大学英语翻译技巧（新1）

1、第二章,翻译的基本技巧,1.直译与意译,翻译的方法，大体说来有两大类：直译（literal translation）与意译(free translation)。“既忠于原文的内容，忠于原文的形式”的翻译就是直译；只忠于原文的内容，不拘泥于原文的形式的翻译就是意译。在翻译时，能直译就直译，能意译就意译。E.g. 1) His novel is as mirror of the times. 他的小说是时代的一面镜子. (L) 2) The newspaper claims to be the mirror of public opinions. 该报宣称忠实反映了公众意见. (F) 3) In

2、some automated plants electronic computers control the entire production line. 在某些自动化工厂，电子计算机控制整个生产线。（L）,4) Hitler was armed to the teeth when he launched the Second World War, but in a few years , he was completely defeated. 希特勒在发动第二次世界大战时是武装到牙齿的，可是不过几年，就被彻底击败了。（L） 5)对外开放取得新进展。1990年共批准“三资”企业99家，全省“

3、三资”企业已达284家。(L unlike charges attract. (adj.) 相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸. 汉译英时，要根据上下文正确理解原文的词义，包括词的广义与狭义、词义的褒贬等，还要注意词的搭配。,多义词,1)这台机器坏了。 This machine has gone wrong /gone out of order. 2)玻璃杯坏了。 The glass is broken. 3)他的胃口坏了。 He has lost his appetite. 4)鸡蛋坏了。 The egg has gone bad. 5)这座水坝被山洪冲坏了。 The dam has been

4、destroyed by mountain torrents. 6)农业是国民经济的基础。 Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy. (“农业”广义，指一切农业经济，包括农业、畜牧业、林业、渔业。),7）农林牧副渔相结合的方针 the principle of combining farming, forestry, animal husbandry, side-occupations and fishery(“农”指耕作的农业) “吃闲饭”lead an idle life “吃香” be very popular “吃得开

5、”-be a favorite; be much sought after “吃不准”- be not sure/not to be sure “吃不了兜着走”- be unable to bare; land ones in serious trouble “吃硬不吃软”- yielding to force but rejecting sort approach “吃透” - have a thorough grasp “吃不消”- more than one can stand, too much,a broken man 潦倒的人 a broken soldier; 残废 a brok

6、en time 零星时间; a broken cup; a broken home; a broken road 起伏不平的路; a broken English 说的不流利的英语; a broken sleep; 时睡时醒 a broken record of agreement陈词滥调,*man() Man and his wife 丈夫和妻子 Officers and men 官和兵 His man Friday 他的仆人星期五 Man-and war 战舰 Be a man! 要像个男子汉! *sophisticated sophisticated man 老于世故的人 sophist

7、icated woman 狡黠的女人 sophisticated columnist 老练的专栏作家 sophisticated electronic device 高度精密的电子装置 sophisticated weapon 尖端武器,Tiptop (脚趾) She tiptop the room so as not to wake the baby. He is a man of tiptop caution. The fans are all on the tiptop of their expectation of the arrival of their idol. I was re

8、ally on the tiptop of excitement when I got to know that that university enrolled me. The children were on tiptop for vocation to begin. 为了不把婴儿吵醒,她蹑手蹑脚地走出了房间 他是个做事战战兢兢的男人. 粉丝们翘首盼望他们偶像的到来. 当我得知我被那所大学录取的时候,我万分激动. 孩子们急切盼望假期开始.,课堂练习,1. I challenge my own conclusion. 2. The situation is under greater and

9、 greater challenge. 3. Recent discoveries have challenged their old notions. 4. None of them challenged the validity of those resolutions. 5. Can he produce evidence in proof to challenge the fact? 6. The challenge today is not merely to improve the material standards of living. 7. She is financiall

10、y challenged at the moment.,1. 我得重新考虑我得结论。 2.形势正处于越来越难以应付局面。 3. 最近的新发现是他们对旧的想法产生了怀疑。 4.他们中没有一个人对那些决议的有效性提出疑义。 5.他能拿出证据来否认这一事实吗？ 6. 当今人们的要求不仅仅在于提高物质生活的水平。 7. 她眼下身无分文。,汉译英,二十岁的时候，有书店必逛，有书必买。三十岁之后，对书店视而不见，直接去了隔壁的美容院(parlor)。 a/ At the age of twenty , I frequented the bookstores and bought whatever I fo

11、und. After thirty , I ignored them and went ahead into the nearby beauty parlor. b/ At the age of twenty, the bookstore was a must for me, and I was a big book buyer. While after thirty, paying no attention to the bookstore, I breeze into the beauty parlor next door.,我对我的新伙伴很好奇，我决定看看他 1.Because I am

12、 curious about my new partner, I am determined to drop by him. 2. I am curious about my new partner, therefore, I am determined to drop by him. 3. With my curiosity about my partner, I am determined to drop by him.,(2)Shakespeare put his hometown on the map. 直译：莎士比亚把他的家乡放在了地图上。 意译：莎士比亚使他的家乡声名远扬。 (3)

13、 Where does Susan come into the picture? 直译：苏珊是从哪里来到照片里的？ 意译：在这件事中，苏珊扮演了一个什么样的角色？ 4.People ridicule poverty but not prostitutes. 人们笑贫不笑娼 5.I read this letter with both surprise and excitement, surprise because he is still around, excitement because he didnt ever forget me. 我读到他的信又惊又喜，惊的是他还健在，喜的是他一直没

14、有忘记我。,美文欣赏,冬夜寒冷，不宜户外赏月，夏季天空一浮云，月亮的光辉被遮住， 只有秋高气爽的中秋节才具备最好的赏月条件。中秋之夜，月亮显得最亮，月色也最美好。 是夜，明月高悬太空，清辉洒满大地，千家万户围坐在一起观赏月色，人们吃着月饼，吟诗作对，共享天伦之乐。,In winter it is too cold to admire the bright moon outdoors, while in summer the moon is often obscured by floating clouds. Therefore, only in mid-autumn do we have th

15、e charming weather and clear sky that provides the best opportunity for enjoying the beauty of the moon. On Mid-Autumn night, the moon always looks most glorious and the moon-lit scene most enchanting. While the moon rides high in the cloudless sky and the world turns silvery, thousands upon thousan

16、ds of families enjoy their togetherness in their courtyard, munching moon cakes. Some may spend this enthralling evening reciting famous classic poems or composing couplets.,4.Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a ma

17、tter of the will, a quality of the imagination; a vigour of the emotions. 青春并非人生的一段时间，而是一种心态。它不仅仅表现于满面红光，嘴唇红润，腿脚灵便，更意味着坚强的意志，卓越的想象力和充沛的情感,词义的褒贬,他们讲唯心论，我们讲唯物论。（毛选） They preach idealism whereas we advocate materialism. (一褒一贬,反映了对两种世界观的不同态度。) 他醉心于医学研究. He is deeply engrossed in medical research. 那个人醉心于

18、名利. That chap is infatuated with fame and gain. Many people think that he is one of the most ambitious politicians of our time. 很多人认为他是现今最有野心的政客之一. Although he is very young, he is very ambitious in his research work. 他虽然年轻,但是在研究工作中很有雄心壮志,The stubborn boy refused to listen to his parents advice. 这个犟

19、男孩不肯听父母的忠告. The invaders met a stubborn resistance from the local people . 侵略者遭到当地人民的顽强抵抗. As luck would have it, no one was in the building when the explosion occurred. 真幸运,发生爆炸时大楼里刚巧没人. As luck would have it, there was rain on the of the picnic. 真不凑巧,野餐那天下雨了. * 张将军真是足智多谋啊! General Zhang is really

20、wise and resourceful 那个敌参谋长真是诡计多端! That enemy chief of stiff has a whole bag of tricks.,funny: 褒义 1) a funny story 滑稽的故事 2) a funny writer风趣的作家 3) He is being funny.他在逗乐 中性 1) There is sth. funny about the matter. 事情有点蹊跷 2)a furry black hat古怪的黑帽子 贬义 1)You will be sorry if you try anything funny in c

21、lass. 你要是在课堂上玩什么鬼花样，肯定会后悔！ 2)She is a bit funny sometime. 她有时有点疯疯癫癫 ）Dont get funny with your boss！ 不得对老板放肆！,12)英汉不同的固定搭配： （1） 浓茶-strong tea 浓墨-thick / dark ink 浓烟-dense smoke (2) 青山-green hill 青天-blue sky 青布-black cloth,3.词义的引伸,英译汉时，有的不能按字面意思翻译，否则译文晦涩难懂。应根据上下文从该词的本意出发作适当的引申引申分为 具体化引申(用具体概念代替原文中的抽象概

22、念), 抽象化引申和 搭配引申。 具体化引申 E.g. 1.I was extremely terrified by that news. 这消息吓了我一身冷汗. 2.The young man has great courage, indeed! 那小子胆真大/那小子有种/那小子吃了熊心豹子胆啦! 3.I dare not show off in the presence of an expert. I hope you would be kind enough to enlighten us on this matter. 我可不敢班门弄斧,诚望您发表高见.,抽象化引申 1)There i

23、s a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 帝国主义者的性格既残暴，又狡猾。（将表示具体形象的词的词义作抽象化引申） 2)Every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜有苦。（将表具体形象的词的词义作抽象化引申） 3)John can be relied on, for he eats no fish and plays the game . 约翰为人可靠,既忠诚又老实. Beauty lies in lovers eyes. 情人眼里出西施(

24、抽象化引申),搭配引申 1) By this means she cast in a bone between the wife and the husband. 1 她用这种手段离间这对夫妻. 2) He earns scarcely money enough to keep body and soul together. 他挣的钱几乎难以维持生活. 3) Please dont wake a sleep dog. 不要惹是生非 4) After luncheon they march into the cathedral and undergo another lecture. 午饭后,他

25、们 列队进入教堂,还得再恭听一课.,Betty stands head and shoulder above her classmates in playing tennis. 贝蒂打网球的水平在班里可是鹤立鸡群. Sam knows he can depend on his family, rain or shine. 萨姆知道无论如何,他都可以把家庭作为靠山. He gave up the sword for the plough. 他解甲归田了.,I was practically on my knees but he still refused. 我几乎是苦苦哀求,但他依然拒绝. He

26、 is a rolling stone. I dont think he can go for. 他是个见异思迁的人,我想他不会有多大出息 I must bare my heart to someone, or I shall go mad! 我一定要和人说真心话,否则我会发疯的.,What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave. 少时所学,到老不忘. How do we account for this split between the critics and the readers, the head and the heart

27、? 评论家和读者之间,也就是理智和感情之间的这种分歧如何解释呢? That peninsula tongues southward into the sea. 那个半岛呈舌形向南伸人海中. How do you expect me to fall in love with someone who speaks like a book all the time? 你怎么能指望我去钟情于一个专爱咬文嚼字的书呆子呢?,He bombarded he with questions. 他连珠炮似的向她提出了许多问题. He who has a mind to beat his dog will easi

28、ly find stick. 欲加之罪,何患无辞. Two dogs fight for a bone, and a third runs away with it. 鹬蚌向争,渔人得利. Faults thick where love is thin. 一朝情谊淡,样样不顺眼. He that will thrive must rise at five. 五更起床,百业兴旺.,Not long ago, a foreign visitor whose English is extremely good told me of his embarrassment in a tea shop. 不

29、久前,一位英语极好的外国客人告诉我他在一家小吃店里的窘态。 The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green. 我前头那辆车停住了,我错过了绿灯 As a boy, he was the despair of all his teacher. 他是个让所有老师都绝望透顶的人. Their son has been a disappointment to them. 他们的儿子 成了令他们失望的人. My dad has three dependents: my mother, my sister and I. 爸爸需要养活三口人:妈妈,

30、姐姐和我. Have you read any humour recently? 近来你读了什么幽默作品吗?,Have the invitations been sent out? 请柬发出去了吗? Is Jane a possibility as a wife for Tom? 简是做汤姆妻子的合适人选吗? Their transportation was camel. 他们的运输工具是骆驼. Whats your greatest desire? 你最想得到的是什么东西? This is not a real gun ,but it is a good imitation. 这不是支真枪,

31、但却是一件极好的仿制品.,4.词的增补（增词法）,由于英汉语言表达方面的差异，译文在表达同一个意思时需增加原文中没有的词语。增加的原则是，原文虽无其词但有其义或译入语语法要求增加某些词语或增加的词语有助于译文读者的理解。Eg. 1)This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine. 这部打字机真是价廉物美。 2)Flowers bloom all over the yard. 朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。,3）Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own. 从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更

32、好.。 4)Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人准确。 5)他用手蒙住脸,好像是为了保护眼睛. He covered his face with his hand, as if to protect his eyes.,6）要有把握，就要有准备，而且要有充分的准备。 To ensure success, one must be prepared, and fully prepared at that . 7）虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。 Modesty

33、 helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 8）我们应当逐步消灭城乡差别。 We should gradually eliminate the difference between town and country. 9)三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。 Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the master mind.,一、增加原文中省略的部分 （一）增补回答句中省略的词语 Do you like sport? Yes, I do.

34、 你喜欢体育运动吗？是的，我喜欢体育运动。 Shall I bring you a dictionary or an encyclopedia? Both, please. 给你带一本词典来还是带一本百科全书来？请把两样都带来。 Are you tired? Not very. 你累了吗？不太累。,（二）增补并列结构中省略的词语 We dont retreat, we never have and never will。 我们不后退，我们从没有后退过，将来也决不后退。（we never have and never will=we never have retreated and never

35、will retreat） A fool and his words are soon parted; a man of genius and his money. 愚人会很快忘记说过的话，智者会很快放弃手里的钱。（a man of genius and his money=a man of genius and his money are soon parted） Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人准确。,二、增加意义上或修辞上的需要上的部分 （一

36、）增加动词 根据上下文的具体意义，在翻译时经常需要在某些名词及动词之前或之后增加动词，才能使译文的意思明确完整，读起来也较通顺自然，符合汉语习惯。 He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech. 他没有致闭幕辞就宣布结束会议。 He spoke hopefully of the success of the negotiation. 他满怀希望地说谈判会取得成功。 After the basketball match, the chairman still has an important meeting. 在观看篮球比赛之后，主席还有一个

37、重要会议要参加。,（二）增加形容词或者副词 根据原文的上下文，有些动词在一定场合可增加适当的副词，才能确切表达原意。 What a leader he was! 他真是一个出类拔萃的领袖啊。 The crowds melted away. 人群渐渐散开了。 As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. 他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。,（三）增加名词 1在不及物动词后面增加名词 英语中有些动词有时用作及物动词，有时用作不及物动词，当它作不及物动词用时，宾语实际上是隐含在动词后面的，译成汉语时往往需要把它表达出来。例如To was

38、h before meal 是“饭前洗手”，如果不译出隐含的宾语“手”，译文“饭前洗一洗”的意思就不明确。同样，To wash after getting up 和To wash before going to bed也应分别译成“起床后洗脸”和“睡前洗脚”了。 Day after day he came to his work sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning. 他每天来干活扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。 He never drinks before driving. 他开车前从不喝酒。 Aunt Harriet used to entertain lavishly. 哈

39、丽特阿姨时常慷慨地款待客人。,2在形容词前增加名词 This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine. 这部打字机真是价廉物美。 A new kind of aircraftsmall, cheap, pilotlessis attracting increasing attention. 一种新型的飞机正越来截止引起人们的注意这种飞机体积不大，价钱便宜，无人驾驶。,3在抽象名词后增加名词 某些由动词或形容词派生来的抽象名词，翻译时可根据上下文在其后面增添适当的名词，解释具体，从而使译文更合乎规范。如： to innovate革新innovation革新措施 t

40、o evolve进化evolution进化过程 to solve解决solution解决方法 to derive推导derivation推导过程 to persuade说服persuasion说服工作 to prepare准备preparation准备工作 backward落后backwardness落后状态 。,tense紧张tension紧张局势 arrogant自满arrogance自满情绪 mad疯狂madness疯狂行为 antagonistic敌对antagonism敌对态度 redundant多余redundancy多余信息 After all preparations were

41、 made, our meeting will begin. 一切准备工作就绪以后，会议就开始。 They wanted to ease the tension in the Middle East. 他们试图缓解中东的紧张局势,（四）增加表示名词复数的词 汉语名词的复数没有词形变化，很多情况下不必表达出来。但要表达指多数人的名词时，可在该名词后面加“们”字，如“the teachers”“教师们”，或在该名词前面加上“诸位”、“各（位）”，如“ladies and gentlemen”诸位（各位）女士和先生。此外，英语名词复数，汉译时还可以根据情况，增加重叠词、数词或其它一些词来表达，这样做

42、可以让汉语译文更加通顺，更加完整。 1增加重叠词表示复数 Flowers bloom all over the yard. 朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。 Newsmen went flying off to Mexico. 记者纷纷飞到墨西哥去了。 There were rows of houses which he had never seen before. 一排排的房子，都是他从来没有见过的。,2增加数词或其他词表示复数 The lion is the king of animals. 狮是百兽之王。 We have to face different problems. 我们得面对各种不同的问

43、题。 Mr. Hobbs didnt talk over my suggestions with his brother until yesterday afternoon. 直到昨天下午，霍布斯先生才跟他兄弟讨论了我的各项建议。,课堂练习,5.词的省略（减词法、省略法）,原文有些词在译文中看来是可有可无的或是多余的，或其含义在译文中是不言而喻的，翻译时可将其省略。Eg. 1)We live and learn.（ ） 活到老，学到老。 2)He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his lids, but said nothing

44、. 他耸耸肩，摇摇头，两眼看天，（却）一句话不说。 3)A teacher should have patience in his work. 当教员的应当有耐心。（省略表类别的不定冠词A）,4)花园里面是人间的乐园，有的是吃不了的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸缎，花不完的金银财宝。 The garden was a paradise on earth, with more food and clothes than could be consumed and more money than could be spent.(划线部分分别指吃的，穿的，花的。) 5）生也好，死也好，我们要忠于党，忠于人

45、民，忠于祖国。 Live or die, we should be loyal to our party, to our people and to our motherland.( “忠于”有加强语气和平衡句子的作用，译成英语时不必重复be loyal to ),一、从语法角度来看 （一）省代词 1省略作主语的人称代词 （1）省略作主语的人称代词 根据汉语习惯，前句出现一个主语，后句如仍为同一主语，就不必重复出现。英语中通常每句都有主语，因此人称代词作主语往往多次出现，这种人称代词汉译时常常可以省略。 I had many wonderful ideas, but I only put a

46、few into practice. 我有很多美妙的想法，但是只把少数付诸实践了。 He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable. 他瘦弱憔悴，看上去一副可怜相。,（2）英语中，泛指人称代词作主语时，即使是作第一个主语，在汉语译文中往往也可以省略。 We live and learn. 活到老，学到老。 When will he arrive?You can never tell. 他什么时候到？说不准。 The significance of a man is not in what he attained but rather in wha

47、t he longs to attain. 人生的意义不在于已经获取的，而在于渴望得到什么样的东西。,2省略作宾语的代词 英语中有些作宾语的代词，不管前面是否提到过，翻译时往往可以省略。 The more he tried to hide his mistakes, the more he revealed them. 他越是想要掩盖他的错误，就越是容易暴露。 Please take off the old picture and throw it away. 请把那张旧画取下来扔掉。,3省略物主代词 英语句子中的物主代词出现的频率相当高。一个句子往往会出现好几个物主代词，如果将每个物主代词都

48、翻译出来，那么汉语译文就显得非常罗嗦。所以在没有其他人称的物主代词出现的情况下，在翻译时物主代词大多被省略。 I put my hand into my pocket. 我把手放进口袋。 She listened to me with her rounded eyes. 她睁大双眼，听我说话。,（二）代词it的省略 it起着代词的作用，在译文中，当它被用作非人称或没有意义的时候，往往可以省略。Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs. 外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。 He glanced at his watch; it w

49、as 7:15. 他一看表，是七点一刻了。 It took me a long time to reach the hospital. 我花了很长时间才到了医院。 It is the people who are really powerful. 人民才是最强大的。,（三）省略连接词 汉语词语之间连接词用得不多，其上下逻辑关系常常是暗含的，由词语的次序来表示。英语则不然，连接词用得比较多。因此，英译汉时在很多情况下可不必把连接词译出来。 e looked gloomy and troubled. 他看上去有些忧愁不安。（省略并列连接词） As it is late, you had bette

50、r go home. 时间不早了，你最好回家去吧。（省略表示原因的连接词）,If sinter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？（省略表示条件的连接词） If I had known it, I would not have joined in to. 早知如此，我就不参加了。（省略表示条件的连接词） John rose gloomily as the train stopped, for he was thinking of his ailing mother. 火车停了，约翰郁郁地站了起来，因为他想起了病中的母亲。（省略表示时间的连

51、接词）,2英译汉时，省略原文中的冠词是一般情况。但在某些场合，冠词却不能省略，可以翻译为“一个，每一，这个，那个”等。例如： He left without saying a word. 他一句话不说就走了。 Egbert said he was getting a dollar a mile. 埃格伯特说，他（开车）每天一英里就赚一块钱。 This is the book you wanted. 这就是你要的那本书。,（五）省略介词 一般说来，表示时间和地点的英语介词，译成汉语如出现在句首，大都可以省略，出现在句尾大都不省略。 1省略表示时间的前置词 The Peoples Republic

52、 of China was founded in 1949. 一九四九年中华人民共和国成立。 比较：中华人民共和国成立于一九四九年。 （介词译成汉语在句首时可以省略，在句尾就没有省略） On July 1, 1997, Hongkong returned to the Peoples Republic of China. 一九九七年七月，香港回归了中华人民共和国。,2省略表示地点的前置词 Smoking is prohibited in public places. 公共场所不准吸烟。 In winter, it is much colder in the North than it is i

53、n the South. 冬天，北方的天气比南方冷得多。 然而，表示地点的英语介词在译文句首往往可以省略，但放在动词后面却一般不省略，如： He stood by the desk. 他站在桌旁。 I stayed in my brothers house. 我住在弟弟家里。,（四）省略动词 英语句子中一般必须有谓语动词。而汉语我顺子的谓语并不一定非由动词充当，形容词和名词等同样可以作谓语。英译汉时可根据汉语的习惯适当省略原文中的某些动词。主要有两类：一些连系动词和一些与具有动作含义的名词等搭配使用的动词。 When the pressure gets low, the boiling-poi

54、nt becomes low. 气压低，沸点就低。 Delivery must be effected within the time stated on the purchase order. 必须在购货单规定的时间交货。,二、从修辞角度看 （一）英语句子中有些短语重复出现，或者具有相同意义的词重复出现，英译汉时可按情况作适当省略。 University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not. 报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。（如果不作省略，译成“报考大学的人，

55、有工作经验的，比没有工作经验的，优先录取”，就显得累赘。） Neither party shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause or reason. 双方均不得无故解除合同。（如果译成“.没有原因和理由”的话，就不够精炼。）,（二）根据汉语习惯，译文中可以省略一些可有可无的词。 There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead. 没有下雪，但叶落草枯。（此句如果译成“.树叶从树上落下来，草也枯萎了”就嫌累赘。） 反之亦然 现在有少数人

56、就是做官当老爷,有些事情实在不像话!脱离群众,脱离干部,上行下效,把社会风气也带坏了.(邓小平) We have a few people now who act like overlords (as they have become officials), and some of their behavior is truly shocking. They divorce themselves from the masses and lower-ranking cadres, and their subordinates follow suit (according to the doing

57、s of their superiors), which results in deterioration of jeneral standard of social conduct.,6.词类的转换（词类转译法）,英汉翻译时，词类很多时候不是“一一对应的”，须根据具体情况把原文中属于某种词类的词转换成另一种词类。Eg. 1)Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. 火箭已经用来探索宇宙。（n.-v.） 2)Formality has always characterized their relati

58、onship. 他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。（v.-n.）,3)As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help. 他对这个城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能给他必要的帮助。（n.-adj.） 4）他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量。 In his speech he laid special stress on raising the quality of the production.(v.-n.) 5） 他的讲演给听众的印象很深。 His speech impres

59、sed the audience deeply.(n.-v.) 6）他们不顾一切困难，挫折，坚持战斗。 They kept on fighting in spite of all difficulties and setbacks.(v.-prep.),7)他是外乡人。 He is a stranger here. He is not a native. 8)黄鼠狼给鸡拜年，不怀好心。 The weasel goes to pay respects to the hen not with the best of intentions. The weasel pays a courtesy visit to the hen with evil intent. 9)俗话说，“男儿有泪不轻弹，皆因未到伤心处”嘛。 As the saying goes, “Men only weep when deeply hurt.” As the saying goes, “Men never weep unless and until deeply hurt.”,词性转换是最考研翻译中常用的翻译方法。在以