英文写作分析

1、1.题材：考试内容多以学生熟悉的日常学习生活和应该关心的社会生活、社会热点为主。 2.体裁：多以议论文和说明文为主。 3.命题形式：以文字提纲为主，图表提纲为辅。 4.写作类型： （1） 对比论述型 （2 ）图表分析型 （3 ）观点论证型 （4 ）对策方法型 （5 ）现象分析型(包括: 问题分析型) （6 ）叙事型 （7 ） 应用文型,4. 命题特点和趋势,II.写作题材模板及写作技巧 1. 英语文章结果特点及其构建 2. 对比论述型 3.图表分析 4.观点论证型 5.文章开头与结尾的写作方法,1.英语文章的结构特点,英语写作要求文章结构必须十分严谨，文章各个部分的功能都要十分清晰，开头、中间

2、和结尾都有严格的要求。 简而言之，英语文章共有三大特点： 1、 观点鲜明的开头； 2、 紧扣主题的结尾； 3、 有主题句并且衔接自然的中间段落。,文章总体构建,结构：常用的“启、承、转、合”表达方法(背),1 “启”。 按顺序：First, Firstly, First of all, At first, In the first place, In the beginning, To begin with, To start with, For one thing, On the one hand 当前：At present, recently, lately,nowadays, 一般而言：

3、In general, generally speaking, as a matter of fact 2 “承”。 按顺序：second, secondly, besides, in addition, furthermore, moreover, whats more, 举例子：for example/instance, as an example, as another example; namely, 换言之：in other words, in particular, 扩展：after that, afterwards, from now on, similarly, meanwhi

4、le, at the same time, 3“转”。 转折：but, yet, however, nevertheless, though, although, despite, in spite of, on the contrary, unlike, on the other hand, 4 “合”。 结尾: In conclusion; In short; In summary; Therefore; Thus; To sum up; To conclude; consequently, To summarize; Briefly; Above all; As a result; at

5、 last; eventually; accordingly;,2. 对比论述型,这类作文多为提纲式作文，议论文体裁。通过论述相反的两个观点，或分析评论某一社会现象的优缺点，然后给出自己的见解和看法，是四级考试写作中最常见的作文形式。 例如： Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists? (2005. 12) 1. 名校校园正成为旅游新热点 2. 校园是否应对游客开放， 人们看法不同 3. 我认为。 Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? 1. 很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是。 2. 也有人持

6、不用的意见。 3. 我的看法和打算,对比分析类作文主要有两种： 1) 是需要考生对比阐述两种观点或做法及各自的理由，然后表明自己的观点或做法并说明理由； 2) 是需要考生对比阐述某事物的利和弊、好处和坏处或优点和缺点，继而表明自己的看法或态度。,对比类范文,Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of The Automobiles. You should write at least 120 words following the outline giv

7、en below. 1. 汽车在现代社会中发挥着重要作用 2. 汽车也带来了一些问题 3. 我的看法,Automobiles, as the product of modern civilization, have long been playing an important role in modern society. For all the conveniences brought by automobiles, they have also caused many problems, too. From what we have said above, we can see that

8、automobiles have brought us both something good and something bad.,On the one hand, ,To begin with, ,In my opinion, we should ,lives more colorful and convenient, for with the emergence of automobiles, the time people spend commuting to and from work is shorter and people can go wherever they want t

9、o without much trouble.,On the other hand, ,besides the daily,activities of human beings, other activities in our society are also dependent on the vehicle. For example, automobiles are needed to carry raw materials and products from one place to another, which is quite important for the development

10、 of different industries.,the number of traffic accidents has been rising year,after year, resulting in the sharp increase of injuries and even deaths on the road.,Whats more, .,the major pollutions caused by automobiles, the noise pollution and,air pollution, are having an increasingly bad effect o

11、n our daily lives. Nowadays, especially in those big cities, the air quality is getting worse and worse due to the enormous amount of poisonous gases given off by automobiles.,they have made peoples daily,take immediate actions from now on, such as the development of new energy sources and the promo

12、tion of public transportation, in order to minimize the bad effects of the automobiles while making full use of them.,对比论述型作文,真题实战 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of the topic Online Chatting You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition

13、on the outline (given in Chinese) below. 1. 在线聊天的优点 2. 在线聊天的缺点 3. 我的观点,Nowadays, with the development of the Internet, online chatting has become more and more popular, especially among the young. As a new way of communication, it has benefited people a lot. It has, indeed, made peoples life easier

14、and more colorful. However, there are also many disadvantages. From the above-mentioned points, we can easily come to a conclusion that online chatting is like a double-edged sword.,In the first place, ,Firstly, ,In my opinion, we should ,distance between people, making it much easier for them to vi

15、sit each other, exchange ideas and information since they can chat, or even talk with each other with the help of a certain software at any time, and place.,In the second place, ,it has shortened the,Whats worse,people can easily make friends with strangers on line, which will probably give them mor

16、e opportunities to expand their eyesight and broaden their horizon by talking to different people from different places.,it wastes a lot of time. People, especially young,students, tend to get addicted to it and spend much time chatting online, which will have a bad influence on their study or daily

17、 work.,Moreover, .,the pervasive,unhealthy information online is quite likely to corrupt young people.,they may get deceived while chatting with others, especially strangers. Online cheating can often be heard nowadays.,make a,sensible use of it under the condition that it does not affect our normal

18、 life. Only in this way can we maximize its advantages while reducing its disadvantages to the minimum level.,3. 图表分析型 图表作文的命题形式是根据图画或者图表，要求考生用简洁、生动的语言把图表中所提供的信息准确、完整地表达出来。然后进行分析和评论，并得出合乎逻辑的结论。 图表作文是一种信息的转换。也就是说，写图表作文时，首先要以题目中的要求为指导，审慎读图，准确把握图表传达的信息，将其扩展成文。图表作文往往是以说明为主，图表中的数据是为了说明某个问题而提供的，只要问题能阐释清楚，

19、就不必面面俱到地把所有数据都在文章中引用出来。考生要切忌毫无目的地引用图表中的数据,引用数据过多的同学往往得分很低.,图表作文的段落设计,1). 开头段-说明该图表反映的概况，选择能充分说明主题的典型数据进行概述； 2). 中间段-对数据进行仔细地分析比较，归纳出增减速率，找出产生变化的原因； 3). 结尾段-写出看完图表后的想法或评论，得出自己的结论。,Model 1,The chart shows that (_). It is self-evident that (_). The following reasons account for this phenomenon. To begi

20、n with, (_). In addition, (_). Last but not least, (_). In my view, (_). On the one hand, (_). On the other hand ,(_). In conclusion, (_).,Model 2,From the chart, we can clearly see that (_). It is obvious that (_).Three possible reasons contribute to this phenomenon. One reason is that(_). Another

21、reason is that(_). As a result,(_). However, I think (_). For one thing,(_). For another,(_). To sum up,(_).,Practice: 图表分析型,上图所示为1990年、1995年、2000年某校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化； 请说明发生这些变化的原因 （可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）； 你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。,图表分析型 范文欣赏,(1)The chart shows that students are now spending much

22、more time on the computer, from one hour to four hours per week from 1990 to 1995. (2) It is self-evident that it increases sharply to twenty hours in the year of 2000. (3) Three possible reasons contribute to this phenomenon.,(4) One reason is that most college students now can afford a personal co

23、mputer due to the sharp decline in its price. (5) Another reason is that they find the computer a wonderful thing to have fun with. (6) For instance, they can chat through QQ or playing games online. (7) Whats more, from Internet, they can learn things much more quickly than simply from reading book

24、s so that they can secure a good job in the future. (8) As a result, all these lead to much more time spent on using computers.,(9) However, in my opinion, there are some complaints from both teachers and students. (10) For one thing, students complain about the less availability of computers and sl

25、ow speed of the network. (11) For another, some teachers worry that the much more time spent playing computer games or surfing online will lead students to ignore their studies and even do cheating instead of doing research by their own. (12) To sum up, in spite of problems concerning the use of com

26、puter, computer is still of more merits than defects.,4. 观点论证型,证观点类作文一般需要考生按照要求提出论点，通过举例等方式论证观点，最后再对论点进行总结。 第一段：提出论点 第二段：举例论证 第三段：总结观点,Model 1,The saying (“_”) has been widely accepted for many years. It tells us that (_). The truth of it is self-evident. Many remarkable examples contribute to this

27、argument. A case in point (_). For another example, (_). Therefore,(_). Judging from the evidence offered, we may come to the conclusion that (_). In summary, (_).,Model 2,As the proverb goes, (“_”). It reminds us that (_). The truth of it is deep and profound. There are numerous examples supporting

28、 this argument. A case in point (_). For another example, (_). As a result,(_). All the above-mentioned explanations tell us that(_). In a word, (_).,范文,例：Directions: For this part, your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Haste Makes Waste. You should write at least 120 words

29、 and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1. 为什么说“欲速则不达”？ 2. 试举例说明。,Haste Makes Waste The Proverb “Haste makes waste” has been widely accepted for many years. It reminds us that if we are to achieve our final goal we have to do it in a down-to-earth(现实的) way. The

30、 truth of it is deep and profound. There are numerous examples supporting this argument. A case in point is the ancient Chinese story of “Helping the shoots grow by pulling”. This story proved that the haste caused not only waste but great loss. For another example, some parents and teachers, in ord

31、er to improve childrens academic performance in a short time, tend to put too heavy burden on children. This, as a result, brings the children nothing but great pressure. All the above-mentioned explanations tell us that we shouldnt be over anxious for quick results. Everything has its own developin

32、g law. Therefore, whatever we do, we should not pay too much attention to the speed and ignore these laws.,5. 文章开头与结尾的写作方法,写作之文章开头,1-1 对立法 : 先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法,适用于有争议性的主题. 1-2 现象法- 引出要剖析的现象或者问题, 然后评论 1-3 观点法 -开门见山,直接了当地提出自己对要讨论的问题的看法 1-4 引用法 - 先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法, 来引出文章要展开论述的观点! 1-5 比较法 - 通

33、过对过去,现在 两种不同的倾向,观点的比较 , 引出文章要讨论的观点. 1-6 故事法 - 先讲一个较短的故事来引发读者的兴趣, 引出文章的主题. 1-7 问题法 - 先用讨论或解答的设问, 引出自己观点, 适用于有争议性的话题.,对立法,1. When asked about， the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that But I think/view a bit differently. 2. When it comes to ， some people believe that Others argue/claim that th

34、e opposite/reverse is true . There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements ， but （I tend to the former/ latter ） 3. Now， it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that They claim/believe/argue that But I wonder/doubt whether.,现象法,1. Recently the rise in problem of/（pheno

35、menon of） has cause/aroused public/popular/wide/ worldwide concern. 2. Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of has been brought into focus. （ has been brought to public attention） 3.Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to f

36、ace now/constantly.,观点法,1. Nowhere in the world/China has the issue/idea of been more visible/popular than 2. Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginning/coming to realize/accept/（be aware） that 3. Now there is a growing awareness/recognition of the necessity to Now people become increas

37、ingly aware/conscious of the importance of . 4. Perhaps it is time to have a fresh look at the attitude/idea that,引用法,1. Knowledge is power. such is the remark made by Bacon. This remark has been shared by more and more people . Education is not complete with graduation. Such is the opinion of a gre

38、at American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opinion. 2. how often we hear such statements/ words like these.,比较法,1. For years， had been viewed as But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing ， people . 2. People used to think that （In the past， ） But people now share this

39、 new .,故事法,1. Once in （a newspaper） ， I read of/learnt The phenomenon of has aroused public concern. 2. I have a friend who Should he ？ Such a dilemma we are often confronted with in our daily life. 3. Once upon a time ， there lived a man who This story may be（unbelievable） ， but it still has a real

40、istic significance now.,问题法,Should/What ？ Options of vary greatly ， some ， others But in my opinion ， ,文章主体有用句型总结,Firstly,Secondly,Thirdly, For one thing,For another,Finally, In the first place,In the second place, Finally, On one hand,On the other hand, First of all,In addition,Consequently, To begin with, Whats more, Last but not the least,写作之文章结尾,2-1 结论型- 通过对文章前面的讨论 ,引出或重申文章的中心思想及观点 2-2 后果型- 揭示所讨论的问题若不解决, 将产生的严重后果. 2-3 号召型-呼吁读者行动起来, 采取行动或提请注意. 2-4 建议型- 对所讨论的问题提出建议性的意见, 包括建议和具体的解决问题的方法. 2-5 方向型的结尾方式 - 其与建议性的唯一差别就是对问题解决提出总的, 大体的方