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1、英语词汇学 Chapter 4 Word Formation 构 词 ,Word-formation: affixation (30%-40%),词缀法 compounding (28%-30%),复合法 conversion (26%),转类法 Shortening (clipping , acronymy ) (8%-10%),缩略法 (截短法，首字母缩略法) blending and other means (1%-5%) 拼缀法和其他方法,4.1 Affixation 词缀法,Affixation is generally defined as the formation of wor

2、ds by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation, for new words created in this way are derived from old forms. The words formed in this way are called derivatives. 词缀法可定义为通过给词干加结构词词缀或派生词缀构成新词的一种构词方法。用这种方法构成的词叫派生构词 。,4.1.1 Prefixation前缀法,Prefixatio

3、n is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. 前缀法是在词干上加上前缀构词的一种方法。 Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. 前缀一般不改变词干的词类，只对词干的意义进行修饰。,Accordingly, we shall classify prefixes on a semantic basis into nine groups: Negative prefixes, Revers

4、ative prefixes, Pejorative prefixes, Prefixes of degree or size, Prefixes of orientation and attitude, Locative prefixes, Prefixes of time and order, Number prefixes, Miscellaneous prefixes. -因此我们可以从语义的角度把前缀分为 9 类：表示否定意义的前缀，表示逆向意义的前缀，表示贬义的前缀，表示程度、大小等意义的前缀，表示倾向和态度等意 义的前缀，表示方位意义的前缀，表示时间和顺序等意义的前缀，表示数字的

5、前缀，其他种类意义的前缀。,4.1.2 Suffixation后缀法,Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.后缀法是在词干加上后缀来构成新词。 Suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class. 后缀的只有很小语义作

6、用，其主要功能是改变词干的语法功能。换句话说，他们主要是改变词性。,1.Noun suffixes 名词后缀,1) Denominal nouns:由名词转化来的名词 a. Concrete,具体名词 b. Abstract. 抽象名词 2) Deverbal nouns:由动词转化来的名词 a. The following suffixes combine with verb stems to create largely nouns denoting people, -ant，-ee，-ent，-er（-or） 下面这组后缀加在动词词干上构成新词，主要表示人.,b. Suffixes of

7、 this group added to verb stems to produce largely abstract nouns, denoting action, result, process, state, etc：-al，-age，-ance，-ation，-ence，-ing，-ment。 下面这组后缀加在动词词干上，主要构成抽象名词，表示动作、结果、过程、状态等,3) De-adjective nouns 由形容词转化为名词. -ity, -ness, 4) Noun and adjective suffixes 名词和形容词后缀 -ese,-an,-ist 有一小部分后缀加在表

8、示人或者国家名的词干上，既构成名词又构成形容词：,2.Adjective suffixes 形容词后缀,1) Denominal suffixes：-ed,-ful,-ish,-less,-like,-ly,-y 加在名词后的形容词后缀 2) Deverbal suffixes:-able（-ible），-ive（-ative，-sive） 加在动词后的形容词后缀,3.Adverb suffixes: 副词后缀 -ly, -ward(s), -wise,4.Verb suffixes：动词后缀 -ate, -en, -(i)fy, -ize(ise),4.2 Compounding复合法,Co

9、mpounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds.复合法，也称作 composition,是指由两个或者更多的词干相结合而构成的新词，此种方式形成的词 被称为复合词。 So a compound is a lexical unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning both grammatically

10、 and semantically as a single word. 所以，复合词是“由多于一个以上的词干组成的，而且语法和语义功能为单个词的词汇单位”,4.2.1characteristicsof Compound复合词的特点,Compounds differ from free phrases in the following three aspects: 不同于自由词组，复合词有以下三个方面的特点： 1). Phonetic features In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first element whereas

11、 in noun phrases the second element is generally stressed if there is only one stress. In cases of two stresses, the compound has the primary stress on the first element and the secondary stress, if any, on the second whereas the opposite is true of free phrases. 1 ）语音特点。复合词中的重音通常在第一个构词成分上，而在名词词组中重音

12、一般在第二个词上（如果 该词只有一个重音），如果有两个重音，复合词的主要重音在第一个构词成分上，次重音在第二个重音，而 在自由词组中重音读法则相反,2). Semantic features Compounds are different from free phrases in semantic unity. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. 语义特点。复合词在语义统一性上与自由词组存在差异。每个复合词应表达一个单一的观念，就如同 一个单词一样。 3). Grammatical features A c

13、ompound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence, for example, a verb, a noun, or an adjective. In adjective-noun compounds, the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes. 语法特点。复合词在语法上独立作成分，例如，动词，名词或形容词。但在在形容词-名词类复合词中， 其形容词部分不能有词尾变化。如复合词：fine art（精细工艺）， 自由词组 finer art（更精细的艺术）,

14、4.3 Conversion 转类法,Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. 转类法是将一种词类转化为另一种词类构成新词的方法。 Since the words do not change in morphological structure but in function, this process is also known as functional shift. 既然这些词在形态结构上不变，只在功能上有变化，这一转类过程也叫做功能转换。 Con

15、version is generally considered to be a derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class, without the addition of an affix. Hence the name zero-derivation. 一般认为，转类法是单词不添加词缀而直接转化为一个新词的派生构词的过程。这一过程由于不加词缀，所以又称零派生。,4.4 Blending 拼缀法,Blending is the formation of new words b

16、y combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed in this way are called blends or pormanteau words. 拼缀法是通过合并两个词的某些部分或一个词与另外一个词的一部分相加起来构成新词。 以此种方式构成的词被称作为拼缀词或拼级词。 The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns; very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer.绝大多数拼缀词是

17、名词;很少为动词，是形容词的则更是少之又少。 Blends are mostly used in writing related to science and technology, and to newspapers and magazines. 拼缀词主要用于科技文章、报纸杂志文章的写作。,4.5 clipping截短法,Another common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This

18、is called clipping. -另一个常见的构词法时将原词的一部分截去，只用剩下来的一部分构成新词，这种方法叫截短法。,4.6 Acronymy首字母缩略法,Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.首字母拼音法是将社会组织、特殊的名词词组或技术术语的首字母连起来构成新词的方法。 Words fo

19、rmed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms, depending on the pronunciation of the words. 以这种方法构成的词根根据其读音不同又分别叫做首字母缩略词和首字母拼音词。,Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter. 首字母缩略词的读音是一个字母一个字母地念，互不拼读。 1. Letters represent full words: 字母代表整个单词 VOA - Voice of America。 2.Letters represent constituents in a compound or just parts of a word: 。字母代表复合词的组成部分或一个单词的组成部分 TV television,Acronyms are words formed from initial letter