胎工程与体细胞克隆技术产业化 性别控制及胚胎细胞生物学技术研究 利用体细胞克隆技术针对异种器官移植的转基因猪研究 外源基因在乳腺生物反应器中的特异表达研究等。,Study on Animal Bio-technology The mechanism of transgenic animals and clone Somatic cell cloning and the key technique for transgenic animals Cattle and sheep embryo engineering and i

52、ndustrialization of somatic cell cloning techniques Techniques of sex control and embryo cell biology Transgenic pigs for the purpose of foreign organ transplantation Specific expression of foreign gene in the mammary gland bio-reactor,3.3.2 养殖技术,3.3.2.1 方向： 通过智能化养殖技术推动传统的户养模式技术升级，发展健康养殖和特色养殖 通过现代高新

53、技术的集成推进规模化养殖升级 建设高效率、高效益、优质化的现代养殖业体系,3.3.2 Study on the feeding technology 3.3.2.1 Direction To prompt the traditional feeding techniques updating by using intelligent feeding techniques To develop the healthy and specific feeding system To improve the intensive feeding by integrating modern High-Te

54、ch To build up the modern feeding system with highly efficiency, economic and quality,3.3.2.2 重点内容 畜禽规模化养殖技术研究 动物营养代谢规律与调控 环境融合型新饲料添加剂研制 新型饲料原料资源开发利用技术 畜禽产品质量安全控制技术 饲料安全评价及预警体系研究等 节能节水型畜牧养殖技术 产品特色风味及其形成规律与技术,3.3.2 .2 Major point Study on intensive feeding techniques Mechanism of animal nutrition met

55、abolism and regulation Study on the new environmental friendly feed additives Techniques for exploiting and utilizing of feed resources Techniques for manipulation the quality and safety of animal products Feed safety evaluation and warning System construction Energy and Water economic feeding techn

56、iques Determination of flavor substances and their origin,环境监测与改善技术研究 区域环境对畜牧废弃物的消化能力 自然和人工合成有毒物质的转移规律 畜禽水产养殖环境监测与改善 畜禽场废弃物处理技术等 。,Study on the Environment Monitoring and improving techniques The ability of regional environment to absorb the animal wastes The transfer mechanism of natural and artifi

57、cial poisonous materials Animal feeding environment monitoring and improving Treatment and Disposal of animal waste,农户养殖技术研究 卫生、高效畜禽舍的设计工艺 饲料加工调制技术 疾病控制技术 牛羊舍饲、半舍饲技术 新型饲料原料资源开发利用技术 牛羊快速肥育技术 简单、实用的“傻瓜”式养殖技术等,Study on the small farmers feeding techniques The hygienic and efficient barn design technolo

58、gy Feeding processing technology Disease control technology Cattle and sheep/goat non-grazing and half-grazing technology Techniques for exploiting and utilizing of feed resources Faster feeding technology Adaptive feeding technique for small farmers,3.3.3 草业,3.3.3.1 方向 在重要草种资源及优良基因的遗传评价、优异种质鉴定的新技术、组织培养和花粉冷冻保存种质、染色体加倍、诱变种质创新等关键领域获得突破 在牧草丰产栽培优化模式、草产品多样化加工新技术、草产品质量快速检测新方法、草畜高