凯伯国际贸易第六章(英文原版课件)

1、Trade Regulations and Industrial Policies, 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwordprotected website for classroom use,

2、1,PowerPoint slides prepared by: Andreea Chiritescu Eastern Illinois University,U.S. Tariff Policies Before 1930,The revenue argument Dominant motive behind the early tariff laws of the United States First tariff law, 1789 Followed by 12 more tariff laws by 1812 Today, tariffs collected by the feder

3、al government = 1% of total federal revenues, 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwordprotected website for classroom u

4、se,2,U.S. Tariff Policies Before 1930,The protective argument 1791, Alexander Hamilton, “Report on Manufacturers” Young industries of the United States be granted import protection until they could grow and prosper The infant industry argument By the 1820s protectionist sentiments in the United Stat

5、es were well established, 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwordprotected website for classroom use,3,U.S. Tariff Pol

6、icies Before 1930,The protective argument 1828 , Tariff of Abominations, 45% duties Provoked the South - wanted low duties for its imported manufactured goods Compromise Tariff of 1833 Downsizing of the tariff protection afforded U.S. manufacturers, 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May no

7、t be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwordprotected website for classroom use,4,U.S. Tariff Policies Before 1930,1840s and 1850s, U.S. government Excess of tax receipts ov

8、er expenditures Walker tariffs, 23% To eliminate the budget surplus Further tariff cuts, 1857, 16% Civil War era Morill Tariffs of 1861, 1862, and 1864 Means of paying for the Civil War, 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, excep

9、t for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwordprotected website for classroom use,5,U.S. Tariff Policies Before 1930,Late 1800s, cheap foreign labor argument McKinley and Dingley Tariffs 1897, tariffs of 46% Payne-Aldrich Tariff of 1909 T

10、urning point against rising protectionism Underwood Tariff of 1913 Reduced duties to 27%, 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on

11、 a passwordprotected website for classroom use,6,U.S. Tariff Policies Before 1930,World War I Protectionist pressures built up Early 1920s, scientific tariff concept 1922, Fordney-McCumber Tariff Tariff rates 38%, 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated,

12、 in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwordprotected website for classroom use,7, 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as

13、permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwordprotected website for classroom use,8,U.S. tariff history: average tariff rates,TABLE 6.1,Smoot-Hawley Act,Smoot-Hawley Act, 1930 Average tariffs of 53% Tried to divert national demand away from imports an

14、d toward domestically produced goods Retaliation by 25 trading partners of the U.S. Several nations tried to run a trade surplus by reducing imports Breakdown of the international trading system, 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in pa

15、rt, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwordprotected website for classroom use,9,Smoot-Hawley Act,Smoot-Hawley Act, 1930 1932, U.S. exports decreased by nearly two-thirds President Hoover, protectionist trap Refused to veto th

16、e Smoot-Hawley Act Compelled to honor the 1928 Republican platform Tariffs to aid the weakened farm economy Bound to tradition Bound to the platform of the Republican Part, 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as p

17、ermitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwordprotected website for classroom use,10,The figure shows the pattern of world trade from 1929 to 1933. Following the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930, which raised U.S. tariffs to an average level of 53 perce

18、nt, other nations retaliated by increasing their own import restrictions, and the volume of world trade decreased as the global economy fell into the Great Depression, 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permit

19、ted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwordprotected website for classroom use,11,Smoot-Hawley protectionism and world trade, 19291933 (millions of dollars),FIGURE 6.1,Smoot-Hawley Act,President Roosevelt, 1932 Democrats dismantled the Smoot-Hawley legis

20、lation Reciprocal trade agreements Trade liberalization, 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwordprotected website for

21、classroom use,12,Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act,1934, Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act Transferred authority from the Congress Generally favored domestic import-competing producers To the president Consider the national interest when forming trade policy Lower tariffs and a wave of trade liberalizat

22、ion, 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwordprotected website for classroom use,13,Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act,Neg

23、otiating authority The president Unprecedented authority to negotiate bilateral tariff-reduction agreements with foreign governments Without congressional approval Lower tariffs by up to 50% of existing level 1934 to 1947, 32 bilateral tariff agreements Average level of tariffs - about half of the 1

24、934 levels, 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwordprotected website for classroom use,14,Reciprocal Trade Agreements

25、Act,Generalized reductions Most favored nation (MFN) clause Agreement between two nations to apply tariffs to each other at rates as low as those applied to any other nation having MFN status Tariff reductions being made on a nondiscriminatory basis 1998, U.S. government replaced the term most favor

26、ed nation with normal trade relations, 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwordprotected website for classroom use,15,G

27、eneral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,GATT, 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Agreement among the member nations To decrease trade barriers To place all nations on an equal footing in trading relations Never intended to become an organization 1995, GATT - transformed into the World Trade O

28、rganization (WTO), 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwordprotected website for classroom use,16,General Agreement on

29、Tariffs and Trade,WTO Main provisions of GATT Include a mechanism intended to improve GATTs process for resolving trade disputes among member nations, 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license

30、distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwordprotected website for classroom use,17,General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,Major principles of GATT system Trade without discrimination MFN principle (normal trade relations) National treatment principle Promoting freer trade

31、 Improved the dispute-resolution process Use tariffs rather than quotas Binding and transparency Multilateral trade negotiations, 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a ce

32、rtain product or service or otherwise on a passwordprotected website for classroom use,18, 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise o

33、n a passwordprotected website for classroom use,19,U.S. tariffs on imports from nations granted, and not granted, normal trade relation status: selected examples,TABLE 6.2, 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as p

34、ermitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwordprotected website for classroom use,20,GATT negotiating rounds,TABLE 6.3, 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permit

35、ted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwordprotected website for classroom use,21,Uruguay Round tariff reductions on industrial products by selected countries,TABLE 6.4,World Trade Organization,January 1, 1995, GATT transformed into WTO Membership organi

36、zation Governing the conduct of trade relations among its members WTO members adhere To GATT rules To the broad range of trade pacts that have been negotiated under GATT auspices in recent decades, 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in

37、part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwordprotected website for classroom use,22,World Trade Organization,WTO 153 nations, 97% of world trade International organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland Multilateral tra

38、ding system Trade in services, intellectual property, and investment Administers a unified package of agreements to which all members are committed, 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license di

39、stributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwordprotected website for classroom use,23,World Trade Organization,WTO Reverses policies of protection in certain “sensitive” areas Settling trade disputes Is not a government Individual nations - free to set their own appropriate le

40、vels of environment, labor, health, and safety protections Various councils and committees, 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise

41、on a passwordprotected website for classroom use,24,World Trade Organization,WTO Administers Agreements contained in the Uruguay Round Agreements on government procurement and civil aircraft Oversees Implementation of the tariff cuts Reduction of nontariff measures Watchdog of international trade Da

42、tabase - trade measures and statistics, 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwordprotected website for classroom use,25,

43、World Trade Organization,WTO Reduce National Sovereignty? Yes because of WTO disputes settlement No because findings of a WTO dispute-settlement panel cannot force the United States to change its laws Retaliatory tariffs for WTO enforcement? Small country impose retaliatory tariffs Relatively more c

44、ostly to initiate No favorable movements in its terms of trade, 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwordprotected websi

45、te for classroom use,26,World Trade Organization,Trade liberalization - harm the environment? “Race to the bottom” in environmental standards Social preferences Trade liberalization Enhances productivity and growth Puts downward pressure on inflation Increasing competition Creates jobs, 2011 Cengage

46、 Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwordprotected website for classroom use,27,World Trade Organization,Trade liberalization - impr

47、ove the environment Trade stimulates economic growth Key factors in societies demand for a cleaner environment Tougher environmental laws Trade and growth Development and dissemination of environment friendly production techniques, 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scann

48、ed, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwordprotected website for classroom use,28,Burning rubber: Obamas tire tariff ignites Chinese officials,New tariff on tires from China, 2009 In respons

49、e to a complaint by the USW In addition to the existing tariff Applied to low-price tires ($50 - $60 apiece) 35% in the first year 30% in the second year 25% in the third year Cut off about 17% of all tires sold in U.S. Boost U.S. industry sales and prices increased profitability, 2011 Cengage Learn

50、ing. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwordprotected website for classroom use,29,Burning rubber: Obamas tire tariff ignites Chinese officia

51、ls,Critics USW petition for the tariff increase Not supported by American tire companies Already abandoned making low cost tires in U.S. Manufacture low-cost tires in China Costly and complicated to revamp factory lines Chinese tires - replaced by low-wage manufacturers in other countries Takes time

52、 Shortages of low-end tires in the U.S. market Prices increasing by 20-30%, 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwordpro

53、tected website for classroom use,30,From Doha To Hong Kong: Failed Trade Negotiations,1999, Seattle, Washington Disagreements among developing nations and industrial nations Doha Round, Doha, Qatar “Doha development agenda” Poor developing countries trade liberalization Countries disowned major port

54、ions of the agenda Complaining about earlier trade rounds Little interest in compromise, 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on

55、a passwordprotected website for classroom use,31,Trade Promotion Authority,Trade promotion authority, 1974 Fast-track authority The president - formally notify Congress of his/her intent to enter trade negotiations with another country Congress - 60 legislative days to permit or deny “fast-track” au

56、thority, 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwordprotected website for classroom use,32,Trade Promotion Authority,Trade

57、 promotion authority, 1974 The president - limited time period in which to complete the trade negotiations Outcome subject to a straight up-or-down vote Both houses of Congress Within 90 legislative days of submission The president - consult actively with Congress and the private sector throughout t

58、he negotiation, 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwordprotected website for classroom use,33,Safeguards: Emergency Pr

59、otection From Imports,Trade remedy laws Designed to produce a fair trading environment for all parties engaging in international trade Escape clause (safeguard relief) Countervailing duties Antidumping duties Unfair trading practices, 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwordprotected website for classroom use,34, 2011 Cengage Learning