学术英语(理工)讲义+课后习题解答

1、,学术英语 理工,Academic English for Science and Engineering,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,Unit Contents,1 Deciding on a topic 2 Formulating a research question 3 Writing a working title 4 Enhancing your academic language （穿插在以上各版块中）,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,Principles of Deciding on a topic

2、 Task 1 Narrow down and evaluate topics Task 2 Discuss Task 3 Read Text 1 and Text 2 and answer questions Text 1 How Do Computer Hackers “Get Inside” a Computer? Text 2 Electronic Threats of a Computer Task 4 Listen to Lecture 1, 2 and 3 and answer questions Lecture 1 Questions Lecture 2 Questions L

3、ecture 3 Questions,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,Four principles of deciding on a topic,Interesting,Important,Manageable,Adequate,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,City Development Sustainable Development of Cities Sustainable Development of Big Cities Sustainable Develop

4、ment of Chinese Big Cities Sustainable Development of Chinese Big Cities from the Biological Perspective,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,What is the main idea that each essay tries to illustrate

5、?,Text 1 illustrates how hackers or unauthorized users use one way or another to get inside a computer, while Text 2 describes the various electronic threats a computer might face.,In which aspect do the two essays share the same idea?,Both focus on the vulnerability of a computer.,Unit 1 Choosing a

6、 Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,In which aspect do the two essays differ?,Text 1 illustrates how hackers or unauthorized users use one way or another to get inside a computer, while Text 2 describes the various electronic threats a computer might face.,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,What

7、 topic does each essay address? Do you think they are appropriate according to the four principles mentioned on Page 2?,缺答案,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,Additional questions for your understanding of Text 1,1 What does “unauthorized user” refer to?,This term covers the entire range

8、of folks, from those involved in organized criminal activities to insiders who are pushing the limits of what they are authorized to do on a system.,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,Additional questions for your understanding of Text 1,2 Whats the difference of known and unknown vulnera

9、bilities?,This term covers the entire range of folks, from those involved in organized criminal activities to insiders who are pushing the limits of what they are authorized to do on a system.,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,Additional questions for your understanding of Text 1,3 How t

10、o protect yourself against computer attacks?,Make sure you have all the latest patches for your operating system and applications; Make sure your password is complex; Consider getting a hardware firewall and limiting the flow of data to and from the Internet to only the few select ports you actually

11、 need; Make sure your anti-virus software is up-to- date and check frequently to see if there are new virus definitions available; Back up your data.,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,Enhancing your academic language,Match the words with their definitions.,5 c,10 i,1 g,2 a,3 e,4 b,6 d,7

12、j,8 f,9 h,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,Enhancing your academic language,Match the words with their definitions.,1 a(n) (象征的) gesture of love 2 The publisher (分发) the book in Asia. 3 A “ ” (地点) is a place, and so a website. 4 a(n) (复杂的) network of systems 5 be used to (识别) potential

13、terrorists 6 deal the matter with him (完全地) 7 start with a pretty (直截了当) question 8 beyond the (功能) of the computers 9 hit the (目标) at a distance 10 the person never (尝试) to do anything more 11 a highly sophisticated (过程),symbolic,distribute,site,complex,identify,physically,straightforward,capabilit

14、y,target,attempt,process,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,Enhancing your academic language,Match the words with their definitions.,12 work within the _ (限定因素) of time and budget 13 thanks for your kind _ (解释) 14 use many _ (专业的) terms 15 Prices _ (变化范围) from 340 U.S. Dollars to 390 U.S.

15、 Dollars. 16 _ (开拓) a new market in the city 17 be absorbed in the social _ (社交网络) 18 _ (涉及) unnecessary extra charges 19 only one _ (实例) out of many 20 get to know more about the _ (具体的细节) of the wedding 21 _ (陪伴) with her to watch movies,parameter,interpretation,technical,range,exploit,networking,

16、involve,instance,specification,accompany,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,Enhancing your academic language,Complete the paragraph,When it comes to cloud computing, it is often worried that cloud computing is not reliable, the worries (从到) “I lose control over the system with cloud compu

17、ting” to “My files are not secure with cloud computing”. Actually the worries (来自于对误解) of cloud computing. Although the security of cloud computing _(留下很多问题没有得到解决), it (打开了通道) the future development of computers. Hence a better understanding of a new technology (需要有新的思想)_.,ranging from,arise from so

18、me misunderstandings,leaves a lot of problems unsolved,opens a path for,requires a different frame of mind,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,Enhancing your academic language,Translate the following sentences from Text 1 into Chinese.,有些人声称黑客是那些扩宽知识界限而不造成危害的好人 （或即使造成危害，但并非故意而为），而“破碎者”才是真正

19、的坏人。,2 这可以指获取计算机系统的存储内容，获得一个系统的处理能力，或捕获系统之间正在交流的信息。,3 那些系统开发者或操作者所忽视的不为人知的漏洞很可能是由于糟糕的设计造成的，也可能是为了让系统具备一些必要的功能而导致计划外的结果。,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,Enhancing your academic language,Translate the following sentences from Text 1 into Chinese.,5 另外，考虑安装一个硬件防火墙并将从互联网中流入和流出的数据限定在仅有的几个你真

20、正需要的端口，如电子邮件和网站流量。,4 另一种是预先设定好程序对特定易受攻击对象进行攻击，然而，这种攻击是以鸟枪式的方式发出的，没有任何具体目标，目的是攻击到尽可能多的潜在目标。,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,Additional questions for your understanding of Text 2,1 What are Trojan horses?,Trojan horses are a string of recent specimens designed to snatch passwords or cred

21、it card information and install programs that can be used to remotely control infected machines.,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,Additional questions for your understanding of Text 2,2 Whats the respective aims of phishing and spyware?,Phishing is to trick a recipient into handing over

22、 money or sensitive personal information like their bank account details or a username and password. Spyware is to serve up unwanted adverts, change system settings and gather information on a users online behavior for marketing purposes.,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,Additional ques

23、tions for your understanding of Text 2,3 Why does the writer say that the earliest “criminal” hackers were in fact relatively harmless?,It is because that they usually interested in testing the boundaries of their knowledge and their ability to get around security measures. They mainly performed har

24、mless pranks, for example employing low-tech tricks to get free calls through the U.S. phone networks.,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,Enhancing your academic language,Match the words with their definitions.,5 a,10 c,1 d,2 f,3 h,4 i,6 e,7 b,8 j,9 g,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on

25、 a topic,Enhancing your academic language,Match the words with their definitions.,1 throw away a(n) (损坏的) computer 2 earn somebody considerable (恶名) 3 be used (可互换地) 4 A computer has (发生故障). 5 (挤) milk into the bottle 6 a(n) (有独创性的) solution to the problem 7 Chinas (出现) as a great power 8 of (卑微的) b

26、irth 9 (狡猾的) men often pass for wise. 10 exploit their (弱点) to fight them 11 a suspected (罪犯) 12 a jacket with leather (补丁) on the elbows.,compromised,notoriety,interchangeably,malfunctioned,squeeze,ingenious,emergence,humble,Cunning,vulnerability,criminal,patches,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding

27、on a topic,Enhancing your academic language,Match the words with their definitions.,13 the (阴险的) looks on his face 14 This is a(n) (艰巨的) challenge. 15 the virus that can (复制) itself 16 His (恶毒的) gossip caused much mischief. 17 The path (盘旋) up the mountain. 18 a(n) (安全的) operating system 19 (使模糊) my

28、 vision 20 (阻止) the spread of an epidemic 21 fall into (坏名声) 22 solve (复杂的) electrical problems 23 (利用) natural resources 24 write a personal note to each (收件人) 25 (转换) holdings into shares,sinister,daunting,replicate,malicious,spirals,secure,blur,stem,sophisticated,disrepute,harness,recipient,conve

29、rt,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,Enhancing your academic language,Translate the following sentences from Text 2 into Chinese.,看似无害的编程错误可以被利用，导致电脑被侵入并为电脑蠕虫和病毒的繁衍提供温床。,2 当一个软件漏洞被发现，黑客可以将漏洞变成一个侵入点，从而造成极大的破坏，在这之前，往往需要争分夺秒地利用正确的软件补丁来防止破坏的发生。,3 最简单的钓鱼骗局试图利用迅速致富的伎俩诱使诈骗目标寄钱。但网络骗子们也变得越来越狡猾，最近

30、的陷阱是通过发送客户服务的电子邮件让用户进入假银行或商业网站，并在那里请他们“重新输入”他们的账户信息。,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,Enhancing your academic language,Translate the following sentences from Text 2 into Chinese.,4 间谍软件与垃圾邮件和钓鱼网络一起，构成了三个令人生厌的互联网害虫。尽管有些程序可以通过入侵软件漏洞从而进入电脑，但这些有害而秘密的程序通常会随着其他通常是免费的应用软件侵入到计算机系统中。,5 尽管因特网已经彻底

31、改变了全球通讯，但是对于那些意图为了罪恶目的而利用网络力量的人和那些负责阻止这些网络犯罪的人来说，他们之间的较量才刚刚开始。,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,1 Topics of each lecture,Lecture 1: _,Lecture 2: _,Lecture 3: _,2 Topic 1: _,Topic 2: _,The importance of Computer Ethics,How to deal with Computer Hackers,How I Begin to develop Computer App

32、lications,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,Enhancing your academic language,Lecture 1,1 What is the topic of the lecture?,To help computer users to be aware of the ethical uses of computers and the Internet.,2 Why do ethical issues become more important?,People should respect other peop

33、les property and use resources fairly.,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,Enhancing your academic language,Lecture 1,3 Which rule is about the way to avoid plagiarism?,Because more and more people have started using computers and the Internet.,4 Which rule do hackers mainly break?,Number

34、Eight.,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,Enhancing your academic language,Lecture 1,What are the main principles behind the Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics?,Number Nine.,How is Lecture 1 different from Texts 1 and 2 in terms of content?,To help computer users to be aware of the ethic

35、al uses of computers and the Internet.,7 What is the title of the lecture you may suggest?,缺答案,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,Enhancing your academic language,Lecture 2,1 Who is the mysterious sponsor or “the Anonymous”?,Its a sophisticated group of politically motivated hackers.,2 Ac

36、cording to the lecturer, what should we do besides putting a huge amount of money into cybersecurity for the most extraordinary technical solution?,We should talk to hackers and make use of them.,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,Enhancing your academic language,Lecture 2,3 How do the pu

37、rchaser and the vendor do business on the CarderPlanet?,They do business by using the escraw system.,4 According to the lecturer, what kind of hackers should not be thrown into jail?,Hackers who have disabilities like autism.,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,Enhancing your academic lang

38、uage,Lecture 2,What is the solution to the hacker problem according to the lecturer?,Recruiting and mobilizing hackers on behalf of the state.,In which aspects is the lecture related to Texts 1 and 2?,Faced with the threats of computer hackers mentioned in Text 1 and 2, the speaker suggests that we

39、should talk to hackers, understand their disabilities, and make use of their talent.,7 What is the title of the lecture you may suggest?,Understand and Make Use of Hackers,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,Enhancing your academic language,Lecture 3,1 What is the function of the app “Eart

40、h Fortune”?,It can display different kinds of color depending on ones fortune.,2 Why do a lot of kids find it difficult to make games?,Because not many kids know where they can learn to make up a program.,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,Enhancing your academic language,Lecture 3,3 Wher

41、e does the lecturer put his apps?,The app store.,4 Why did the lecturer start an app club?,Because students at his school can come and learn how to design an app.,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,Enhancing your academic language,Lecture 3,What is the big challenge to the iPad program?,H

42、ow should iPad be used and what apps should we put on the iPads.,What is the title of the talk you may suggest?,How Can I Get Fascinated with the iPads and Design Apps,7 Will the lecturer become a potential hacker? Why, or why not?,Most probably if he lacks such education as computer ethics.,Unit 1

43、Choosing a Topic,2 Formulating a research question,purposes of a research question Task 1 Read Text 3 and Text 4 and answer questions Text 3 How Do Computer Hackers “Get Inside” a Computer? Text 4 Electronic Threats of a Computer Task 2 Develop topics into research questions Task 3 Brainstorm and an

44、swer questions,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,2 Formulating a research question,It identifies the specific objectives your research or your paper will address.,purposes of a research question,It determines the size of your research or the length of your paper.,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,1 Deciding on a topic,

45、Text 3 Research question 1: _ Research question 2: _ Research question 3: _ Text 4 Research question 1: _ Research question 2: _ Research question 3: _,How many types of Cloud services and what are they?,What is green computing?,What advantages of the cloud computing?,What is the Web 3.0?,What advan

46、tages and disadvantages of the cloud computing?,Can the cloud computing provide security benefits?,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,2 Formulating a research question,Additional questions for your understanding of Text 3,1 What is cloud computing?,Cloud computing is a pay-per-use model for enabling on-demand

47、access to reliable and configurable resources that can be quickly provisioned and releasedwith minimal consumer involvement in terms of management.,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,2 Formulating a research question,Additional questions for your understanding of Text 3,2 What characteristics should cloud have

48、?,1 It should be able to quickly allot and relieve resources whenever required by clients; 2 It should have real-time backup to offer maximum up time to clients; 3 It should be able to cater to the needs of clients without having to involve clients into management of the service.,Unit 1 Choosing a T

49、opic,2 Formulating a research question,Additional questions for your understanding of Text 3,3 What are the advantages of cloud computing?,Remote Accessibility: With cloud computing, your business is not restricted to a particular location. Easy Expansion: As of the characteristics of cloud computin

50、g is its flexibility, you can quickly access more resources if you need to expand your business. Security: Though people doubt cloud computing, clouds tend to be more secure than the traditional business models. Environmentally Friendly: Usage of ready-made resources tailored to your needs helps you

51、 reduce the electricity expenses,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,Enhancing your academic language,Match the words with their definitions.,5 i,10 c,1 f,2 d,3 e,4 j,6 h,7 b,8 a,9 g,2 Formulating a research question,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,Enhancing your academic language,Match the words with their definitions

52、.,2 Formulating a research question,1 (不管) of their age and education 2 The program must (迎合) to the needs of your customers. 3 (易于) to develop lung cancer 4 (选择) for one style or the other 5 He supplies the (最大的) amount of information. 6 These product orders should be (编号). 7 the (提供) of facilities

53、 for children 8 a restaurant (合适于) for families 9 the need for a tighter (检查) on arms sales 10 (现成的) excuse 11 The aircraft has been (改进) and improved. 12 provide treatment (所要求的) 13 the (去向) of the missing documents,irrespective,be tailored,coded,provision,catered,check,prone,maximum,opt,ready-made

54、,modified,on-demand,whereabouts,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,Enhancing your academic language,Match the words with their definitions.,2 Formulating a research question,14 (有害的) waste must be appropriately dealt with. 15 The terrible damage has been (遭受到了). 16 Few of the rules are (适合于) to the country. 17

55、 an industrial (开发商) 18 a whole range of services (所提供的) 19 (主持) a talk show 20 It is free or for a (极小的，象征性的) charge. 21 get these accounts (核证) 22 a highly (自动化) factory 23 a power (断供期) 24 Demand and supply are out of (同步一致). 25 The evidence can (证实) his story. 26 a great victory with (最小的) price

56、 27 a highly (流动的) society,Hazardous,incurred,applicable,developer,on offer,host,nominal,certified,automated,sync,outage,back up,minimal,mobile,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,Enhancing your academic language,Translate the following sentences from Text 3 into Chinese.,2 Formulating a research question,云计算可定义为一种付款模式，这种模式可以根据提出的要求迅速得到可靠的计算机分配资源，而付钱用户很少要自己进行管理。,2 由于云计算可以总是用来不断提供资源，因此当你需要扩充计算机容量，你不需要去买硬件。这样，你就不会因为用更多的电去冷却计算机设备而产生更多的二氧化碳。,Unit 1 Choosing a Topic,Enhancing your aca