虚拟语气(修改版)英语四级

1、Subjunctive (虚拟语气 ),1）虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气在条件句中应用比较多。 2）条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。,The Subjunctive Mood 虚拟语气 虚拟语气可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况，时态的基本特点是从句时态往后推移。,1. 虚拟语气动词使用的原则 与现在事实相反: if 从句用过去式动词,be 用were,主句用would/ should/ might/ could+动词原形 与过去事实相反: i

2、f 从句用过去完成式(had+过去分词),主句用would/ should/ might/ could +have +过去分词 与将来事实相反: if 从句用should(万一)或者were to,主句用would/ should/ might/ could+动词原形.（ 表实现可能性很小）,虚拟语气在条件从句中,在条件从句中 (叫虚拟条件句)，表示与事实相反的条件。分三种情况(以 do 为例)：,a. 与现在事实相反的假设,例如： 如果他们在这儿，会帮助你的。 If they were here, they would help you. 含义：They are not here, they

3、 cant help you.,b. 与过去事实相反的假设,例如： 如果他昨天来的话，我会把这件事告诉他的。 If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it. 含义： He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.,c. 表示对将来不大可能发生的事情的假想,例如： 如果你将来成功了，一切都会好的。 If you succeeded, everything would be all right. If you were to succeed,

4、everything would be all right. If you should succeed, everything would be all right. 含义： You are not likely to succeed, everything will be what it is now.,虚拟语气在混合条件句中的应用： 有时，主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，主句从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这种条件句叫做混合条件句。例如： 如果你昨天问过他，今天就知道做什么了。 If you had asked him yesterday, you would know w

5、hat to do today. （从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。） 如果昨晚下过雨，今天就会很冷了。 If it had rained last night（过去）, it would be very cold today （现在）.,注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用“were”，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。例如： 如果我是你，就会去找他。 If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。 If he were here, everything would be all right.

6、典型例题 _ to do the work, I should do it some other day. A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I 答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do, 而不能说 Werent I to do。,虚拟条件句的倒装 虚拟条件句的从句部分含有were, should, 或had时

7、, 可省略if，再把were, should或had 移到从句的句首，实行倒装。例如： 他们现在在的话，就会帮助我们了。 Were they here now, they could help us. =If they were here now, they could help us. 你来得早一点，就碰到他了。 Had you come earlier, you would have met him. =If you had come earlier, you would have met him.,如果你处在我的位置，你会怎么办？ If you were in my position,

8、what would you do? =Were you in my position, what would you do? 如果你早点来，你就能赶上那班车了。 If you had come earlier, you would have caught the bus. =Had you come earlier, you would .,虚拟语气用于“wish+ 宾语从句”的用法 1）wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：,例如： 我希望和你一样高。 I wish I were as tall as you. 他希望他没讲过那样的

9、话。 He wished he hadnt said that. 我希望明天下雨就好了。 I wish it would rain tomorrow.,注意： wish 与hope接宾语从句的主要区别在于： hope一般表示可以实现的愿望，宾语从句用陈述语气；wish表示很难或不大可能实现的愿望，宾语从句用虚拟语气。 比较： We hope we will succeed. ( we dont know if we will succeed.) We wish we would succeed. (we know we can hardly succeed.),I wish I _ longe

10、r this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept,A,如果我有一千万，我就能买一栋房子。 我有一千万吗？没有。 所以我仍然没有房子。 如果我有翅膀，我就能飞。 我有翅膀吗？没有。 所以我也没办法飞。,如果我有一千万,我就买一栋房子. If I had10 million dollars, I would buy a house. 我有一千万吗?没有. Do I have 10 million dollars?

11、No. 所以我没有房子. Therefore I have no house. 如果我有一双翅膀,我就飞翔. If I had a pair of wings, I would fly. 可我有一双翅膀吗?没有. Do I have a pair of wings? No. 所以我不能飞. Therefore I could not fly.,如果把整个太平洋的水倒出，也浇不熄我对你爱情的火。 整个太平洋的水全部倒得出吗？ 不行。 所以我并不爱你。,如果倒出太平洋里所有的水,也无法浇熄我对你的爱. If I poured out all the water from the Pacific O

12、cean, it still would not quench/ extinguish my love for you. 太平洋里的水能倒出来吗?不能 Can all the water from Pacific Ocean be poured out ? No. 所以我并不爱你. Therefore I do not love you.,If he _ his legs yesterday, he _ with us now. hadnt hurt ; would go hadnt hurt; would have gone didnt hurt; would go didnt hurt;

13、would have gone,在宾语从句中的应用 在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中，像ask, advise, beg, demand, desire, determine, decide, deserve, insist, intend, maintain, propose, order, recommend, require, request, suggest, urge + （should） do等。例如： 我建议下周召开个会议。 I suggest that we （should） hold a meeting next week. 他要求被派到那儿去。 He insis

14、ted that he （should ） be sent there.,注意：insist / suggest 各有两种意思，要用不同的语气 Insist 表示“坚决要求”时，用虚拟形式，即 should + do; Insist 表示“坚称，坚持说”时，用陈述语气，表示事实。 Suggest 表示“建议”时，用虚拟形式。 Suggest 表示“表明、暗示”时，用陈述语气。 例句 The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class. 老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。 He insisted that al

15、l of us should be there on time by any means. 他坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。 He insisted that he was right.,虚拟语气在：在宾语从句中,The student insisted that he _(be) all right and _ (refuse) to go to the clinic. The lawyer suggested that his client _ _ (ask) his boss for compensation for the accident. His disappointed lo

16、ok suggested that he _ (fail) to pass the test. The witness insisted that he _ (see) a person climb through the window.,was,refused,should,ask,had failed,had seen,在would (had) rather(宁愿) 引导的宾语从句中 当从句表示现在或将来的时间时,谓语动词要用一般过去时;表示过去时间时,谓语动词要用过去完成时。 I would rather he came tomorrow than today.,I would rath

17、er we hadnt bought the flat here.,虚拟语气在主语从句中,在句型 “It is important (necessary, strange, natural, essential ) that . ” 中，that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用： should + 动词原形 例句 Its necessary that we should have a walk now. 我们有必要出去散散步。 Its natural that she should do so. 她这样做是很自然的。 Its important that your injured hand not

18、be exposed to the sun.,在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用 suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。（见教材P41）例如： 我的想法是让更多的人来参加会议。 My idea is that we（should）get more people to attend the conference. 我提了个建议，下周我们开个会。 I make a proposal that we（should）hold a meeting next week.,Sug

19、gestion, advice, requirement, order, proposal.(用以上词填空） The _ that students (should) learn something practical is worth considering. Everybody obeyed his _ that they stay there still. The _ that all the applicants should speak three language is too high. I do wish he would take your _ he stay in bed

20、for some time to recover.,suggestion,order,requirement,advice,虚拟语气在 as if 从句中,在as if 从句中，常用虚拟形式，即表示与现在事实相反，用过去式；与过去事实相反用过去完成式 (had done). 一、as if 连接表语从句 she looks as if she were an angel. He looked as if he hadnt slept for two days. 二、as if 连接让步状语从 句 She looked after the boy as if he were her own so

21、n. He speaks to us as if he had been there.,翻译,He looked as if he were an artist. He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in England,If only （“但愿”，“要就好”）感叹句中的虚拟式,If only he didnt drive so fast. If only I had asked your advice. If only the rain would stop. 1.现在或将来的愿望,用过去式 2.过去没能实现的

22、,不可能实现的愿望, 用过去完成式. 3.与would 连用，表一时难以实现的愿望,Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I _ your advice. A. follow B. had followed C. would follow D. have followed,B,It is (high) time 后的that 从句，用过去式 It is high time that we left. 是时候做点什么治理环境污染问题 It is high time that we did something to control the

23、environment pollution.,虚拟语气中的几个特例,3. 一些介词短语, 如:but for(要不是), without, otherwise(否则), in that case(如果是那样的话), 表示含蓄的条件,这时主句要用虚拟语气 Without your help, we would not have made such rapid progress. But for your help, I would fail. Without the money, I would not live in this world now.,If 的省略: 如If从句中含had, we

24、re, should 等词,则可省略if, 从句中主谓倒装.,Had I been there that day , I would have helped you. Were I a boy, I would join the army. Should I do this, I would do it in a better way.,2.假设条件虚拟倒装。 条件从句中有should， were， had三个助动词可以把if省略，并将这三个词提至句首。 If I were you, I would give it up. Were I you, I would give it up. If

25、it were not for your advice, we couldnt have got over the difficulties. Were it not for your advice, we couldnt have got over the difficulties.,If I had had time, I would have run around that lake again. Had I had time, I would have run around that lake again. If there should be a flood, what should

26、 we do? Should there be a flood, what should we do?,_ your letter, I would have written back two days ago. If I received B. Should I received C. Had I received D. If I could have received _, he would have passed the exam. If he were to study hard B. If he studied hard C. Had he studied hard D. Shoul

27、d he study hard Should it rain, the crops _. would be saved B. would have been saved C. will be saved D. had been saved,Exercise,1. How I wish every family _ a large house with a beautiful garden!,A. has B. had C. will have D. had had,2. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _ your advic

28、e.,A. follow B. had followed C. would follow D. have followed,3. -Do you mind if I open the window? -_ I feel a bit cold.,A. Of course not. B. Id rather you didnt. C. Go ahead. D. Why not?,4. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it_.,A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. h

29、ad been broken,5.-Dont you think it is necessary that he _ to Miami but to New York? -I agree, but the problem is _ he has refused to.,A. will not be sent; that B. not be sent; that C. should not be sent; what D. should not send; what,虚拟语气,6. Alan _ the party if he had gone to London. A. would have

30、missed B. had missed C. would miss D. missed 7. If I had known you were coming, I _ you at the airport. A. had met B. met C. would meet D. would have met,A,D,虚拟语气,8. If only I _ to my parents! (But I didnt.) A. listened B. had listened C. should listen D. would listen 9. Tom suggested that Ann _ the

31、 house. A. sell B. sold C. shall sell D. would sell 10. I wish this bus _ to the university. A. go B. went C. has gone D. had gone,B,A,B,虚拟语气,11. Simon looks as though he never _ a square meal(吃得饱), though his parents feed him very well. A. get B. getting C. got D. should get 12. He is talking so mu

32、ch about America as if he _ there. A. had been B. were C. was D. been 13. I _ you some money, but I hadnt got any then. A. would lend B. would have lent C. could lend D. may have lent,C,A,B,虚拟语气,14. Have you ever been to Beijing? - No, but I wish I _. A. have B. will C. do D. had 15. I dont think it

33、 is the right time that you _. A. will go B. went C. go D. must go 16. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it . A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken,D,B,C,17. The young man insisted that he _ nothing wrong and _ free. did; set B. had done; should be set C

34、. do; be set D. had done; must be set,B,18. Mother suggested that I _ my homework first before watching TV. A. did B. do C. shall do D. have done,B,19. My suggestion was that the meeting _ off still next week. to put B. be putting C. Should put D. be put,D,20. You didnt let me drive. If we _ in turn

35、, you _ so tired. A. drove; didnt get B. drove;wouldnt get C. were driving; wouldnt get D. had driven; wouldnt have got,D,21. The suggestion has been made _ the basketball game_ put off. A. for ; to B. that ; be C. which ; should be D. to ; being,B,22._ your letter, I would have written back two days ago. A. If I received B. Should I received C. Had I received D. If I could have received,C,23. Had you listened to the doctor, you _ all right now. A. are B. were C. would be D. would have been,C,24. I _ you some money, but I hadnt any o