新编英语教程6Unit 6 Black English

1、Unit 6 Black English,By Nicole,Teaching set -up,Text 1: Discussion Analysis of text New words Difficult language points structure Further discussion Text 2: Workbook,Watch the Clip of Video:,Discussion,1. What is Black English? What is standard English? 2. How much do you know about Black English? 3

2、. Are there any differences between Black English and Standard English? If yes, what are they?,Learn the PPTs about Black English,STRUCTURE,Main idea: To present the authors opinion on the status of Black English. What is the authors opinion?,Para. 1,Main idea Line 4: He speaks a dialect that has a

3、strikingly different grammar and sound system, even though to white ears the black appears to be trying to speak SE.,Para. 1,Question: How do you understand Farbs statement “ the great majority of black American suffer from linguistic schizophrenia of a unique sort”? Schizophrenia: a long term menta

4、l disorder marked by breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, and withdrawal from reality. Here means confusion and bewilderment black Americans feel about the nature of their speech which can be likened to th

5、e disorderly mental status of a patient of schizophrenia.,diglossia,Two forms or varieties of the same language exist side by side The High variety education, formal The Low variety casual, less standard,Line 6- 9,Stigmatize: (stigma n.) If someone or something is stigmatized, they are unfairly rega

6、rded by many people as being bad or having something to be ashamed of. Children in single-parent families must not be stigmatized. 单亲家庭的孩子们不应该受到歧视。 The AIDS epidemic further stigmatized gays. 艾滋病的流行让人们更加瞧不起男同性恋者。 They are often stigmatized by the rest of society as lazy and dirty. 他们经常被社会中的其他人污蔑为懒惰、

7、肮脏。,The sentence means:,Speakers of Black English tend to feel ashamed, because they feel they are speaking a very different language that is inferior to Standard English. But, Black English, like Standard English, is formed strictly based on its own rules. But black English is a totally different v

8、ariety from Standard English, which has systematic and clear rules as standard English does.,Elegant: (1) pleasant and graceful (of sb.) (2) Simple, clear, and clever ( of words, idea, plan etc. ),Para. 2,Main idea: Both views are wrong. Black Englishs radical departure from SE has nothing to do wit

9、h the anatomy of race or with educational deprivation.,Para. 2,Questions for discussion: What are the two extreme views listed in Para. 2? What are their views on black English? The racist: physical features like thick lips or a large tongue inferior must be eradicated Well-intentioned liberal: a di

10、alect, educational deprivation 2. Does the author agree or disagree with the two extreme views? On what grounds does the author agree or disagree? Both views are wrong. Black Englishs radical departure from SE has nothing to do with the anatomy of race or with educational deprivation. Black English

11、has been different from the very beginning.,Sentence 1,Be tied up with = have close relationship with Racism Good intention= well intentional liberals,Sentence 1 means:,The study of Black English involves issues of various natures including racism and good intention, which have almost never been ser

12、iously and fairly discussed, even by specialists in this science.,Other words: Attribute to (L12) Inferior (L13) Eradicate (L14) = get rid of Anatomy (L18) Exceptional (L 22) Overwhelming( L22),Attribute to,(V. N.) (N.) a quality or feature that someone or something has. (1) Cruelty is a normal attr

13、ibute of human behaviour. 残忍是人的天性之一。 (2) He has every attribute you could want and could play for any team. 他具备你想要的所有品质，放在哪个队都行。 (v. ) If you attribute something to an event or situation, you think that it was caused by that event or situation. (2) Women tend to attribute their success to external c

14、auses such as luck. 女性倾向于将她们的成功归因于外部因素，比如运气。 Attribution Attributive,inferior,Less important; not as good as (quality) (1) He preferred the company of those who were intellectually inferior to himself. 他喜欢与那些智力水平不如他的人共处。 (2) .the inferior status of women in pre-revolutionary Russia. 革命之前俄国妇女的低微地位 (3

15、) Most career women make me feel inferior. 大部分职业女性让我感到自己不如她们。 Inferiority/ superior - superiority,Anatomy,(1) the study of the structure of the bodies of people or animals. (2) body E.g.: The ball hit him in the most sensitive part of his anatomy. 球击中了他身上最敏感的部位。 (3) structure of a body E.g: He had w

16、orked extensively on the anatomy of living animals. 他在活体解剖方面经验丰富。 (4) an examination or investigation E.g: This was a troubling essay on the anatomy of nationhood. 这是一篇剖析民族主义的让人不安的文章。,Overwhelming, overwhelmingly,If something is overwhelming, it affects you very strongly, and you do not know how to

17、deal with it. E.g.: (1) The task wont feel so overwhelming if you break it down into small, easy-to-accomplish steps. 如果将这个任务细分为简单易行的若干步骤来做，便不会感到如此无所适从。 (2) She felt an overwhelming desire to have another child. 她一心想再要一个孩子。,Para. 3,What, in Farbs view, should be taken into consideration if one wants

18、 to give a comprehensive linguistic description of Black English?,Para. 3,Main idea: Such factors should be taken into consideration as history, sound system and basic structure.,Words and phrases,Spirited vocabulary (L 24) : vocabulary which bears specific features of the black, especially the urba

19、n population in the U.S. Talking real soul to their black brothers: (L25) talking in what they think a genuinely “black” way to their black fellow countrymen.,originate,(v. )begins to happen or exist (1) The disease originated in Africa. 这种病源于非洲。 (2) All carbohydrates originate from plants. 所有的碳水化合物

20、均来自植物。 (3) I suppose no one has any idea who originated the story? 我想没有人知道是谁编了这个故事？,Arise, originate, result,arise：多与from连用，侧重指从无到有的产生，表一种因果关系。 originate：强调产生变化的起源。 result：侧重变化的最终结果。,seep,VERB 动词渗透;渗漏 If something such as liquid or gas seeps somewhere, it flows slowly and in small amounts into a pla

21、ce where it should not go. E.g.: (1) Radioactive water had seeped into underground reservoirs. 放射性水已经渗入地下蓄水层中。 (2) The gas is seeping out of the rocks. 气体正从岩石中渗出。,2. VERB 动词(秘密)逐渐外泄;(不快的情感)逐渐释放 If something such as secret information or an unpleasant emotion seeps somewhere, it comes out gradually.

22、【语法信息】：V prep/adv E.g.: (1) the tide of racism which is sweeping Europe seeps into Britain. 正席卷欧洲的种族主义浪潮逐渐渗透到英国。 (2) .letting information seep out of the Treasury. 使消息从财政部逐渐传开,The exclusive property: the features owned or possessed only by Black English,Not refer to, but to(L 32),The whole sentence

23、means: Vocabulary is a minor aspect of this issue, which undergoes changes now and then as time goes by. What I am trying to discussing here is more significant factors that give rise to the noticeable difference between black English and standard English such as history, sound system and basic stru

24、cture.,Para. 4,Question for discussing: What, in Farbs eyes, are the five major influences that have contributed to the formation of todays Black English? 1. African languages 2. west African pidgin 3. a Plantation Creole 4. Standard English 5. urbanization in the northern ghettoes,1. African langua

25、ges,1. Afro-Asiatic,2. Nilo-Sahara,3. Niger-Congo,4. Khoe,Note 9:,Its influnece on Standard English,Was long denied Lorenzo Dow Turner (please see Note 12) published results 15-year study of Gullah, receive slaves direct from Africa Compelling evidence of resemblances in P, V, and G between Gullah a

26、nd various Western African Languages Words for personal names, numbers and objects directly from Africa,2. West African pidgin,Pidgin: (Note 10 on page 76) A mixture of two languages One: European language The other: a local language of Asia, Africa, Latin America - limited vocabulary - a reduced gr

27、ammatical structure - for restricted communicative purposes such as trade,Creole,A native language of some speakers Complex structures and vocabulary range Classified according to the language from which most of their vocabulary comes, E.g.: English-based, French-based, Portuguese-based, Swahili-bas

28、ed creole,Question?,Why does Farb cite Turbers study of the Gullah language? He cites Turners study of Gullah to support his view that todays Black English is not a non-standard departure from English, but a separate language based on some Western African languages for the many resemblances in pronu

29、nciation, vocabulary, and grammar between them found by Turner.,Paragraph 5,Pidgin pidginization Sentence 1: (Main idea) Structure: the languages share similarities in sound patters and grammar. Examples Popularity: in the north and in the south Reason analysis (Necessity) Evidence ( Daniel Defoes),

30、equivalent,The equivalent of someone or something is a person or thing that has the same function in a different place, time, or system. 相等物;对应物；对应者 ： (1) the civil administrator of the West Bank and his equivalent in Gaza. (counterpart) 约旦河西岸的民政官和加沙的同职官员 (2) .the Red Cross emblem, and its equivalen

31、t in Muslim countries, the Red Crescent. 红十字及其在伊斯兰国家的对应标志红月牙 Adj. be equivalent to,bestow,1. VERB 动词给予；赠与；授予；赐予 To bestow something on someone means to give or present it to them. 【语法信息】：V n. on/upon n. 【语法信息】：Also V on/upon n n The Queen has bestowed a knighthood on him. 女王已经授予他爵士头衔,give： 最普通用词，泛指将

32、自己的东西给予他人，所给予的东西，物质或非物质的均可。 accord： 侧重所给予的是应得的或是恰当的，或是因某种原因而适于接受的。 award： 通常暗示所给予的东西是接受者应得的，而且给予者往往是具有裁判权力的。 confer： 通常指授予称号或学位等。授予，赋予(权力、荣誉等) To confer something such as power or an honour on someone means to give it to them. grant： 多指出于慷慨、怜悯或正义感而给予，并且通常是在被请求下给予。 endow： 指捐赠大量的钱作基金，也可指给予非物质的东西。 资助，捐

33、助(机构、奖学金、项目等) If someone endows an institution, scholarship, or project, they provide a large amount of money which will produce the income needed to pay for it. 【语法信息】：V n present： 指正式地给予或授予，通常伴有仪式进行。 bestow： 正式用词，指把某物作为礼物赠送于某人，也可作引申用。,(1) His predecessor was accorded an equally tumultuous welcome.

34、 tju:mltus 他的前任受到了同样热烈的欢迎。 (2) The government accorded him the rank of Colonel. 政府授予他上校军衔。 (3) The constitution also confers large powers on Brazils 25 constituent states. 宪法还赋予巴西的25个成员州很大的权力。 (4) An honorary doctorate of law was conferred on him by Newcastle University in 1976. 1976年，纽卡斯尔大学授予他荣誉法学博

35、士学位。 (5) Never imagine that rank confers genuine authority. 绝对不要幻想那个头衔会有实权。,Para. 6,1. Why does the author use the word “expanded” in line 68? 2. How does piginization contribute to the formation of black English? The blacks brought from different regions in Africa to North America as slaves needed

36、a common speech to communicate with each other, which resulted in a kind of English-based pidgin, which in part contributed to the formation of Black English.,Para. 6,Result: Most slaves - pidgin A small number of blacks SE The great majority pidgin into Creole language Plantation Creole,graft,1. N-

37、COUNT 移植的皮肤（或骨骼）;移植的器官 A graft is a piece of healthy skin or bone, or a healthy organ, which is attached to a damaged part of your body by a medical operation in order to replace it. I am having a skin graft on my arm soon. 我马上就要接受手臂的皮肤移植手术。 2. VERB 将（皮肤等）移植到 If a piece of healthy skin or bone or a healthy organ is grafted onto a damaged part of your body, it is attached to that part of your body b