当代种鸡的营养考虑及其对后代的影响

1、当代种鸡的营养考虑及其对后代的影响 Nutritional Considerations of the Modern Broiler Breeder and the Impact on Progeny 作者：Marcus Kenny 沈慧乐 译,安伟捷育种公司,营养学家的职责 The Responsibility of the Nutritionist,由于肉种鸡是限饲的，所以营养学家的职责是： Since Breeders are restrict fed, the Nutritionistsresponsibility is to: 对种鸡在每个生产阶段所需的营养水平做出明确的规 定； C

2、learly define the nutrient levels needed for the bird at each phase of production 了解季节与温度的影响； Understand season and temperature influences 按季节选择适合于种鸡的优质饲料原料。 Select high quality ingredients that are appropriate for breeders and for the time of year,营养学家的职责 The Responsibility of the Nutritionist,配制一个

3、不需要经常修改的配方 Formulate a feed that does not need regular revision 种鸡的营养实际是饲料管理 Breeder nutrition is about Feed Management 为了“学习”如何喂好种鸡，生产场长需要一个稳定的优质饲料 Production managers need a consistent, high quality feed in order to “learn”how to feed their birds 一个经常改变的饲料是很难管理体重与产蛋率的 A feed that continually chang

4、es makes it very difficult to manage weights and egg production,肉种鸡并不采食百分数 Breeders Do Not Eat Percentages,我们都经常会问，肉种鸡配方需要多少蛋白质、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸或代谢能呢？ We all to often get asked: what Crude Protein, Lysine, Methionine or ME level a breeder diet should have? 我们给鸡分配的是营养素，而不是饲料的浓度；但是，更正确地说日进食量是重要的。 Since nutrien

5、ts are allocated to the bird, it is not the concentration in the feed. But, rather the daily intake that is important 一只日采食140克的鸡，所需的饲料浓度要高于日采食175克的。 A bird receiving peak feed of 140 grams/ requires a feed with higher nutrient density than one receiving 175 grams/day,肉种鸡并不采食百分数 Breeders Do Not Eat

6、Percentages,让我们举一个普通种鸡饲料的例子 Lets take for example; a common breeder feed,肉种鸡并不采食百分数 Birds Do Not Eat Percentages,了解鸡的日营养需要量 Understand the daily nutrient requirement of the bird 知道所用饲料的营养水平 Know the nutrient levels of your feed 根据以上知识给鸡分配料量 Allocate the amount of feed based on this knowledge,能 量 Ene

7、rgy,能量是什么？ Energy What is it?,能量是维持基础代谢、活动及产肉（生长）和产蛋（繁殖）所需的“燃料”。 “Fuel”for maintaining basic metabolism, mobility and for production of meat (growth) and eggs (reproduction) 它不是一个像这样的“营养素”，而是由于能量代谢氧化的结果所产生的营养素，如碳水化合物、脂肪、蛋白质。 Not a “nutrient”as such, but the result of metabolic oxidation of energy yi

8、elding nutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins),脂肪对种鸡营养是重要的 Fat is Important in Breeder Nutrition,无特定的日粮“脂肪”需要量。 No specific dietary “fat”requirement 脂肪的益处是： Fat is beneficial: 在热应激条件下它可降低热增耗 Under heat stress conditions it reduces heat increment 提高蛋重 Improves egg size 提高后代的生产性能 Improves progeny pe

9、rformance 家禽需要亚油酸，它是一种必需脂肪酸 In poultry requirement is for linoleicacid (an essential fatty acid or EFA),一只母鸡需要多少能量呢？ How Much Energy Does A Hen Need?,ROSS 308 的能量需要量估测值 在21.1 （70 F）按平均水平饲喂 Estimated Energy Requirements for Ross 308 - Feeding for Average,维持需要70F(21.1) 生长 产蛋 总计,千卡代谢能/只/日,周龄,维持能量需要量随温度

10、变化而变化,维持需要70F(21.1) 维持需要80F(26.7) 维持需要60F(15.6),如果不调整喂料量，繁殖性能会下降,温度影响能量需要量 Temperature effect on energy requirements,以20（68F）为基础，能量进食量应加以调节： From base of 20C (68F), energy intake adjustments should: 如果从20降至15（6859F），则需调高能量30千卡/只/日。 30 kcal/bird/day if from 20to 15C (68to 59F) 如果从20升至25（6877F），则需减少能量

11、25千卡/只/日。 25 kcal/bird/day if from 20to 25C (68to 77F) 温度25（77F）的影响就不那么直接了。 Influence at 25C (77F) not as straight forward 25（77F） 控制饲料组成、饲料量以及环境管理以降 低热应激。 25C (77F) control feed composition, feed amount and environmental management to reduce heat stress,蛋白质与氨基酸 Protein Diets contained the same ener

12、gy level.,氨基酸过量对受精率的影响（DeBeer and Coon 2006） Impact of Excess AAs on Fertility（DeBeer and Coon 2006）,异亮氨酸对受精率的影响,赖氨酸对受精率的影响,受精率，,异亮氨酸（毫克）,赖氨酸（毫克）,粗蛋白14.50.59异亮氨酸150克885毫克/日 CP14.50.59 Ile150g885mg/d 粗蛋白15.50.65异亮氨酸150克975毫克/日 CP15.50.65 Ile150g975mg/d,蛋白质过量与热应激 Excess Protein and Heat Stress,过量的蛋白质必须被代谢掉，这需要能量并产生热；该过程加重热应激。 Excess protein must be metabolized, this requires energy, which generates heat. This aggravates heat stress 在热天的条件下： Under hot conditions: 在饲喂后1-3小时，体温会升高1； Body temp will rise by 1oC -1 to 3hrs after f