商务英语翻译之词汇翻译

1、遣 词,“推敲”之说 “鸟宿池边树，僧敲月下门” 题李凝幽居 贾岛 一名之立，旬月踟蹰。 严复,一、词义的选择,英语词汇丰富 Websters 3rd International English Dictionary收录45万条entry 英语词义特点： 灵活多变（一词多义，一词多用，一词多类），语义范围宽，同义词多，翻译时难以找到对应词,一词多义,a dry sheep 不产奶 dry bread 不加黄油 a dry book 枯燥无味 a dry account 干巴巴、不加渲染的,一词多义,a dry welcome 冷淡 a dry face 无泪 a dry writer 没有作品

2、的 dry efforts 徒劳无益的,一词多类,a square peg in a round hole. 不称职的人 He was knocked out in the third round. The taxi rounded the corner and disappeared from view. The earth rotates round the sun. The news was soon passed round.,2 根据上下文选择词义,She was a girl with good manners. 她是一位举止得体的姑娘。 These were all labele

3、d as good eggs. 这些都被标为新鲜的鸡蛋。 Dogs are often regarded as mans good friends. 狗经常被认为是人们的忠实朋友。 He was a good chess player. 他是个高明的棋手。,3 根据不同前后搭配确定词义 4 根据不同的学科领域或专业确定词义,二、词义的引申,1 技术性引申 2 修辞性引申,disintegration 土崩瓦解 far-sightedness 远见卓识 perfect harmony 水乳交融 careful consideration 深思熟虑,3 具体化引申,He waited for he

4、r with a frenzied agitation. 在等她的过程中他急得象热锅上的蚂蚁。 There is more to their life than political and social and economic problems; more than transient everydayness. 他们的生活远不止那些政治的、社会的和经济的问题，远不止一时的柴米油盐问题。,4 抽象化引申：,There is a mixture of the tiger and the fox in the character of the imperialists. 帝国主义者的性格既残暴又

5、狡猾。 Every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜有苦. By this means she cast in a bone between the wife and the husband. 她用这种手段离间这对夫妻。,Man for the field and woman for the hearth; Man for the sword and for the needle she. Man with the head and woman with the heart; Man to command and woman to obey. 男

6、人适于农耕，女人适于家务； 男人宜于征战，女人宜于缝纫； 男人善于深思，女人富于感情； 男人发号施令，女人唯有服从。,三、词类的转换,转换成汉语的动词,英语和汉语相比较，汉语中动词用得比较多，这是一个特点。 往往在英语句子中只用一个谓语动词，而在汉语中却可以几个动词或动词性结构连用。如：He admires the Presidents stated decision to fight for the job. ( 他对总统声明为保持其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩。)仅这一个句子，就可领悟到英汉互译中词类转译的必要性。,转换成汉语的动词,英语名词或名词化结构及动名词均可译为汉语动词： A chang

7、e of state from a solid to a liquid form requires heat energy. 从固态变为液态需要热能。 从固态到液态的改变需要热能。,Light from the sun is a mixture of many different colors. 太阳光是由许多不同颜色的光混合 而成的。,The government called for the establishment of more technical schools. 政府号召建立更多的技术学校。,Integrated circuits are recent development.

8、集成电路是近几年才发展起来的。,My suggestion is that he should quit smoking at once. 我建议他立刻戒烟。,His very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph. 无论什么事情，只要他一露面，就算是成功了。,An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of translation. 读一点世界史，对学习翻译是有帮助的。,A view of Mt. E-mei can be obtained from here. 从

9、这儿可以看到峨嵋山。,He is no smoker, but his father is a chain smoker. 他倒是不抽烟，但他的爸爸却一支接一支地抽（是个老烟枪）。 He was a regular visitor. 他经常来。 What kind of sailor are you? (a bad sailor or a good sailor?) 你晕不晕船？,形容词转译为汉语的动词： Television is different from radio in that it sends and receives pictures. 电视不同于无线电在于能发送并接受图象。,

10、It was a very informative meeting. 会上透露了许多信息。 That fellow is very talkative. 那个家伙老是滔滔不绝讲个不停。,副词转译为汉语的动词： Open the valve to let air in. 打开阀门，让空气进入。 In this case, the temperature in the furnace is up. 在这种情况下，炉温就升高。,介词转译为动词： Man can not survive without air. 离开了空气人类不能生存。,Are they through with the assemb

11、ling of the machines? 他们完成了这台机器的装配工作吗？,He was between sheets by eleven. 十一点时，他已睡在被窝里。 Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty. 千百万山区人民终于摆脱了贫穷。,“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch. “来啊!” 她转身蹦着跳着地跑了

12、, 越过草地, 跑上小径,跨上台阶, 穿过凉台,进了门廊。,转换成汉语的名词,The enactment of the anti-secession law aims at checking and opposing Taiwan independence move. 制定反分裂国家法目的在于遏制和反对台独。,Glass is much more soluble than quartz. 玻璃的可溶性比石英大得多。 He is physically weak but mentally sound. 他身体虽弱，但思想健康。 He objected that the plan is not pr

13、actical. 他反对的理由是：这个计划不现实。,She behaves as if she were a child. 她的举止跟一个孩子一样。 A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car. 一个衣着讲究的人上了车，他的言谈举止酷似美国人。,They did their best to help the sick and the wounded. 他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。 This problem is no less important than that one. 这

14、个问题的重要性不亚于那个问题。 It is editorially said that 社论说,转换成汉语的形容词,It is demonstrated that gases are perfectly elastic. 已经证实，气体具有理想的弹性。,I can note the grace of her gesture. 我可以看到她优雅的举止。 We have seen the beauty of Mt. Tai. 我们看到了美丽的泰山。 Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. 独立思考是学习所绝对必要的。,She

15、looked at me expectantly. 她用期待的眼光看着我。 Hopefully, it will be done early next month. 下月初完成这项工作是大有希望的。,他们热忱地欢迎他。 They give him a hearty welcome. 他会立即答复。 He will give an immediate reply.,转换成汉语的副词,The modern world is experiencing rapid development of science and technology. 当今世界科学技术正在迅速发展。 All of this pr

16、oves that we must have a profound study of properties of metals. 所有这一切证明我们必须深入地研究金属的特性。,The man nodded with satisfaction. 那人满意地点了点头。 He had the honor to attend the congress. 他荣幸地出席了代表大会。,He had a careful study of the map before he started off. 他在出发前仔细地看了看地图。 Can you give an accurate translation of t

17、he sentence? 你能准确地把这句话译出来吗？,The operation of a computer needs some knowledge of English. 操作电脑需要一些英文知识。（名词动词） Is Mr. Smith familiar with the performance of the laboratory equipment? 史密斯先生熟悉实验室设备的性能吗？（形容词动词） The company has advertised in the newspaper for electronics experts. 公司在报上登广告招聘电子方面的专家。（介词动词）,

18、The machine weighs about five hundred kilograms. 这台机器的重量大约是500公斤。（动词名词） Many Western people are religious. 西方人很多都是虔诚的教徒。（形容词名词） The unit of weight is the gram, that of length is the meter, and that of capacity is the litre. 重量的单位是克，长度单位是米，容量单位是升。（代词名词） The machine can be dimensionally altered accord

19、ing to consumers need. 机器的尺寸可以根据用户的需要改变。（副词名词）,To be independent is an absolute necessity for young people. 独立对年轻人来说是绝对必要的。（名词形容词） With slight repairs, the machine could be in motion. 只要稍加修理，这台机器便可以运转。（形容词副词） The new mayor earned respect due to the courtesy of visiting the poor in the city. 新市长有礼貌地访

20、问城市贫民赢得了人们的尊敬。（名词副词）,They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizationally. (adv.n.) 但是，他们的思想工作没有他们的组织工作做得好。 I have the honour to inform you that (n.adv.) 我荣幸地通知你。 He had the kindness to show me the way. ( n.adv.) 他好意地给我指路。 I recognized the absurdity of dealing with them through int

21、ermediaries (中间人). (n.adj.) 我认识到，通过中间人跟他们打交道是愚蠢的。,他们怀疑这是否是真的。(vadj.) They are doubtful whether it is true or not. 我打开窗子，让新鲜空气进来。(v.adv.) I opened the window to let the fresh air in. 你拨错了电话号码。(adv.adj.) You dialed the wrong number.,词的增译与省译,一：增词,所谓增词译法，就是在原文的基础上添加必要的单词，词组，分句或完整句，从而使得译文在语法，语言形式上符合译文习惯。

22、,一、增译名词,Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty. 氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。 He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty. 他让法官的职责战胜了父子的私情，判决儿子有罪。 That black jacket is indeed cheap and fine. 那件黑夹克真是价廉物美。,Air pressure decreases with altitude. 气压随海拔高度的增加而下降。 It may well improve

23、 long-term weather forecasting. 这会提高长期天气预报的准确率。 These early cars were slow, clumsy and inefficient. 这些早期生产的汽车速度缓慢，操作笨拙，而且效率很低。（形容词前后增加相关名词）,二、增译动词,I fell madly in love with her, and she with me. 我狂热地爱上了她，她也狂热地爱上了我。 Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论

24、使人机智，笔记使人准确。 We dont retreat, we never have and never will. 我们不后退，我们从没有后退过，将来也决不后退。,三、增译形容词,What an idea! 绝妙的主意！ （真是个馊主意！这叫什么狗屁主意！ With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism! 中国人民正以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊！,四、增译副词,The crowds melted away. 人群渐渐散开了。 As he sat down and began talking, words pour

25、ed out. 他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。,In the films of those days, all too often it was the same one: boy tractor driver meets girl tractor driver; they fall in love and drive tractor together. 在那时候的电影里，总是老一套：男拖拉机手和女拖拉机手始而相遇，继而相爱，终而并肩开拖拉机了。,五、增译代词,小不忍则乱大谋。 If one is not patient in small thing, one will never

26、be able to control great ventures. 没有调查就没有发言权。 He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak.,六、增译量词,英译汉时，应根据实际情况恰当地增加表示其形状、特征或材料的量词 A red sun is rising slowly on the horizon 一轮红日正从地平线上冉冉升起。,七、增译表示名词复数的词,The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men. 连大

27、地都震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。 Flowers bloom all over the yard. 朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。,词的省译,无论是英译汉还是汉译英，词量的减少基本上都是出于译文语言习惯和语法的需要，不省去这些词语，译文就显得拖泥带水，甚至会出现画蛇添足的结果。,一、省译冠词,Any substance is made of atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas. 任何物质，不论是固体、液体或气体，都由原子组成。 The direction of a force can be represented by an arrow.

28、力的方向可以用箭头表示。,二、 省译代词,We live and learn. 活到老，学到老。 You can never tell. 很难说。 Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in new Campus. 新校区处处可以看到新人、新事物。 If you give him an inch, he will take a mile. 得寸进尺。,三、省译介词,In September 1939, the Second World War broke out. 1939年9月，第二次世界大战爆发。 And on July 1st, 1999, I graduated from university. 一九九九年七月一日，我大学毕业了。 Smoking is prohibited in public places. 公共场所不准吸烟