集成电路专业英语论文

1、集成电路课程 论文报告 院系 物理与电子信息工程学院 专业电子信息工程 班级 学生姓名 学号 任课教师 2013 年 12 月 26 日 Integrated CircuitsIntegrated Circuits Abstract:Abstract: CMOS ICs incorporate both NMOS and PMOS transistors, An application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) is an integrated circuit (IC) customized for a particular use, rather

2、than intended for general-purpose use. Key words:Key words: Circuits; Integrated; application-specific; 1 Introduction1 Introduction Digital logic and electronic circuits derive their functionality from electronic switches called transistor. Roughly speaking, the transistor can be likened to an elec

3、tronically controlled valve whereby energy applied to one connection of the valve enables energy to flow between two other connections.By combining multiple transistors, digital logic building blocks such as AND gates and flip-flops are formed. Transistors, in turn, are made from semiconductors. Con

4、sult a periodic table of elements in a college chemistry textbook, and youwill locate semiconductors as a group of elements separating the metals and nonmetals.They are called semiconductors because of their ability to behave as both metals and nonmetals. A semiconductor can be made to conduct elect

5、ricity like a metal or to insulate as a nonmetal does. These differing electrical properties can be accurately controlled by mixing the semiconductor with small amounts of other elements. This mixing is called doping. A semiconductor can be doped to containmore electrons (N-type) or fewer electrons

6、(P-type). Examples of commonly used semiconductors are silicon and germanium. Phosphorous and boron are two elements that are used to dope N-type and P-type silicon, respectively. 2 Materials and Methods2 Materials and Methods A transistor is constructed by creating a sandwich of differently doped s

7、emiconductor layers. The two most common types of transistors, the bipolar-junction transistor (BJT) and the field-effect transistor (FET) are schematically illustrated.This figure shows both the silicon structures of these elements and their graphical symbolic representation as would be seen in a c

8、ircuit diagram. The BJT shown is an NPN transistor, because it is composed of a sandwich of N-P-N doped silicon. When a small current is injected into the base terminal, a larger current is enabled to flow from the collector to the emitter.The FET shown is an N-channel FET, which is composed of two

9、N-type regions separated by a P-type substrate. When a voltage is applied to the insulated gate terminal, a current is enabled to flow from the drain to the source. It is called N-channel, because the gate voltage induces an N-channel within the substrate, enabling current to flow between the N-regi

10、ons. Another basic semiconductor structure is a diode, which is formed simply by a junction of N-type and P-type silicon. Diodes act like one-way valves by conducting current only from P to N. Special diodes can be created that emit light when a voltage is applied. Appropriately enough, these compon

11、ents are called light emitting diodes, or LEDs. These small lights are manufactured by the millions and are found in diverse applications from telephones to traffic lights. The resulting small chip of semiconductor material on which a transistor or diode is fabricated can be encased in a small plast

12、ic package for protection against damage and contamination from the out- side world.Small wires are connected within this package between the semiconductor sandwich and pins that protrude from the package to make electrical contact with other parts of the intended circuit. Once you have several disc

13、rete transistors, digital logic can be built by directly wiring these components together. The circuit will function, but any substantial amount of digital logic will be very bulky, because several transistors are required to implement each of the various types of logic gates. 3 The Improved Method3

14、 The Improved Method 3.1 Method one3.1 Method one At the time of the invention of the transistor in 1947 by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the only way to assemble multiple transistors into a single circuit was to buy separate discrete transistors and wire them together. In 195

15、9, Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce independently invented a means of fabricating multiple transistors on a single slab of semiconductor material. Their invention would come to be known as the integrated circuit, or IC, which is the foundation of our modern computerized world. An IC is so called because

16、it integrates multiple transistors and diodes onto the same small semiconductor chip. Instead of having to solder individual wires between discrete components, an IC contains many small components that are already wired together in the desired topology to form a circuit. A typical IC, without its pl

17、astic or ceramic package, is a square or rectangular silicon die measuring from 2 to 15 mm on an edge. Depending on the level of technology used to manufacture the IC, there may be anywhere from a dozen to tens of millions of individual transistors on this small chip. This amazing density of electro

18、nic components indicates that the transistors and the wires that connect them are extremely small in size. Dimensions on an IC are measured in units of micrometers, with one micrometer (1mm) being one millionth of a meter. To serve as a reference point, a human hair is roughly 100mm in diameter. Som

19、e modern ICs contain components and wires that are measured in increments as small as 0.1mm! When an IC is designed and fabricated, it generally follows one of two main transistor technologies: bipolar or metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS). Bipolar processes create BJTs, whereas MOS processes create FE

20、Ts. Bipolar logic was more common before the 1980s, but MOS technologies have since accounted the great majority of digital logic ICs. N-channel FETs are fabricated in an NMOS process, and P-channel FETs are fabricated in a PMOS process. In the 1980s, complementary-MOS, or CMOS, became the dominant

21、process technology and remains so to this day. CMOS ICs incorporate both NMOS and PMOS transistors. 3.2 Method two3.2 Method two An application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) is an integrated circuit (IC) customized for a particular use, rather than intended for general-purpose use. For example,

22、 a chip designed solely to run a cell phone is an ASIC. In contrast, the 7400 series and 4000 series integrated circuits are logic building blocks that can be wired together for use in many different applications. As feature sizes have shrunk and design tools improved over the years, the maximum com

23、plexity (and hence functionality) possible in an ASIC has grown from 5,000 gates to over 100 million.Modern ASICs often include entire 32-bit processors, memory blocks including ROM, RAM, EEPROM, Flash and other large building blocks. Such an ASIC is often termed a SoC (System-on-Chip). Designers of

24、 digital ASICs use a hardware description language (HDL), such as Verilog or VHDL, to describe the functionality of ASICs. Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA) are the modern day equivalent of 7400 series logic and a breadboard, containing programmable logic blocks and programmable interconnects th

25、at allow the same FPGA to be used in many different applications. For smaller designs and/or lower production volumes, FPGAs may be more cost effective than an ASIC design. The non-recurring engineering cost (the cost to setup the factory to produce a particular ASIC) can run into hundreds of thousands of dollars. The general term application specific integrated circuit includes F