欧洲文化 realism.ppt

1、DIVISION NINE REALISM,General Introduction,What Is Realism？ The Historical Background,What Is Realism？,The term realism In art and literature the term realism is used to identify a literary movement in Europe and United States in the last half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th cent

2、ury.,What Is Realism？,The practice of realism The practice of realism is very old and can be traced back to ancient times. This is fundamentally the difference between romanticism and realism.,Comparing with Romaniticism,Realism means more than a literary method; It defines a particular kind of subj

3、ect matter the surface details, the common-place actions and the tragedies of the ordinary people constitute the chief matter of the realist movement .Its language was usually simple, clear and direct ,while the tone was often comic, frequently satiric.,In Chinese literature and art,Two Main Trends：

4、 The Book of Songs is realism. The Elegies of Chu is romantic.,In Europe，the Realist movement arose in the 50s of the 19th century and had its origins in France. It centred in the novel and lay emphasis on fidelity to actual experience.,A novel is a mirror walking along the road .（1830）,This idea of

5、 literature mirroring the real life was advanced in opposition to the then prevailing romanticism.,Im Stendhal,I cant paint an angel, because I have never seen one.,Gustave Courbet,Gustave Courbets attitude the real world was strikingly uncompromising.,Gustave Courbet(1819-1877) Gustave Courbet is a

6、 painter. By the 1850s the term realism was applied to the art of Gustave Courbet，who used everyday scenes for his subject matter . he began as a Neo-Baroque Romantic in the 1840s but under the impact of the revolutionary upheavals then sweeping over Europe, he had come to believe that the romantic

7、emphasis on feeling and imagination was merely an escape from the realities of the time.,The Historical Background,The realism movement was greatly influenced by the development of science in the 19th century. The age of realism was the age of railway ,wireless telegraphy and countless other mechani

8、cal inventions that revolutionized the nature of society within a very short span of time.,Rule: The middle classes established their effective rule,though monarchs often remained in more or less nominal power; Germany and Italy achieved their unification. Position: The predominance of France was br

9、oken and Great Britain ruled the sea. These major political events caused great social and economic changes.,These Changes in Western Civilization,The Social System: The European Communist movement made fierce attacks on the concept of private ownership on which capitalist system( the liberals ,the

10、nationalists and the socialists ) was based. Liberals ,nationalists and socialists led several revolutions ,but most of them failed. The name realism was given to the new movement in literature and art.,Realism in France,Stendhal Honore de Bazac Gustave Flaubert Emile Zola Guy de Maupassant,Stendhal

11、 (1783-1842),Stendhal is the most famous pen name of Marie Henri Beyle. He used more than 170 pseudonyms. He began his career as a critic, and then he wrote travel notes, autobiography and fiction. Stendhal left behind 33 works ,of which 19 were published posthumously.,Stendhals major works: Armance

12、 (1827) Le Rouge et le Nior(1830) La Chartreuse de Parme(1839),Honor de Balzac (1799-1850),Balzac has been called“ the French Dickens”,as Dickens has been called “the English Balzac”. Balzac s La Comedie Humaine (The Human Comedy ) inspired by that of Dantes Divine Comedy.,The feature of Balzacs nov

13、els,Contents: Men and women was drawn from many different spheres. The characters was widely representative of human passions and weaknesses. Reasons: Constants journey in Europe Widely circle of friends and acquaintances.,Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880),Flaubert is one of the great literary artists of

14、 the 19th century. Though less fertile and wide-ranging than Balzac, he is much more of a conscious artist whose work constitutes an epoch in the history of the art of fiction.,An inspiration to many realistic writers, Flaubert is often called the first French realist and a model not only to French

15、authors, but also to Americans and Russians. Flauberts masterpiece is Madame Bovary (1852-1856),mile Zola (1840-1902),Zola was the founder of the naturalist school. “A slice of life” was Zolas motto. Zola defined the theory of naturalism and illustrated it in his great work entitled Les Rougen-Macqu

16、arts.,Guy de Maupassant (1850-1893),He left behind 6 novels,359 novelettes and short stories,and 3 travel notes. Maupassant learned the art of story-telling from Flaubert. His major works: The Necklace ,The Piece of String,The Umbrella.,Realism in Russia,Nikolai Gogol Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev Fyodo

17、r Dostoyevsky Count Leo Tolstoy Anton Pavlovich Chekhov,The process of Russian literature,The 18th century literature appeared in Russia The 19th century Russian literature became one of the most important literature of Europe After 1815 modern Russia literature began at once with an enormous power

18、and full of vigor.,Nikolai Gogol(1809-1852),Nikolai Gogol is the first master of fiction in Russia. He is a humorist. Gogol s major work: The Inspector General & Dead souls.,Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev (1821-1881),Turgenev was the first Russian author to gain recognition in the West. Turgenevs major w

19、orks: A hunters Sketches, Rundin, A Nest of Gentlefolk and Fathers and Sons.,Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1821-1881),The House of Death Crime and Punishment The Brother Karamazov,His major works:,Count Leo Tolstoy（1828-1910）,War and Peace Anna Karenina Resurrection,His major works:,Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (1

20、860-1904),The Seagull Uncle Vanya The Three Sisters The Cherry Orchard The Man in the Shell,His major works:,Realism in Northern Europe,Henrik Ibsen August Strindberg,Henrik Ibsen (1860-1904),Ibsen was a Norwegian play wright. He looked to ordinary social and domestic relationships and situations fo

21、r the subject-matter of his plays. His work is sharply critical of the hypocrisy and seamy politics of Norwegian provincial life.,Henrik Ibsens major works:,A Dolls House Ghosts An Enemy of the People The Wild Duck Hedda Gabler,August Strindberg (1849-1912),Strindberg was a Swedish writer. His first

22、 significant play was Master Olaf. Strindbergs famous autobiographical works: The Son of Servant , A Fools Defense and Alone.,Realism in England,Charles Dickens George Eliot Willian Makepeace Thackeray Thomas Hardy George Bernard Shaw,Charles Dickens (1812-1870),Pickwick Papers A Tale of Two Cities

23、Oliver Twist A Christmas Carol Hard Times Bleak House David Copperfield,His major works:,George Eliot (1819-1880),Middlemarch The Mill an the Floss Adam Bede Silas Marner,His major works:,Willian Makepeace Thackeray (1840-1928),Thackerays masterpiece : Vanity Fair,Thomas Hardy (1840-1928),Far from t

24、he Madding Crowd The Return of the Native The Major of Casterbridge Tess of the DUrbervilles Jude the Obscure,His tragic novels:,George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950),Heartbreak House St. Joan Man and Superman The Doctors Dilemma The Apple Cart Major Barbara Pygmalion,Shaws Major Plays,Realism in the Unit

25、ed States,Harriet Beecher stowe Walt Whitman Mark Twain Henry James,Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896),Her world-famous, anti-slavery novel: Uncle Toms Cabin,Walt Whitman (1818-1892),Whitman is considered by many to be the greatest of all American poets. Whitman celebrated the freedom and dignity of

26、the individual and sang the praises of democracy and the brotherhood of man. Whitman publishes 9 separate editions of his masterpiece Leaves of Grass in 37 years.,Mark Twain (1835-1892),He is regarded as the father of American literature. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has been considered the fi

27、rst modern American novel.,Ernest Hemingway said,“All modern literature comes from one book by Mark Twain , called Huckleberry Finn”,Henry James (1843-1916),Henry James is noted for his great psychological subtlety and devotion to the art of fiction . He has exerted considerable influence on later n

28、ovelist.,Henry James works:,The Portrait of a lady The Passionate Pilgrim and Other Stories Daisy Miller The Golden Bowl The Best in the Jungle,Art,Realism in Art,The best known realist artists : 1、Gustave Courbet 2、Jean-Francois Millet,Gustave Courbet The Stonebreakers Burial at Ornanns,Jean-Franco

29、is Millet The Sower Gleaners,Their major works,Impression in Art,Impression was a form of artistic expression in the 19th century. Impression in painting began in the mid-19th century Paris. It was a school or movement only in a very general sense. Generally speaking , the impressionist aimed at cap

30、turing the fleeting image of a scene taken in by the eye in real life and recreating the transitory experience with brushstokes.,Impressionist artists,Edouard Manet(1832-1883) Claude Monet(1840-1926) Camille Pissarro(1830-1903) Pierre Auguste Renoir(1841-1919) Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas(1834-1917),毕加索的“裸体、绿叶和半身像”,毕加索佩剑的男人,毕加索的印象派作品,Post-Impression,Paul Cezanne Vincent van Gogh Paul Gauguin,The Boy in Red Vest,Fru